End-of-life care in neonatal intensive care units in Iberoamerica: A look from the nursing perspective.

INTRODUCTION: End-of-life care (ELC) represents a quality milestone in neonatal intensive care units (NICU). The objective of this study was to explore how ELC are carried out in NICUs in Iberoamerica. METHODS: Cross-sectional study, through the administration of an anonymous survey sent to neonatal nursing professionals. The survey included general data and work activity data; existence and contents of ELC protocols in the NICU and training received. The survey was distributed by email and published on official SIBEN social networks. REDCap and STATA 14.0 software were used for data collection and analysis. RESULTS: We obtained 400 responses from nurses from 11 countries in the Ibero-American region. 86% of the respondents are directly responsible for providing ELC, although 48% of them said they had not received training on this subject. Only 67 (17%) state that the NICU in which they work has a protocol that establishes a strategy for performing the ELC. Finally, the actions that are implemented during the ELC are globally infrequent (≤50%) in all the items explored and very infrequent (<20%) in relation to allowing free access to family members, having privacy, providing psychological assistance, register the process in the medical record, assist with bureaucratic processes or grant a follow-up plan for grief. CONCLUSION: Most of the nursing professionals surveyed are directly responsible for this care, do not have protocols, have not received training, and consider that the ELC could be significantly improved. Strategies for ELCs in the Ibero-American region need to be optimized.

Riesgo de desarrollar diabetes mellitus tipo 2 según escala Finnish Diabetes Risk Score en atención primaria / Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus According to the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score in Primary care

Introducción: La diabetes mellitus tipo 2, representa 90-95 por ciento de todas las diabetes, es una enfermedad crónica potencialmente prevenible, la escala Finnish Diabetes Risk Score es uno de los instrumentos más utilizados a nivel mundial para evaluar el riesgo de presentar diabetes en 10 años con enfoque fácil y económico. Objetivo: Determinar el riesgo de desarrollar diabetes en los próximos 10 años según escala Finnish Diabetes Risk Score en pacientes en una Unidad Médica Familiar de México. Métodos: Estudio transversal analítico, se aplicó la escala Finnish Diabetes Risk Score a 383 pacientes y se analizaron las variables implicadas en dicha escala, las variables edad e índice de masa corporal se describieron con medidas de tendencia central, las variables sexo, escolaridad, así como aquellas dicotómicas y de intervalo, mediante razones y proporciones. Se midió asociación mediante Odds Ratio para dicotómicas y coeficiente de Spearman para numéricas. Resultados: La mediana de edad fue de 47 años, predominó el sexo femenino, el 71,5 por ciento reportó sedentarismo, el 51,9 por ciento refirió un familiar de primer grado con diabetes, se determinó probabilidad del 67 por ciento de tener peso normal al realizar actividad física diaria; se determinó una probabilidad del 65 por ciento de presentar prediabetes si se tiene sobrepeso u obesidad, se determinó asociación lineal entre índice de masa corporal y edad, el riesgo predominante para desarrollar diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en 10 años fue alto. Conclusiones: El riesgo de desarrollar diabetes en 10 años en la población estudiada fue elevado y se relacionó con falta de actividad física, antecedentes familiares y sobrepeso(AU)

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus, accounts for 90-95 percent of all diabetes. It is a potentially preventable chronic disease. The Finnish Diabetes Risk Score is one of the most widely used instruments worldwide to assess the risk of developing diabetes in 10 years with an easy and inexpensive approach. Objective: To determine the risk of developing diabetes in the next 10 years according to the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score in patients in a Family Medical Unit in Mexico. Methods: Analytical cross-sectional study. The Finnish Diabetes Risk Score was applied to 383 patients and the variables involved in this scale were analyzed. The variables age and body mass index were described with measures of central tendency, while the variables gender, schooling, as well as dichotomous and interval variables, were described by ratios and proportions. Association was measured by Odds Ratio for dichotomous variables and Spearman's coefficient for numerical variables. Results: The average age was 47 years and female gender predominated. Sedentary lifestyle was reported by 71.5 percent and 51.9 percent reported a first-degree relative with diabetes. A 67percent probability of having a normal weight was determined when performing daily physical activity. In addition, a 65percent probability of having prediabetes was established if overweight or obese, and a linear association was found between body mass index and age. The predominant risk for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus in 10 years was high. Conclusions: The risk of developing diabetes in 10 years in the studied population was high and was related to lack of physical activity, family history and overweight(AU)

Efecto de la pandemia en la cirugía radical del cáncer vesical / Effect of the pandemic on radical surgery for bladder cancer

Objetivo: El advenimiento de la pandemia de síndrome respiratorio agudo por coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ha tenido un impacto en el manejo del resto de las patologías por la elevada presión asistencial generada. Por su historia natural, el cáncer vesical susceptible de cistectomía radical (CR) requiere especial atención. Nuestro objetivo es comparar los resultados perioperatorios y oncológicos de estos pacientes durante el estado de alarma respecto a la era pre-COVID en un centro de tercer nivel. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo observacional descriptivo y analítico. Pacientes intervenidos de cistectomía radical por neoplasia entre abril de 2019 y marzo de 2021 divididos en dos grupos, abril 2019-marzo 2020 (n = 42) y abril 2020-marzo 2021 (n = 43). Resultados: Ambos grupos resultaron ser homogéneos. La mediana de espera desde la resección transuretral de vejiga hasta la realización de la CR no aumentó (82,5 vs. 83 días, p = = 0,860). No se observan tampoco diferencias en la estadificación TNM de las piezas quirúrgicas. Los tumores localmente avanzados no aumentaron significativamente (18 vs. 21, p = 0,580). La presencia de afectación ganglionar tampoco presentó diferencias significativas (10 vs. 13, p = 0,675). La estancia media disminuyó en un valor cercano a significación (mediana en días: 11 vs. 8, p = 0,056) sin que ello asociase un mayor número de complicaciones o de reingresos a los 30 días. Conclusión:: En nuestra serie no hemos constatado diferencias significativas en los resultados perioperatorios y oncológicos de pacientes tratados mediante CR durante la pandemia de COVID-19.

Introduction: The advent of the COVID-19 pandemic (caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2] has had an impact on the management of other pathologies due to the high healthcare pressure generated. Due to its natural history, bladder cancer amenable to radical cystectomy requires special attention. We aim to compare the perioperative and oncological results of these patients during the alarm state with respect to the pre-COVID era in a tertiary care center. Material and methods: Observational descriptive and analytical retrospective research. Patients who underwent radical cistectomy because of bladder cancer between April 2019 to March 2021, divided in two groups, April 2019-March 2020 (n = 42) and April 2020-March 2021 (n = 43). Results: Both groups turned out to be homogeneous. The median wait time from transurethral resection of the bladder to radical cystectomy did not increase (82.5 vs. 83 days, p = 0.860). No differences were observed in the TNM staging of the surgical specimens. Locally advanced tumors did not increase significantly (18 vs. 21, p = 0.580). The presence of lymph node involvement did not present significant differences either (10 vs. 13, p = 0.675). The average stay decreased by a value close to significance (median in days 11 vs. 8, p = 0.056) without being associated with a greater number of complications or readmissions at 30 days. Conclusion: In our series, we have not found significant differences in the perioperative and oncological results of patients treated by radical cystectomy during the COVID-19 pandem

Capnography in newborns under mechanical ventilation and its relationship with the measurement of CO2 in blood samples.

INTRODUCTION: Monitoring the partial pressure of CO2 (PCO2) in newborns who require ventilation would allow avoiding hypocapnia and hypercapnia. The measurement of end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) is an alternative rarely implemented in this population. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between ETCO2 and PCO2 in newborns. METHODS: Cross-sectional study comparing two PCO2 measurement methods, the conventional one by analysis of blood samples and the one estimated by ETCO2. The study included hospitalized newborns that required conventional mechanical ventilation. The ETCO2 was measured with a Tecme GraphNet® neo, a neonatal ventilator with an integrated capnograph, and we obtained the ETCO2-PCO2 gradient. We conducted correlation and Bland-Altman plot analyses to estimate the agreement. RESULTS: A total of 277 samples (ETCO2 / PCO2) from 83 newborns were analyzed. The mean values ​​of ETCO2 and PCO2 were 41.36mmHg and 42.04mmHg. There was a positive and significant correlation between ETCO2 and PCO2 in the overall analysis (r=0.5402; P<.001) and in the analysis of each unit (P<.001). The mean difference was 0.68 mmHg (95% CI, -0.68 to 1.95) and was not significant. We observed a positive systematic error (PCO2 > ETCO2) in 2 of the units, and a negative difference in the third (PCO2 < ETCO2). DISCUSSION: The correlation between ETCO and PCO2 was significant, although the obtained values ​​were not equivalent, with differences ranging from 0.1mmHg and 20mmHg. Likewise, we found systematic errors that differed in sign (positive or negative) between institutions.

Impacto de la rehabilitación cardiopulmonar en paciente con secuelas poscovid-19 Reporte de caso clínico

El SARS-CoV-2 es un virus de la familia Coronaviridae que posee un ácido ribonucleico envuelto y monocatenario positivo. Este virus ha sido el responsable de una suma considerable de muertes a nivel mundial, y produce la enfermedad llamada covid-19, esta ocasiona compromisos multisistémicos en los pacientes, de los cuales la gran mayoría resulta con secuelas en el músculo esquelético, cardiocirculatorias, y pulmonares. La rehabilitación cardiopulmonar es un programa con múltiples componentes que pueden revertir las condiciones fisiopatológicas que sean consecuencias por el virus SARS-CoV-2. Los autores describen su experiencia con un caso clínico, con un paciente de 53 años, que ameritó internamiento por más de un mes, con diagnóstico de covid-19 -neumonía de focos múltiples con sobreinfección bacteriana-, y que durante su estadía requirió ventilación mecánica asistida, eventualmente, con traqueostomía, y que a su egreso se mantenía con dependencia de oxígeno suplementario, así como marcada disnea y sarcopenia. El paciente fue referido para rehabilitación pulmonar poscovid-19, y tras 12 semanas de rehabilitación el paciente es egresado del programa en aire ambiente, con capacidad para realizar ejercicio de moderada a alta intensidad, con saturación superior a 95 %, además de una marcada mejoría en los resultados de capacidad funcional. La rehabilitación cardiopulmonar es un programa multifacético, con diferentes componentes que logran una atención integral, capaz de recuperar al paciente para que logre su adherencia, no solo en su estado físico, sino también en su entorno psicosocial, de tal manera que se reintegra a la sociedad y se disminuyen los costos por atención y tratamientos médicos.

Summary SARS-CoV-2 is a virus of the Coronaviridae family, which has a positive single-stranded, enveloped ribonucleic acid. This virus has been responsible for a considerable number of deaths worldwide, and produces the disease called covid-19, which causes multisystemic compromise in patients, resulting in a vast majority with skeletal muscle, cardiocirculatory, and pulmonary sequelae. Cardiopulmonary rehabilitation is a program with multiple components that can reverse the pshysiopathological conditions that are consequences of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The authors describe their experience with a clinical case, a 53-year-old patient, who required hospitalization for more than a month, diagnosed with covid-19 -Multiple focus of pneumonia with bacterial infection-, and who required ventilation during hospitalization. mechanically assisted, eventually with tracheostomy, and that at discharge remained dependent on supplemental oxygen, as well as marked dyspnea and sarcopenia. The patient was referred for postcovid-19 pulmonary rehabilitation, and after 12 weeks of rehabilitation the patient is discharged from the program in room air, with the ability to perform moderate to high intensity exercise, saturation greater than 95%, and with marked improvement. in VO2 max and 6MWT results. Cardiopulmonary rehabilitation is a multifaceted program, with different components that achieve comprehensive care, capable of recovering the patient so that he achieves his adherence, not only in his physical state but also in his psychosocial environment, reintegrating him into society and reducing the costs for medical care and treatment.

Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome Temporally Related to COVID-19 in Children From Latin America and the Caribbean Region: A Systematic Review With a Meta-Analysis of Data From Regional Surveillance Systems.

Background: With the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, increasing numbers of cases of the multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) have been reported worldwide; however, it is unclear whether this syndrome has a differential pattern in children from Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to analyze the epidemiological, clinical, and outcome characteristics of patients with MIS-C in LAC countries. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in the main electronic databases and scientific meetings from March 1, 2020, to June 30, 2021. Available reports on epidemiological surveillance of countries in the region during the same period were analyzed. Results: Of the 464 relevant studies identified, 23 were included with 592 patients with MIS-C from LAC. Mean age was 6.6 years (IQR, 6-7.4 years); 60% were male. The most common clinical manifestations were fever, rash, and conjunctival injection; 59% showed Kawasaki disease. Pool proportion of shock was 52%. A total of 47% of patients were admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), 23% required mechanical ventilation, and 74% required vasoactive drugs. Intravenous gamma globulin alone was administered in 87% of patients, and in combination with steroids in 60% of cases. Length of hospital stay was 10 days (IQR, 9-10) and PICU stay 5.75 (IQR, 5-6). Overall case fatality ratio was 4% and for those hospitalized in the PICU it was 7%. Conclusion: Limited information was available on the clinical outcomes. Improvements in the surveillance system are required to obtain a better epidemiologic overview in the region.

Competencias en comunicación clínica: experiencia de enseñanza-aprendizaje en una residencia de pediatría / Skills in clinical communication: teaching-learning experience in a pediatric residence

La comunicación en salud es una actividad médica esencial para la práctica clínica y una competencia profesional que puede ser aprendida. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir las experiencias de enseñanza, aprendizaje y evaluación de las competencias en comunicación efectiva en residentes de pediatría, y en forma específica, reportar su diseño e integración curricular al programa académico, así como las características de su implementación. El programa se estructuró en módulos por año de residencia, con contenidos secuenciales de complejidad creciente, mediante encuentros interactivos, grupos de reflexión y escenarios de simulación de alta fidelidad. El examen clínico estructurado y objetivo fue utilizado para evaluar el desempeño en estaciones diseñadas según objetivos de aprendizaje, con la participación de actores y el uso de una escala estandarizada. Este modelo de implementación podría ser reproducido en otras residencias de pediatría mediante un programa de capacitación en comunicación efectiva

Health communication is an essential medical activity for quality clinical practice. The ability to communicate properly is a professional competence that can and should be learned. The objectiveofthisworkistodescribetheexperiences of teaching, learning and evaluation of effective communication skills in pediatric residents and specifically, to report its design and curricular integration to the academic program, as well as the characteristics of its implementation. The program was structured in modules per year of residence, with sequential contents of increasing complexity; it was implemented through interactive meetings, reflection groups and high-fidelity simulation scenarios. The structured and objective clinical examination was used for performance evaluations through stations designed according to learning objectives with actors and a standardized scale. This implementation model could be replicated to other pediatric residencies through an Effective Communication Teaching Program

[Skills in clinical communication: teaching-learning experience in a pediatric residence]. / Competencias en comunicación clínica: experiencia de enseñanza-aprendizaje en una residencia de pediatría.

Health communication is an essential medical activity for quality clinical practice. The ability to communicate properly is a professional competence that can and should be learned. The objective of this work is to describe the experiences of teaching, learning and evaluation of effective communication skills in pediatric residents and specifically, to report its design and curricular integration to the academic program, as well as the characteristics of its implementation. The program was structured in modules per year of residence, with sequential contents of increasing complexity; it was implemented through interactive meetings, reflection groups and high-fidelity simulation scenarios. The structured and objective clinical examination was used for performance evaluations through stations designed according to learning objectives with actors and a standardized scale. This implementation model could be replicated to other pediatric residencies through an Effective Communication Teaching Program.

La comunicación en salud es una actividad médica esencial para la práctica clínica y una competencia profesional que puede ser aprendida. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir las experiencias de enseñanza, aprendizaje y evaluación de las competencias en comunicación efectiva en residentes de pediatría, y en forma específica, reportar su diseño e integración curricular al programa académico, así como las características de su implementación. El programa se estructuró en módulos por año de residencia, con contenidos secuenciales de complejidad creciente, mediante encuentros interactivos, grupos de reflexión y escenarios de simulación de alta fidelidad. El examen clínico estructurado y objetivo fue utilizado para evaluar el desempeño en estaciones diseñadas según objetivos de aprendizaje, con la participación de actores y el uso de una escala estandarizada. Este modelo de implementación podría ser reproducido en otras residencias de pediatría mediante un programa de capacitación en comunicación efectiva.

La interdisciplinaridad en el cuidado neonatal en Latinoamérica: experiencia de una sociedad científica

RESUMEN El trabajo en equipo interdisciplinario es fundamental, no solo en el cuidado del recién nacido y su familia sino también en el propio equipo de salud, con el fin de ofrecer un cuidado y una atención integral, humana y no fragmentada. Es imperativo explorar como se ha venido llevando a cabo dicho cuidado en la región de Latinoamérica. El presente artículo trata cuatro aspectos: primero, una contextualización acerca del concepto interdisciplinario; segundo, la experiencia en la conformación de un grupo interdisciplinario dentro de una sociedad científica; tercero, los resultados de una encuesta sobre la interdisciplinaridad en los cuidados neonatales en Latinoamérica y, por último, algunas recomendaciones para promover la interdisciplina en las unidades de cuidado intensivo neonatal en Latinoamérica.

ABSTRACT Interdisciplinary teamwork is essential, not only in the care of newborns and their families but also in the health work team itself, in order to offer comprehensive, humane and non-fragmented care and assistance. It is imperative to explore how such care has been carried out in the Latin American region. This article deals with four aspects: first, a contextualization on interdisciplinarity; second, the experience in the formation of an interdisciplinary group within a scientific society; third, the results of a survey on interdisciplinarity in neonatal care in Latin America and, finally, some recommendations to promote interdisciplinarity in neonatal intensive care units in Latin America.

What do you really want? Change in goals and life satisfaction during Emerging Adulthood in Brazil / ¿Tienes ganas de qué? Cambios en las metas y en la satisfacción de vida en adultos emergentes en Brasil

Abstract Aim and Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate how different types of goals may affect the satisfaction in life of Brazilian emerging adults in different developmental stages and, what characteristics they associate with adulthood. Method: Participants were 970 Brazilian youth aged from 18 to 30 years old (M = 22.8; SD = 3.4). The instruments we used were a socio-demographic questionnaire, the Aspiration Index and the Satisfaction with Life Scale. We performed a descriptive statistical analysis to elicit the characteristics related with becoming an adult, as well as ANOVAs to test if there was a difference between the endorsement of intrinsic or extrinsic goals based on sociodemographic characteristics; and if there was a difference, did it affect their satisfaction with life. Results: Results showed that the most important characteristic to be considered an adult was to be financially independent and to be responsible for oneself, while the least important were to be married and to have children. There was a significant difference in the importance participants gave to intrinsic goals based on sex and age. Consistently with previous research, we found that giving greater importance to intrinsic goals had a positive and significant effect on life satisfaction. However, different sets of goals were deemed important according to the developmental stage youth were in, and these changes had in turn a significant effect on life satisfaction. Conclusions: Finally, we found that prioritizing intrinsic goals contributes to greater life satisfaction in general. This study acknowledges that there are individual and contextual factors that may propel youth to choose their goals in order to attend these demands, regardless of their impact on life satisfaction.

Resumen Objetivo e introducción: El objetivo de este artículo fue investigar como diferentes tipos de metas pueden afectar la satisfacción con la vida de adultos emergentes brasileños en diferentes etapas de su desarrollo, y definir qué características ellos asocian con la edad adulta. Método: Participaron 970 jóvenes brasileños con edades entre 18 y 30 años (M = 22.8; DE = 3.4). Los instrumentos utilizados fueron un cuestionario sociodemográfico, el Índice de Aspiraciones y la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida. Ejecutamos un análisis descriptivo para elucidar cuáles fueron las características asociadas con volverse adultos. Luego, ANOVAs para verificar si había diferencia en su endoso de metas intrínsecas o extrínsecas basada en sus características sociodemográficas; y en caso de que la hubiese, si esta afectaba su nivel de satisfacción con la vida. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron que la característica más importante para ser considerado un adulto es ser financieramente independiente y ser responsable de sí mismo, mientras que las menos importantes fueron estar casados y tener hijos. Hubo una diferencia significativa en la importancia que los participantes dieron a las metas intrínsecas, con base en el sexo y la edad. Consistentemente con investigaciones previas, encontramos que dar mayor importancia a metas intrínsecas está positiva y significativamente relacionado con la satisfacción con la vida. Sin embargo, diferentes grupos de metas fueron encontradas como más importantes en diferentes etapas del desarrollo de los jóvenes, y esos cambios, a su vez, tuvieron un efecto significativo en la satisfacción con la vida. Conclusiones: Finalmente, aunque dar importancia a las metas intrínsecas está asociada con una mayor satisfacción con la vida en general. Este estudio contribuyó a reconocer que existen factores individuales y contextuales que impulsan a los jóvenes hacia la elección de dichas metas para atender estas demandas, independientemente de su impacto en la satisfacción con la vida.

Dermatosis en pacientes geriátricos / Dermatoses in geriatric patients

Introducción: El envejecimiento cutáneo es parte de un proceso de deterioro endógeno y exógeno en las células. Los cambios degenerativos y metabólicos que ocurren, hacen a esta población vulnerable a afecciones dermatológicas. Objetivo: Definir las enfermedades cutáneas frecuentes en pacientes geriátricos, atendidos en consulta de dermatología. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación observacional descriptiva transversal, en pacientes geriátricos atendidos en la consulta de Dermatología en la Policlínica de Combatientes de Ciego de Ávila, en el periodo comprendido de enero a diciembre del 2019. La serie de estudio se conformó con 144 adultos mayores. Las variables estudiadas fueron: edad, sexo, color de piel, fototipos cutáneos, afecciones dermatológicas, localización y morbilidades asociadas. Resultados: Predominaron los adultos mayores entre 70 y 79 años (53,5 por ciento), del sexo masculino (50,7 por ciento). El 63,9 por ciento de los pacientes tenía fototipo cutáneo III. Las dermatosis más frecuentes fueron la púrpura senil (34 por ciento) y queratosis seborreica (25 por ciento), fueron más afectados los adultos mayores de piel blanca (69,4 por ciento). Las dermatosis en la cara y extremidades fueron las más frecuentes (53,5 por ciento y 17,4 por ciento). El 46,6 por ciento de los pacientes padecían de afecciones del sistema osteomioarticular, seguido por la hipertensión arterial (18,5 por ciento) y diabetes mellitus (12,6 por ciento). Conclusiones: Predominaron los adultos mayores del sexo masculino de 70 a 79 años, con fototipo cutáneo III. La púrpura senil, la queratosis seborreica y la xerosis fueron afecciones frecuentes en ancianos de piel blanca. Se destacaron las lesiones limitadas a la cara(AU)

Introduction: Skin aging is part of an endogenous and exogenous deterioration process in cells. The degenerative and metabolic changes that occur make this population vulnerable to dermatological conditions. Objective: To define frequent skin diseases in geriatric patients, seen in a dermatology office. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive observational investigation was carried out in geriatric patients treated in the Dermatology consultation at the Policlínica de los Combatientes, Ciego de Ávila, in the period from January to December 2019. The study series consisted of 144 older adults. The variables studied were: age, sex, skin color, skin phototypes, dermatological conditions, location and associated morbidities. Results: Older adults between 70 and 79 years old (53,5 percent), male (50,7 percent) predominated. 63,9 percent of the patients had skin phototype III. The most frequent dermatoses were senile purpura (34 percent) and seborrheic keratosis (25 percent), older adults with white skin were more affected (69,4 percent). Dermatoses on the face and extremities were the most frequent (53,5 percent and 17,4 percent). 46,6 percent of the patients suffered from disorders of the osteomyoarticular system, followed by arterial hypertension (18,5 percent) and diabetes mellitus (12,6 percent). Conclusions: Older male adults from 70 to 79 years old, with skin phototype III predominated. Senile purpura, seborrheic keratosis, and xerosis were common conditions in white-skinned elderly. Lesions limited to the face were highlighted(AU)

Bibliotherapy as a Non-pharmaceutical Intervention to Enhance Mental Health in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Mixed-Methods Systematic Review and Bioethical Meta-Analysis.

Background: A non-pharmaceutical treatment offered as psychological support is bibliotherapy, which can be described as the process of reading, reflecting, and discussing literature to further a cognitive shift. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic demands a response to prevent a peak in the prevalence of mental health problems and to avoid the collapse of mental health services, which are scarce and inaccessible due to the pandemic. Thus, this study aimed to review articles on the effectiveness of bibliotherapy on different mental health problems. Methods: A systematic review was conducted to examine relevant studies that assess the effectiveness of bibliotherapy in different clinical settings as a treatment capable of enhancing a sense of purpose and its surrounding values. To achieve this, a systematic review, including a bioethical meta-analysis, was performed. A variant of the PICO (Participants, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome) model was used for the search strategy, and the systematic review was conducted in three databases: PubMed, Bireme, and OVID. Inclusion criteria were relevant studies that included the keywords, excluding documents with irrelevant topics, studies on subjects 15 years or younger, and in languages besides Spanish or English. Starting with 707 studies, after three rounds of different quality criteria, 13 articles were selected for analysis, including a hermeneutic analysis, which was followed by a fourth and final recovery round assessing bibliotherapy articles concerning healthcare workers. Results: Our findings showed that through bibliotherapy, patients developed several capacities, including the re-signification of their own activities through a new outlook of their moral horizon. There are no research road maps serving as guides to conduct research on the use of bibliotherapy to enhance mental health. Additionally, values such as autonomy and justice were closely linked with positive results in bibliotherapy. This implies that bibliotherapy has the potential to have a positive impact in different settings. Conclusions: Our contribution is to offer a road map that presents state-of-the-art bibliotherapy research, which will assist institutions and healthcare professionals to plan clinical and specific interventions with positive outcomes.

Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy in Units Reporting to the Ibero-American Society of Neonatology Network: Prevalence and Mortality.

INTRODUCTION: Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy is a neurological condition occurring immediately after birth following a perinatal asphytic episode. Therapeutic hypothermia is a safe and effective intervention to reduce mortality and major disability in survivors. In Latin America, perinatal asphyxia is a major problem, but no data are available characterizing its current situation in the region or the impact of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy on its management. OBJECTIVE: Understand the prevalence, mortality and use of therapeutic hypothermia in newborns at ≥36 weeks gestational age with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy admitted to neonatal units reporting to the Ibero-American Society of Neonatology Network. METHODS: The Ibero-American Society of Neonatology Network groups various neonatology centers in Latin America that share information and collaborate on research and medical care. We evaluated data on newborns with ≥36 weeks gestational age reported during 2019. Each unit received a guide with definitions and questions based on the Society's 7th Clinical Consensus. Evaluated were encephalopathy frequency and severity, Apgar score, need for resuscitation at birth, use of therapeutic hypothermia and clinical evolution at discharge. Our analysis includes descriptive statistics and comparisons made using the chi-square test. RESULTS: We examined reports of 2876 newborns from 33 units and 6 countries. In 2849 newborns with available data, hypoxic encephalopathy prevalence was 5.1% (146 newborns): 27 (19%) mild, 36 (25%) moderate, 43 (29%) severe, and 40 (27%) of unknown intensity. In those with moderate and severe encephalopathy, frequencies of Apgar scores ≤3 at the first minute (p = 0.001), Apgar scores ≤3 at the fifth minute (p ⟨0.001) and advanced resuscitation (p = 0.007) were higher. Therapeutic hypothermia was performed in only 13% of newborns (19). Neonatal mortality from encephalopathy was 42% (61). CONCLUSIONS: Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy is a neonatal condition that results in high mortality and severe neurological sequelae. In this study, the overall prevalence was 5.1% with a mortality rate of 42%. Although encephalopathy was moderate or severe in 54% of reported cases, treatment with hypothermia was not performed in 87% of newborns. These data reflect a regional situation that requires urgent action.

Trombosis venosa profunda asociada al uso de catéteres en recién nacidos / Catheter-related deep vein thrombosis in newborn infants

Introducción. En neonatología, más del 90 % de las trombosis venosas profundas están asociadas al uso de catéteres. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la incidencia y los factores de riesgo relacionados con trombosis venosa profunda asociada a catéteres venosos centrales.Población y métodos. Estudio observacional analítico de cohorte prospectivo. Se incluyeron todos los catéteres venosos centrales mediante un muestreo no aleatorio consecutivo. El protocolo de pesquisa incluyó la evaluación clínica diaria y ecografía doppler (7-10 días luego de su colocación y/o a las 72 h de su retiro). Seguimiento: desde la colocación al retiro del catéter, fallecimiento o contrarreferencia del paciente. Se estimó densidad de incidencia cada 1000 días/catéter con sus intervalos de confianza (IC) del 95 % y factores de riesgo mediante análisis multivariado de Cox.Resultados. Se identificó trombosis en 22/264 catéteres. La densidad de incidencia de trombosis fue del 5,33 ‰ días/catéter (IC 95 %: 3,34-8,07). La cirugía cardiovascular y el uso de catéteres distintos a los epicutáneos resultaron ser factores de riesgo independientes para trombosis [Hazard Ratio: (3,8 [IC 95 %: 1,6-9] y 2,75 [IC 95 %: 1,17-6,45]).Conclusiones. La incidencia de trombosis venosa profunda asociada a catéteres venosos centrales fue de 5,33 cada 1000 días/catéter. El antecedente de procedimientos quirúrgicos cardiovasculares y el uso de catéteres distintos a los epicutáneos se asociaron con mayor riesgo de la complicación.

Introduction. In neonatology, more than 90 % of deep vein thromboses are related to catheter use. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence and risk factors associated with central venous catheter-related deep vein thrombosis.Population and methods. Observational and analytical study conducted in a prospective cohort. All central venous catheters were included using consecutive, non-random sampling. The screening protocol included a daily clinical examination and a Doppler ultrasound (7-10 days after insertion and/or 72 h after removal). Follow-up: from catheter insertion to catheter removal, death or patient counter-referral. The incidence density rate per 1000 catheter-days was estimated with its corresponding 95 % confidence intervals (CIs), and risk factors, using Cox multivariate analysis.Results. Thrombosis was identified in 22/264 catheters. The incidence density rate of thrombosis was 5.33 ‰ catheter-days (95 % CI: 3.34-8.07). Cardiovascular surgery and and the use of central catheters others than peripherally inserted ones, were independent risk factors for thrombosis (hazard ratio: 3.8 [95 % CI: 1.6-9] and 2.75 [95 % CI: 1.17-6.45]).Conclusions. The incidence of central venous catheter-related deep vein thrombosis was 5.33 per 1000 catheter-days. A history of cardiovascular surgical procedures and and the use of central catheters others than peripherally inserted ones, were associated with a higher risk of this complication.

Catheter-related deep vein thrombosis in newborn infants. / Trombosis venosa profunda asociada al uso de catéteres en recién nacidos.

INTRODUCTION: In neonatology, more than 90 % of deep vein thromboses are related to catheter use. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence and risk factors associated with central venous catheter-related deep vein thrombosis. POPULATION AND METHODS: Observational and analytical study conducted in a prospective cohort. All central venous catheters were included using consecutive, non-random sampling. The screening protocol included a daily clinical examination and a Doppler ultrasound (7-10 days after insertion and/or 72 h after removal). Follow-up: from catheter insertion to catheter removal, death or patient counter-referral. The incidence density rate per 1000 catheter-days was estimated with its corresponding 95 % confidence intervals (CIs), and risk factors, using Cox multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Thrombosis was identified in 22/264 catheters. The incidence density rate of thrombosis was 5.33 ‰ catheter-days (95 % CI: 3.34-8.07). Cardiovascular surgery and and the use of central catheters others than peripherally inserted ones, were independent risk factors for thrombosis (hazard ratio: 3.8 [95 % CI: 1.6-9] and 2.75 [95 % CI: 1.17-6.45]). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of central venous catheter-related deep vein thrombosis was 5.33 per 1000 catheter-days. A history of cardiovascular surgical procedures and and the use of central catheters others than peripherally inserted ones, were associated with a higher risk of this complication.

Introducción. En neonatología, más del 90 % de las trombosis venosas profundas están asociadas al uso de catéteres. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la incidencia y los factores de riesgo relacionados con trombosis venosa profunda asociada a catéteres venosos centrales. Población y métodos. Estudio observacional analítico de cohorte prospectivo. Se incluyeron todos los catéteres venosos centrales mediante un muestreo no aleatorio consecutivo. El protocolo de pesquisa incluyó la evaluación clínica diaria y ecografía doppler (7-10 días luego de su colocación y/o a las 72 h de su retiro). Seguimiento: desde la colocación al retiro del catéter, fallecimiento o contrarreferencia del paciente. Se estimó densidad de incidencia cada 1000 días/catéter con sus intervalos de confianza (IC) del 95 % y factores de riesgo mediante análisis multivariado de Cox. Resultados. Se identificó trombosis en 22/264 catéteres. La densidad de incidencia de trombosis fue del 5,33 ‰ días/catéter (IC 95 %: 3,34-8,07). La cirugía cardiovascular y el uso de catéteres distintos a los epicutáneos resultaron ser factores de riesgo independientes para trombosis [Hazard Ratio: (3,8 [IC 95 %: 1,6-9] y 2,75 [IC 95 %: 1,17-6,45]). Conclusiones. La incidencia de trombosis venosa profunda asociada a catéteres venosos centrales fue de 5,33 cada 1000 días/catéter. El antecedente de procedimientos quirúrgicos cardiovasculares y el uso de catéteres distintos a los epicutáneos se asociaron con mayor riesgo de la complicación.

Transfer of the Symbiotic Plasmid of Rhizobium etli CFN42 to Endophytic Bacteria Inside Nodules.

Conjugative transfer is one of the mechanisms allowing diversification and evolution of bacteria. Rhizobium etli CFN42 is a bacterial strain whose habitat is the rhizosphere and is able to form nodules as a result of the nitrogen-fixing symbiotic relationship it may establish with the roots of Phaseolus vulgaris. R. etli CFN42 contains one chromosome and six large plasmids (pRet42a - pRet42f). Most of the genetic information involved in the establishment of the symbiosis is localized on plasmid pRet42d, named as the symbiotic plasmid (pSym). This plasmid is able to perform conjugation, using pSym encoded transfer genes controlled by the RctA/RctB system. Another plasmid of CFN42, pRet42a, has been shown to perform conjugative transfer not only in vitro, but also on the surface of roots and inside nodules, using other rhizobia as recipients. In addition to the rhizobia involved in the formation of nodules, these structures have been shown to contain endophytic bacteria from different genera and species. In this work, we have explored the conjugative transfer of the pSym (pRet42d) from R. etli CFN42 to endophytic bacteria as putative recipients, using as donor a CFN42 derivative labeled with GFP in the pRet42d and RFP in the chromosome. We were able to isolate some transconjugants, which inherit the GFP, but not the RFP marker. Some of them were identified, analyzed and evaluated for their ability to nodulate. We found transconjugants from genera such as Stenotrophomonas, Achromobacter, and Bacillus, among others. Although all the transconjugants carried the GFP marker, and nod, fix, and nif genes from pRet42d, not all were able to nodulate. Ultrastructure microscopy analysis showed some differences in the structure of the nodules of one of the transconjugants. A replicon of the size of pRet42d (371 Kb) could not be visualized in the transconjugants, suggesting that the pSym or a segment of the plasmid is integrated in the chromosome of the recipients. These findings strengthen the proposal that nodules constitute a propitious environment for exchange of genetic information among bacteria, in addition to their function as structures where nitrogen fixation and assimilation takes place.

[Use (and abuse) of antibiotics in perinatal medicine]. / Uso (y abuso) de antibióticos en la medicina perinatal.

INTRODUCTION: The rational use of antibiotics (ATB) implies that patients receive those adequate for their clinical needs, in correct doses according to their individual conditions, during an adequate period of time, and at the lowest cost for them and their community. The highest rate of ATB abuse occurs during the perinatal period, despite the fact that there is evidence of multiple short- and long-term negative effects. Furthermore, this abuse is associated with increased costs of medical care. OBJECTIVE: To update and report the evidence on the use, abuse, and adverse effects of ATB in perinatal medicine, and possible measures to prevent them, and thus improve health care outcomes and costs. METHODS: A review and analysis was performed from the literature related to the use of ATB in perinatal medicine up to February 2020. RESULTS: ATB abuse in perinatal medicine ranges from 50% to 70%, with even higher rates in some neonatal centres. Adverse effects include death, increased microbial resistance, along with microbiome abnormalities and dysbiosis that lead to serious life-long complications such as infections, allergies, autoimmune disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, arthritis, asthma, obesity, and perhaps cancer. Preventing and reducing the abuse of ATB would lead to better health and to significant savings in the health sector. In only 4neonatal intensive care units, with 1000 admissions per year, savings are estimated at US$230,000 per year. CONCLUSION: The need to optimise the use of ATB in perinatal medicine has never been more urgent.

COVID-19 perinatal en América Latina

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Evaluar y reportar las características clínicas y los resultados de la infección por SARS-CoV-2 en mujeres embarazadas y recién nacidos en América Latina. Métodos. Estudio descriptivo basado en el reporte prospectivo de las unidades constituyentes de la Red de la Sociedad Iberoamericana de Neonatología. Resultados. De 86 mujeres embarazadas con COVID-19 confirmadas por RT-PCR en siete países (6 de América Latina y Guinea Ecuatorial) 68% (59) fueron asintomáticas. Del 32% de mujeres sintomáticas, 89% (24) tuvieron síntomas leves y 3,5% (3) presentaron síntomas respiratorios graves. Ninguna mujer falleció. La tasa de cesáreas fue de 38%; la edad gestacional fue < 37 semanas en 6% de los casos. Se realizó RT-PCR a todos los recién nacidos (RN) entre las 16 y 36 horas de vida; en 6 (7%) el resultado del hisopado fue positivo. Todos ellos presentaron dificultad respiratoria leve y transitoria; ninguno falleció. Dos RN con RT-PCR negativa fallecieron por otras causas. Se autorizó el amamantamiento en solo 24% de las madres; en 13% se extrajo leche y en 63% se alimentó al RN con fórmula. En 76% de los casos se separó al binomio madre-hijo, y en 95% de los casos la madre no pudo ser acompañada en el parto ni el puerperio. Conclusiones. Son preocupantes la falta de acompañamiento materno, la baja tasa de lactancia y la frecuente separación de la díada madre-hijo. El equipo de salud debe reflexionar sobre la necesidad de defender el cuidado humanizado y centrado en la familia durante esta pandemia.

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To evaluate and report the clinical characteristics and outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnant women and newborns in Latin America. Methods. Descriptive study based on the prospective report of the units of the Ibero-American Society of Neonatology Network. Results. Of 86 pregnant women with COVID-19 confirmed by RT-PCR in seven countries (6 from Latin America, and Equatorial Guinea) 68% (59) were asymptomatic. Of 32% of symptomatic women, 89% (24) had mild symptoms and 3.5% (3) had severe respiratory symptoms. No women died. The cesarean section rate was 38%; gestational age was < 37 weeks in 6% of cases. RT-PCR was performed on all newborns between 16 and 36 hours of age; 6 (7%) were positive. All of them presented mild and transient respiratory distress; none died. Two newborns with negative RT-PCR died from other causes. Breastfeeding was authorized in only 24% of mothers; in 13% milk was expressed and 63% of newborns were fed with formula. In 76% of cases the motherchild pair was separated, and in 95% of cases the mother could not be accompanied at delivery or during the postpartum period. Conclusions. The lack of maternal accompaniment, the low rate of breastfeeding and the frequent separation of the mother-child dyad are of concern. The health care team must reflect on the need to defend humanized and family-centered care during this pandemic.

Egg Parasitoids Survey of Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Maize and Sorghum in Central Mexico.

Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) is the main maize pest in America and was recently detected as an invasive pest in some countries in Asia and Africa. Among its natural enemies presented in Mexico, Trichogramma pretiosum Riley is the only egg parasitoid used in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs regardless of its effectiveness. A search for natural enemies of S. frugiperda was then carried out to determine whether this parasitoid has been established, and to detect native egg parasitoids or predators associated with this pest. The sentinel technique (egg masses) was used, and then placed in maize and sorghum fields in the state of Guanajuato, Mexico. Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman and Platner, an egg parasitoid, and Chelonus insularis Cresson egg-larva parasitoid were recovered from field surveys. Among the natural enemies that preyed on eggs of S. frugiperda, we found mites of the genus Balaustium, and Dermaptera of the genus Doru, both species in great abundance. Laboratory tests were performed to compare the potential parasitism of T. atopovirilia against T. pretiosum. T. atopovirilia obtained 70.14% parasitism while T. pretiosum, 29.23%. In field cages, three doses of the parasitoids were tested. Total parasitism did not exceed 8% in any of the two species, but T. atopovirilia parasitized a greater number of hosts using two and three parasitoids per pest egg. Then, the use of Trichogramma species needs to be reevaluated in biological control programs against S. frugiperda.

Inpatient versus outpatient halo-gravity traction in children with severe spinal deformity.

STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective, comparative study. OBJECTIVE: To compare the results, complications, and costs of preoperative halo-gravity traction in in- and outpatient settings. BACKGROUND DATA: Surgical management of severe spinal deformities remains complex and controversial. Preoperative halo-gravity traction results in a decreased need for aggressive surgical techniques, lower incidence of intraoperative neurologic complications, and improvement of nutritional parameters and preoperative cardiopulmonary function. METHODS: Twenty-nine patients younger than 18 years with kyphoscoliosis undergoing preoperative halo-gravity traction were divided into two groups: inpatients (n: 15) and outpatients (n: 14, home care or care at the Foundation). Traction time (weeks), traction weight (kg), radiographic curve correction, complications, and costs were compared. For statistical analysis, t test and odds ratio were calculated with a significance of p < 0.05. RESULTS: Mean traction time was 6 weeks for in- and 4 weeks for outpatients (p = 0.038). Initial traction weight was 6 kg in both groups, while final traction weight was 13 kg for in- and 15 kg for outpatients (p = 0.50). At the end of the traction period, coronal correction was 24° in in- and 28° in outpatients (p = 0.5), while sagittal correction was 27° and 29°, respectively (p = 0.80). Pin loosening was observed in 2 patients in each group, of whom 1 outpatient developed pin-site infection. In each group, one patient developed transient neurologic complications (odds ratio 1.091). Mean treatment cost per patient was 2.8-fold higher in inpatients. CONCLUSIONS: Considering complications and costs, our results show that preoperative halo-gravity traction in an outpatient setting is an option to be taken into account. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Grade III.