Renal TNFα activates the WNK phosphorylation cascade and contributes to salt-sensitive hypertension in chronic kidney disease.

The inappropriate over-activation of the with-no-lysine kinase (WNK)-STE20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK)-sodium chloride cotransporter (NCC) phosphorylation cascade increases sodium reabsorption in distal kidney nephrons, resulting in salt-sensitive hypertension. Although chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common cause of salt-sensitive hypertension, the involvement of the WNK phosphorylation cascade is unknown. Moreover, the effect of immune systems on WNK kinases has not been investigated despite the fact that immune systems are important for salt sensitivity. Here we demonstrate that the protein abundance of WNK1, but not of WNK4, was increased at the distal convoluted tubules in the aristolochic acid nephropathy mouse model of CKD. Accordingly, the phosphorylation of both SPAK and NCC was also increased. Moreover, a high-salt diet did not adequately suppress activation of the WNK1-SPAK-NCC phosphorylation cascade in this model, leading to salt-sensitive hypertension. WNK1 also was increased in adenine nephropathy, but not in subtotal nephrectomy, models of CKD. By comparing the transcripts of these three models focusing on immune systems, we hypothesized that tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α regulates WNK1 protein expression. In fact, TNF-α increased WNK1 protein expression in cultured renal tubular cells by reducing the transcription and protein levels of NEDD4-2 E3-ligase, which degrades WNK1 protein. Furthermore, the TNF-α inhibitor etanercept reversed the reduction of NEDD4-2 expression and upregulation of the WNK1-SPAK-NCC phosphorylation cascade in distal convoluted tubules in vivo in the aristolochic acid nephropathy model. Thus, salt-sensitive hypertension is induced in CKD via activation of the renal WNK1- SPAK-NCC phosphorylation cascade by TNF-α, reflecting a link with the immune system.

Nationwide in-hospital mortality following major fractures among hemodialysis patients and the general population: An observational cohort study.

BACKGROUNDS: End-stage kidney disease (ESKD) is associated with increased risk of fracture and subsequent morbidity and mortality. However, fracture site-specific mortality in ESKD patients have yet to be elucidated in comparison with the general population. METHODS: In this population-based cohort derived from the Diagnosis Procedure Combination database of Japan from 2012 to 2014, we included 9320 ESKD patients undergoing hemodialysis and 547,726 patients without ESKD who were hospitalized for five major fractures, including hip (proximal femur), spine, forearm, upper arm, and leg (distal femur and proximal tibia). Overall and site-specific risks of in-hospital death were determined by logistic regression models. RESULTS: The age- and sex-adjusted mortality rates were 4.91% (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.46-5.37) and 1.02% (95% CI, 0.99-1.06) in the hemodialysis and general population groups, respectively. The multivariate odds ratio (OR) of death in hemodialysis patients versus the general population was 2.48 (95% CI, 2.25-2.74) for overall fractures, and was particularly high for a subgroup of upper arm fracture (OR 4.82, 95% CI, 3.19-7.28). The site-specific odds of death (95% CI) among hip, spine, forearm, upper arm, and leg (reference) fractures were 1.77 (0.98-3.18), 1.48 (0.79-2.75), 0.19 (0.04-0.86), and 2.01 (1.01-4.01) in hemodialysis patients, and 1.28 (1.13-1.45), 1.00 (0.88-1.14), 0.13 (0.10-0.17), and 0.83 (0.70-0.97) in the general population, respectively. CONCLUSION: Hemodialysis patients experienced a 4.8-fold higher mortality rate after fractures than the general population. Mortality after upper arm fracture was specifically high in patients on hemodialysis, likely due to the involvement of vascular access located on the fractured arm.

Removal Characteristics of Immunoadsorption with the Tryptophan-Immobilized Column Using Conventional and Selective Plasma Separators in the Treatment of Myasthenia Gravis.

Autoimmune neurological diseases are often treated by immunoadsorption using a conventional plasma separator and tryptophan-immobilized column (IA). However, there is only one case report on treatment with immunoadsorption using a selective plasma separator and tryptophan-immobilized column (SeIA) in clinical practice. This study aimed to investigate the removal characteristics of antibodies against acetylcholine receptors (AChRAb), immunoglobulin G, fibrinogen, and factor XIII (FXIII) in IA and SeIA in four patients with myasthenia gravis. A total of 19 sessions of immunoadsorption were performed (five sessions of IA and 14 sessions of SeIA) when the processed plasma volume was 2 L. The corresponding reductions were 52.5% ± 6.2% for AChRAb, 58.8% ± 4.2% for fibrinogen, and 36.9% ± 5.5% for FXIII after one session of IA. The corresponding reductions were 45.2% ± 9.9% for AChRAb, 3.5% ± 6.9% for fibrinogen, and -4.6% ± 11.1% for FXIII after one session of SeIA. The removal rates for AChRAb, fibrinogen, and FXIII in IA were significantly higher than those in SeIA. IA could effectively remove AChRAb, and SeIA could retain fibrinogen and FXIII. IA can be combined with SeIA, resulting in both IgG autoantibodies removal by IA and retention of coagulation factors by SeIA.

Encephalopathy Induced by High Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid Ceftriaxone Concentrations in a Hemodialysis Patient.

Encephalopathy is a rare side effect of cephalosporin treatment. We herein present a case of encephalopathy induced by ceftriaxone, a third-generation cephalosporin, in a patient with renal failure. An 86-year-old woman on maintenance hemodialysis received ceftriaxone for Helicobacter cinaedi bacteremia. Her mental status deteriorated during antibiotic treatment, and an electroencephalogram revealed triphasic waves predominantly in the frontal area. Her consciousness improved after the discontinuation of the antibiotic due to the suspicion of ceftriaxone-induced encephalopathy. This is the first reported case of encephalopathy associated with high plasma and cerebrospinal fluid ceftriaxone concentrations, and provides significant evidence for a causal relationship between the administration of ceftriaxone and the onset of encephalopathy.

Failure to sense energy depletion may be a novel therapeutic target in chronic kidney disease.

The kidneys consume a large amount of energy to regulate volume status and blood pressure and to excrete uremic toxins. The identification of factors that cause energy mismatch in the setting of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and the development of interventions aimed at improving this mismatch are key research imperatives. Although the critical cellular energy sensor 5'-adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is known to be inactivated in CKD, the mechanism of AMPK dysregulation is unknown. In a mouse model of CKD, metabolome analysis confirmed a decrease in AMPK activation in the kidneys despite a high AMP: ATP ratio, suggesting that AMPK did not sense energy depletion. Similar AMPK inactivation was found in heart and skeletal muscle in CKD mice. Several uremic factors were shown to inactivate AMPK in vitro and in ex vivo preparations of kidney tissue. The specific AMPK activator A-769662, which bypasses the AMP sensing mechanism, ameliorated fibrosis and improved energy status in the kidneys of CKD mice, whereas an AMP analog did not. We further demonstrated that a low-protein diet activated AMPK independent of the AMP sensing mechanism, leading to improvement in energy metabolism and kidney fibrosis. These results suggest that a failure to sense AMP is the key mechanism underlying the vicious cycle of energy depletion and CKD progression and direct AMPK activation may be a novel therapeutic approach in CKD.

Short-term prognosis of emergently hospitalized dialysis-independent chronic kidney disease patients: A nationwide retrospective cohort study in Japan.

In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), low body mass index (BMI) is associated with high mortality. This relationship in emergently hospitalized CKD patients is unknown. We investigated the association between obesity and short-term mortality in emergently admitted patients with dialysis-independent CKD (DI-CKD) with and without infection. This retrospective cohort study examined Diagnosis Procedure Combination data of 26103 emergently hospitalized DI-CKD patients. Patients were divided into 8 groups according to their BMI and the presence of infectious diseases. The primary outcome was in-hospital death within 100 days. Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for baseline characteristics showed that low BMI was associated with the outcome both in infected and in non-infected patients (reference group as non-infected and medium BMI [24-26 kg/m2] group): infected and the lowest BMI (≤20 kg/m2) group, hazard ratio (HR) 1.82 (95% confidence interval 1.51, 2.19); non-infected and the lowest BMI group, 1.39 (1.16, 1.67). When patients were stratified according to presence of diabetes mellitus (DM), patients with DM showed that low BMI was associated with the outcome both in infected and in non-infected patients, whereas in non-DM patients, this relationship was attenuated in the non-infected group. For emergently hospitalized CKD patients with infection, high BMI was associated with lower mortality irrespective of the DM status. For non-infected patients, the effects of obesity for in-hospital mortality were modified by the DM status.

Oral and maxillofacial surgery in patients undergoing dialysis for advanced renal disease: report of five cases.

BACKGROUND: Perioperativemanagement of hemodialysis patients involves many difficulties. High mortality rate and circulatory or respiratory complications in these patients were reported. However, in such reports, there is no concrete information of perioperative management in hemodialysis patients to prevent surgical complications and successful outcomes. CASE PRESENTATION: We retrospectively reviewed the cases of 5 hemodialysis patients who underwent oral surgery under general anesthesia between January 2005 and December 2017. Primary disease was oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in 4 patients and mandibular ameloblastoma in 1 patient. Partial resection was performed in 2 cases, neck dissection in 1 case. Two cases underwent surgery including vascularized reconstruction. The patients were dialyzed the day before and after surgery for the control of fluid and electrolyte status. Patients received intraoperative and postoperative intravenous infusion of potassium-free solution at 20-40 mL/h. Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) were used on the day of hemodialysis during hospitalization. Nafamostat mesilate as an anticoagulant during hemodialysis were used from postoperative day (POD)1 to 7. From POD 1 to 10, cephalosporin as prophylactic antibiotics is adjusted to quarter from half the initial dose. The resuming time of oral intake was similar to that of other oral surgery patients without kidney disease. The daily intake limits of protein, salt and liquid were managed during hospitalization and no cases suffered from malnutrition. No cardiorespiratory complications occurred during the perioperative period. In a case of vascularized osteocutaneous scapular flap reconstruction, grafted scapular bone survived and scapular cutaneous flap necrotized. Necrotic tissue was debrided and split thickness skin was successfully used to cover the grafted scapular bone. CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative better result could be achieved if adequate perioperative management specific to hemodialysis patients is carried out. Vascularized flap reconstruction at oral and maxillofacial region in hemodialysis patients is beneficial treatment. Even if the first flap has wound complication secondary flap reconstruction is success and aesthetically better results could be achieved by the strict wound management and debridement.

Decreased KLHL3 expression is involved in the pathogenesis of pseudohypoaldosteronism type II caused by cullin 3 mutation in vivo.

BACKGROUND: Pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (PHAII) is a hereditary hypertensive disease caused by mutations in four genes: WNK1, WNK4, Kelch-like3 (KLHL3), and cullin3 (CUL3). Recently, it was revealed that CUL3-KLHL3 E3 ligase complex ubiquitinates WNK1 and WNK4, leading to their degradation, and that a common pathogenesis of PHAII is defective WNK degradation due to CUL3-KLHL3 E3 ligase complex impairment. PHAII-causing CUL3 mutations mediate exon9 skipping, producing a CUL3 protein with a 57-amino acid deletion (Δ403-459). However, the pathogenic effects of KLHL3, an adaptor protein that links WNKs with CUL3, in PHAII caused by CUL3 mutation remain unclear. METHODS: To clarify detailed pathophysiological mechanisms underlying PHAII caused by CUL3 mutation in vivo, we generated and analyzed knock-in mice carrying the same CUL3 exon9 deletion (CUL3WT/Δex9) as that reported in PHAII patients. RESULTS: CUL3WT/Δex9 mice exhibited a PHAII-like phenotype. Interestingly, we confirmed markedly decreased KLHL3 expression in CUL3WT/Δex9 mice by confirming the true KLHL3 band in vivo. However, the expression of other KLHL family proteins, such as KLHL2, was comparable between WT and mutant mice. CONCLUSION: KLHL3 expression was decreased in CUL3WT/Δex9 mice. However, expression levels of other KLHL family proteins were comparable between the wild-type and mutant mice. These findings indicate that the decreased abundance of KLHL3 is a specific phenomenon caused by mutant CUL3 (Δexon9). Our findings would improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of PHAII caused by CUL3 mutation in vivo.

Dialysis Case Volume Associated With In-Hospital Mortality in Maintenance Dialysis Patients.

INTRODUCTION: Accumulating evidence suggests that a large hospital volume (HV) is associated with favorable outcomes in various diseases or surgical procedures. The aim of this study is to clarify the correlation of HV and dialysis case volume (DCV) with in-hospital death in patients on maintenance dialysis. METHODS: The study cohort was derived from the Diagnosis Procedure Combination database, a national inpatient database in Japan, from 2012 to 2014. We included 382,689 admissions of maintenance dialysis patients over the age of 20 years in the analysis. HV was defined as the mean number of daily hospitalized patients, and DCV was defined as the mean number of annually hospitalized patients on maintenance dialysis. The primary outcome was in-hospital all-cause mortality, evaluated using multivariable logistic regression models across the respective quartiles of HV and DCV. RESULTS: The mean age of participants was 69 ± 12 years; 94% were receiving hemodialysis, and 21,182 patients (5.5%) died after hospitalization. In unadjusted models, larger HV and DCV were both associated with lower in-hospital mortality. However, this association remained significant only for DCV after adjustment for potential confounders, with multivariable-adjusted odds ratios of 0.82 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.79-0.85), 0.76 (95% CI, 0.73-0.80), and 0.68 (95% CI, 0.65-0.72) for DCV 249 to 432, 433 to 713, and ≥714 (vs. ≤ 248) admissions per year, respectively. Multivariable subgroup analyses determined that this association was independent of age, sex, dialysis modality, Charlson Comorbidity Index, and emergency admission. CONCLUSION: Selective admission to hospitals with a large DCV may improve outcomes of dialysis patients.

Removal Dynamics of Autoantibodies, Immunoglobulins, and Coagulation Factors by Selective Plasma Exchange on Three Consecutive Days.

Selective plasma exchange has been shown to be effective in various diseases, but no studies have assessed the benefits of daily treatment. We aimed to investigate the removal dynamics of immunoglobulins, fibrinogen, and factor XIII on three consecutive days in three patients. For mean processed plasma volumes of 1.06 × plasma volume, reductions of 79.6%, 49.3%, and 8.6% were seen for immunoglobulins G, A, and M, respectively. The reductions for fibrinogen and factor XIII were 18.4% and 13.0%, respectively. Removal dynamics were similar for immunoglobulin G-related autoantibodies and immunoglobulin G when using daily selective plasma exchange. Moreover, daily use effectively removed the immunoglobulin G while retaining the coagulation factors. When disease-specific autoantibodies are limited to immunoglobulin G, daily selective plasma exchange may be a useful and safe method of intensive induction treatment for plasmapheresis. However, further study is required in larger cohorts to confirm these findings.

Metformin increases urinary sodium excretion by reducing phosphorylation of the sodium-chloride cotransporter.

OBJECTIVE: Metformin is an antidiabetic drug that is widely used to treat patients with diabetes mellitus. Recent studies have reported that treatment with metformin not only improved blood glucose levels but also reduced blood pressure. However, it remains unclear how metformin reduces blood pressure. We hypothesized that metformin affects sodium reabsorption in the kidneys. METHODS: Urinary sodium excretion and expression of renal sodium transporters were examined in 8-week-old male C57BL/6 mice with acute and chronic treatment of metformin. In addition, we examined metformin effects using ex vivo preparations of mice kidney slices. RESULTS: In this study, we demonstrated that metformin increased urinary sodium excretion by reducing phosphorylation of the thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter (NCC) in acute and chronic metformin administration. We also confirmed reduction of phosphorylated NCC in an ex vivo study. The activity of other renal sodium transporters, such as NKCC2, ENaC, and NHE3 did not show significant changes. WNK-OSR1/SPAK kinase signals were not involved in this inactivation effect of metformin on NCC. CONCLUSION: Metformin increased urinary sodium excretion by reducing phosphorylation of NCC, suggesting its role in improving hypertension.

Loop diuretics are associated with greater risk of sarcopenia in patients with non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease.

INTRODUCTION: Sarcopenia, the age-related loss of muscle mass and function, frequently accompanies chronic kidney disease. The aim of this study was to clarify the prevalence and the risk factors for sarcopenia among patients with non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease (NDD-CKD), focusing on the use of drugs. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis on a cohort of 260 patients with NDD-CKD in a university hospital, recruited between June 2016 and March 2017. We extracted data on patient gender, age, cause of chronic kidney disease, use of drugs, and comorbidities that could potentially affect the prevalence of sarcopenia. Sarcopenia was diagnosed using the criteria of the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia. Logistic regression analysis was performed to analyze the association of each factor on the prevalence of sarcopenia. RESULTS: 25.0% of our study subjects had sarcopenia. Multivariable analysis revealed that an increased risk of sarcopenia was significantly associated with age, male gender, body mass index, diabetes mellitus, and loop diuretic use (odds ratio, 4.59: 95% confidence interval, 1.81-11.61: P-value 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In our cohort, the prevalence of sarcopenia in patients with NDD-CKD was high, and diuretics use, particularly loop diuretic use, was suggested to be a risk factor of sarcopenia. Although loop diuretics are commonly used in patients with CKD, careful consideration of the risk of sarcopenia may be necessary.

Prognosis of chronic kidney disease with normal-range proteinuria: The CKD-ROUTE study.

BACKGROUND: Although lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and higher proteinuria are high risks for mortality and kidney outcomes, the prognosis of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with normal-range proteinuria remains unclear. METHODS: In this prospective cohort study, 1138 newly visiting stage G2-G5 CKD patients were stratified into normal-range and abnormal-range proteinuria groups. Study endpoints were CKD progression (>50% eGFR loss or initiation of dialysis), cardiovascular events, and all-cause death. RESULTS: In total, 927 patients who were followed for >6 months were included in the analysis. The mean age was 67 years, and 70.2% were male. During a median follow-up of 35 months, CKD progression, cardiovascular events, and mortality were observed in 223, 110, and 55 patients, respectively. Patients with normal-range proteinuria had a significantly lower risk for CKD progression (hazard ratio, 0.20; 95% confidence interval, 0.10-0.38) than those with abnormal-proteinuria by multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis. We also analyzed patients with normal-range proteinuria (n = 351). Nephrosclerosis was the most frequent cause of CKD among all patients with normal-range proteinuria (59.7%). During a median follow-up of 36 months, CKD progression, cardiovascular events, and mortality were observed in 10, 28, and 18 patients, respectively. The Kaplan-Meyer analysis demonstrated that the risks of CKD progression and cardiovascular events were not significantly different among CKD stages, whereas the risk of death was significantly higher in patients with advanced-stage CKD. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis showed that the risk of three endpoints did not significantly differ among CKD stages. CONCLUSION: Newly visiting CKD patients with normal-range proteinuria, who tend to be overlooked during health checkups did not exhibit a decrease in kidney function even in advanced CKD stages under specialized nephrology care.

Low white blood cell count is independently associated with chronic kidney disease progression in the elderly: the CKD-ROUTE study.

BACKGROUND: Elevated white blood cell (WBC) count is a well-known predictor of chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression. However, elderly patients commonly fail to develop a high WBC count in response to several diseased states and may instead present a low WBC count. Therefore, we hypothesized that low WBC count, in addition to high WBC count, is associated with CKD progression in the elderly. METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study using 3-year follow-up data from the CKD Research of Outcomes in Treatment and Epidemiology study. In the present study, participants aged over 60 years with pre-dialysis CKD stages G2-G5 were eligible. Patients were stratified into three groups according to WBC count using tertiles (T). The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage renal disease and a 50% reduction in estimated glomerular filtration rate. Data were analyzed using Cox proportional hazard models with adjustments for covariates. RESULTS: We enrolled 697 patients (males, 69%). The median WBC count was 6100 cells/µl (T1, <5400, n =  222; T2, 5400-6900, n =  235; T3, ≥6900, n = 240). During a median follow-up of 868 days, the primary outcome was observed in 170 patients, whereas 54 patients died. T1 and T3 had significantly higher hazard ratios (HR) than T2 (T1, HR 1.69, 95% confidence interval 1.14-2.51; T3, HR 1.63, 95% confidence interval 1.10-2.41). Moreover, T1 had a significantly higher adjusted HR (1.54, 95% confidence interval 1.00-2.37). CONCLUSION: Low WBC count is independently associated with CKD progression in the elderly.

Selective plasma exchange.

Selective plasma exchange (SePE) is a new modality of simple plasma exchange that uses a selective membrane plasma separator Evacure EC-4A10 (EC-4A) (Kawasumi Laboratories Inc., Tokyo, Japan). EC-4A has a relatively small pore size of 0.03µm, which is around one-tenth that of conventional plasma separators. The sieving coefficients of albumin, immunoglobulin G (IgG), factor XIII (FXIII), and fibrinogen using EC-4A have been shown to be 0.73, 0.5, 0.17, and 0, respectively. Therefore, one session of SePE can remove approximately 50% of IgG regardless of the IgG subclasses while retaining coagulation factors, such as FXIII and fibrinogen. SePE may lower the risk of bleeding when compared with other plasmapheresis modalities. SePE cannot remove large molecular substances, including IgM. When only IgG is targeted by plasmapheresis, SePE is a useful and safe option. When various immunoglobulins are targeted by plasmapheresis, PE can be combined with SePE, which results in both the unspecific removal of pathogens by PE and the retention of coagulation factors by SePE. Careful selection of the modality is important, and when necessary, appropriate plasmapheresis modalities should be combined on the basis of the characteristics and removal kinetics of the pathogenic substances.

WNK4 is indispensable for the pathogenesis of pseudohypoaldosteronism type II caused by mutant KLHL3.

WNK-OSR1/SPAK-NCC signaling cascade is important for regulating salt balance and blood pressure. Activation of WNK-OSR1/SPAK-NaCl cotransporter (NCC) cascade increases sodium reabsorption in the kidney, leading to pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (PHA II) characterized by salt-sensitive hypertension and hyperkalemia. It has been previously demonstrated that the amount of phosphorylated and total NCC markedly decreased in WNK4-/- mice, indicating that WNK4 plays a major role for activation of OSR1/SPAK-NCC signaling. However, it is unclear whether absence of WNK4 can be compensated by other WNK kinases. We recently reported that KLHL3R528H/+ knock-in mice, a PHAII model, exhibited augmented activation of OSR1/SPAK-NCC signaling by increased protein levels of both WNK1 and WNK4 due to impaired protein degradation by the mutant KLHL3. In this study, we sought to determine the contribution of WNK4 to OSR1/SPAK-NCC signaling using an in vivo model which shows extremely increased WNK1 with absence of WNK4. We generated WNK4-/-KLHL3R528H/+ mice and WNK4-/-KLHL3R528H/R528H mice by crossing WNK4-/- mice with KLHL3R528H/+ mice. Thereafter, WNK-OSR1/SPAK-NCC phosphorylation signal cascade was examined in kidneys from these mice. As expected, both WNK4-/-KLHL3R528H/+ mice and WNK4-/-KLHL3R528H/R528H mice demonstrated increased WNK1 in the kidney, due to the KLHL3 mutation, and WNK4 deficiency. However, phosphorylation of SPAK and NCC at distal convoluted tubules were almost completely absent even in WNK4-/-KLHL3R528H/R528H mice. In conclusion, increased WNK1 was unable to compensate for WNK4 deficiency and phosphorylate the NCC, indicating that WNK4 is indispensable for the onset of PHAII.

Selective Plasma Exchange for the Removal of Pemphigus Autoantibodies, Fibrinogen, and Factor XIII in Pemphigus Vulgaris.

Pemphigus vulgaris is a serious autoimmune skin disorder associated with desmoglein 1 and 3. Selective plasma exchange (SePE) for pemphigus vulgaris remains unknown. We investigated the removal characteristics of pemphigus autoantibodies, immunoglobulins, and fibrinogen in three cases. When the mean processed volume for SePE was 1.2 plasma volumes, the mean percent reduction was 50.7% for desmoglein 1, 48.9% for desmoglein 3, 50.3% for IgG, 29.8% for IgA, 1.9% for IgM, and 17.6% for fibrinogen. In one case, the percent reduction after four sessions of SePE within eight days was 87.0% for desmoglein 1, 85.1% for desmoglein 3, 76.6% for IgG, 53.5% for IgA, 7.9% for IgM, 41.6% for fibrinogen, and 31.4% for factor XIII. SePE can effectively remove pemphigus autoantibodies and retain coagulation factors, e.g. factor XIII and fibrinogen. In severe cases, SePE can be useful and safe for induction therapy.

Fibrinogen Reduction During Selective Plasma Exchange due to Membrane Fouling.

Fibrinogen is substantially reduced by most plasmapheresis modalities but retained in selective plasma exchange using Evacure EC-4A10 (EC-4A). Although EC-4A's fibrinogen sieving coefficient is 0, a session of selective plasma exchange reduced fibrinogen by approximately 19%. Here, we investigated sieving coefficient in five patients. When the mean processed plasma volume was 1.15 × plasma volume, the mean reduction of fibrinogen during selective plasma exchange was approximately 15%. Fibrinogen sieving coefficient was 0 when the processed plasma volume was 1.0 L, increasing to 0.07 when the processed plasma volume was 3.0 L, with a mean of 0.03 during selective plasma exchange. When fibrinogen sieving coefficient was 0, selective plasma exchange reduced fibrinogen by approximately 10%. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed internal fouling of EC-4A's hollow fiber membrane by substances such as fibrinogen fibrils. Thus, fibrinogen reduction by selective plasma exchange may be predominantly caused by membrane fouling rather than filtration.

Comprehensive genetic testing approach for major inherited kidney diseases, using next-generation sequencing with a custom panel.

BACKGROUND: Gene identification of hereditary kidney diseases by DNA sequencing is important for precise diagnosis, treatment, and genetic consultations. However, the conventional Sanger sequencing is now practically powerless in the face of ever increasing numbers of reported causative genes of various hereditary diseases. The advent of next-generation sequencing technology has enabled large-scale, genome-wide, simultaneous sequence analyses of multiple candidate genes. METHODS: We designed and verified a comprehensive diagnosis panel for approximately 100 major inherited kidney diseases, including 127 known genes. The panel was named Simple, sPEedy and Efficient Diagnosis of Inherited KIdney Diseases (SPEEDI-KID). We applied the panel to 73 individuals, clinically diagnosed with an inherited kidney disease, from 56 families. RESULTS: The panel efficiently covered the candidate genes and allowed a prompt and accurate genetic diagnosis. Moreover, 18 unreported mutations suspected as the disease causes were detected. All these mutations were validated by Sanger sequencing, with 100 % concordance. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, we developed a powerful diagnostic method, focusing on inherited kidney diseases, using a custom panel, SPEEDI-KID, allowing a fast, easy, and comprehensive diagnosis regardless of the disease type.