Effectiveness and Safety of Postoperative Hospital at Home for Surgical Patients: A Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the feasibility and effectiveness of a Hospital at Home (HaH) enabled early transfer pathways for surgical patients. BACKGROUND: HaH serves as a safe alternative to traditional hospitalization by providing acute care to patients in their homes through a comprehensive range of hospital-level interventions. To our knowledge, no studies have been published to date reporting a large cohort of early home-transferred patients after surgery through a HaH unit. METHODS: Cohort study enrolling every patient admitted to the HaH unit of a tertiary hospital who underwent any of 6 surgeries with a predefined early transfer pathway and fitting both general and surgery inclusion criteria (clinical and hemodynamic stability, uncomplicated surgery, presence of a caregiver, among others) from November 2021 to May 2023. Protocols were developed for each pathway between surgical services and HaH to deliver the usual postoperative care in the home setting. Discharge was decided according to protocol. An urgent escalation pathway was also established. RESULTS: During the study period, 325 patients were included: 141 were bariatric surgeries, 85 kidney transplants, 45 thoracic surgeries, 37 cystectomies, 10 appendicectomies, and 7 ventral hernia repairs. The overall escalation of care during HaH occurred in 7.3% of patients and 30-day readmissions in 7%. Most adverse events were managed at home and the overall mortality was zero. The total mean length of stay was 8 days (interquartile range 2-14), and patients with HaH were transferred home 3 days (interquartile range 1-6) earlier than the usual pathway; a total of 1551 bed-days were saved. CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of early home transfer pathways for surgical patients through HaH is feasible and effective, with favorable safety outcomes.

Augmented reality versus standard tests to assess cognition and function in early Alzheimer's disease.

Augmented reality (AR) apps, in which the virtual and real world are combined, can recreate instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) and are therefore promising to measure cognition needed for IADL in early Alzheimer's disease (AD) both in the clinic and in the home settings. The primary aim of this study was to distinguish and classify healthy controls (HC) from participants with AD pathology in an early AD stage using an AR app. The secondary aims were to test the association of the app with clinical cognitive and functional tests and investigate the feasibility of at-home testing using AR. We furthermore investigated the test-retest reliability and potential learning effects of the task. The digital score from the AR app could significantly distinguish HC from preclinical AD (preAD) and prodromal AD (proAD), and preAD from proAD, both with in-clinic and at-home tests. For the classification of the proAD group, the digital score (AUCclinic_visit = 0.84 [0.75-0.93], AUCat_home = 0.77 [0.61-0.93]) was as good as the cognitive score (AUC = 0.85 [0.78-0.93]), while for classifying the preAD group, the digital score (AUCclinic_visit = 0.66 [0.53-0.78], AUCat_home = 0.76 [0.61-0.91]) was superior to the cognitive score (AUC = 0.55 [0.42-0.68]). In-clinic and at-home tests moderately correlated (rho = 0.57, p < 0.001). The digital score was associated with the clinical cognitive score (rho = 0.56, p < 0.001). No learning effects were found. Here we report the AR app distinguishes HC from otherwise healthy Aß-positive individuals, both in the outpatient setting and at home, which is currently not possible with standard cognitive tests.

The A-to-Z factors associated with cognitive impairment. Results of the DeCo study.

Introduction: Cognitive impairment (CI) is known to be mediated by several risk and protective factors, many of which are potentially modifiable. Therefore, it is important to have up-to-date studies that address a standard assessment of psychosocial, clinical and lifestyle variables. Materials and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional observational study, with a 24-month timeframe, to estimate the relationship between risk and protective factors associated with dementia, according to the A-to-Z Dementia Knowledge. Participants were considered at CI risk if they tested positive for at least one of three validated CI screening tests: The Memory Impairment Screening, Short Portable Mental State Questionnaire, and Semantic Verbal Fluency. The A-to-Z data Collection included Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener and Geriatric Depression Scale. Results: The estimated prevalence of CI was 22.6% in a sample of 709 patients with an average of 69.3±10.3 years. The risk factors gradually associated with cognitive decline were hypertension, loneliness, and depression. In contrast, the protective factors gradually associated with less cognitive decline were internet use, reading, and intellectually stimulating jobs. Finally, living alone, having diabetes, taking benzodiazepines, and sleeping more than 9 h were statistically significant associated with CI, whereas to do memory training or a family history of dementia was characteristic of patients without CI. Conclusion: A joint assessment of the influence of psychosocial, clinical, and lifestyle-related factors is needed to develop dementia prevention strategies.

Psychometric characteristics of the caregiver burden inventory in caregivers of adults with heart failure.

BACKGROUND: A better understanding of caregiver burden and its determinants is essential to support caregivers. Many instruments have been developed to measure caregiver burden in various illness contexts, but few have been psychometrically tested for caregivers of heart failure patients. AIMS: The aim of this study was to test the validity (factorial and concurrent validity) and reliability (internal consistency) of the caregiver burden inventory (CBI) in a cohort of caregivers of heart failure patients. METHODS: This was a secondary analysis from a cross-sectional study on heart failure patients and their caregivers enrolled from various Italian outpatient centres. The factorial validity of the CBI was tested with confirmatory factor analysis, and concurrent validity was tested correlating CBI scores with the short form-12 health survey scores. The internal consistency reliability was assessed with Cronbach's alpha. RESULTS: In total, 505 caregivers of heart failure patients (52.2% women, mean age 56.59±14.9 years) were enrolled. Confirmatory factor analyses confirmed the original five-factor model: time-dependence, developmental, physical, social and emotional burden. This model fits the data better than the single-factor model, and the dimensions showed high internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha 0.91 for time-dependence burden, 0.92 for developmental burden, 0.88 for physical burden, 0.89 for social burden and 0.93 for emotional burden; 0.96 for the total score of burden). CONCLUSION: The CBI proved to be a good multidimensional instrument for evaluating the burden in caregivers of heart failure patients and can be used in clinical practice and research. This tool can be considered to tailor interventions aimed at improving caregiver outcomes.

Prophylaxis with teicoplanin and cefuroxime reduces the rate of prosthetic joint infection after primary arthroplasty.

The aim of this study was to compare the prosthetic joint infection (PJI) rate after total joint arthroplasty in two consecutive periods of treatment with different antibiotic prophylaxes: cefuroxime versus cefuroxime plus teicoplanin. We retrospectively reviewed 1,896 patients who underwent total hip arthroplasty or total knee arthroplasty between March 2010 and February 2013. From March 2010 to August 2011, patients received 1.5 g of cefuroxime during induction of anesthesia and another 1.5 g 2 h later (the C group). From September 2011, 800 mg of teicoplanin was added to cefuroxime (the CT group). Throughout the period studied, there were no variations in pre- or postoperative protocols. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate independent predictors of PJI. There were 995 (55.7%) patients in the C group and 791 (44.3%) in the CT group. Patients in the CT group had a significantly lower PJI rate than patients in the C group (1.26% versus 3.51%, P=0.002). There were no infections due to Staphylococcus aureus in the CT group (0% versus 1.6% in the C group, P<0.001). A stepwise forward Cox regression model identified male sex (hazard ratio [HR], 3.85; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.09 to 7.18), a body mass index of ≥35 kg/m2 (HR, 2.93; 95% CI, 1.37 to 6.27), the presence of lung disease (HR, 2.46; 95% CI, 1.17 to 5.15), and red blood cell transfusion (HR, 3.70; 95% CI, 1.89 to 7.23) to be independent variables associated with a higher risk of PJI. The addition of teicoplanin was associated with a lower risk of infection (HR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.17 to 0.74). In conclusion, the addition of teicoplanin to cefuroxime during primary arthroplasty was associated with a significant reduction in the global PJI rate due to a reduction of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria.

A propensity score analysis shows that empirical treatment with linezolid does not increase the thirty-day mortality rate in patients with Gram-negative bacteremia.

The role of linezolid in empirical therapy of suspected bacteremia remains unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of empirical use of linezolid or glycopeptides in addition to other antibiotics on the 30-day mortality rates in patients with Gram-negative bacteremia. For this purpose, 1,126 patients with Gram-negative bacteremia in the Hospital Clinic of Barcelona from 2000 to 2012 were included in this study. In order to compare the mortality rates between patients who received linezolid or glycopeptides, the propensity scores on baseline variables were used to balance the treatment groups, and both propensity score matching and propensity-adjusted logistic regression were used to compare the 30-day mortality rates between the groups. The overall 30-day mortality rate was 16.0% during the study period. Sixty-eight patients received empirical treatment with linezolid, and 1,058 received glycopeptides. The propensity score matching included 64 patients in each treatment group. After matching, the mortality rates were 14.1% (9/64) in patients who received glycopeptides and 21.9% (14/64) in those who received linezolid, and a nonsignificant association between empirical linezolid treatment and mortality rate (odds ratio [OR], 1.63; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.69 to 3.82; P = 0.275, McNemar's test) was found. This association remained nonsignificant when variables that remained unbalanced after matching were included in a conditional logistic regression model. Further, the stratified propensity score analysis did not show any significant relationship between empirical linezolid treatment and the mortality rate after adjustment by propensity score quintiles or other variables potentially associated with mortality. In conclusion, the propensity score analysis showed that empirical treatment with linezolid compared with that with glycopeptides was not associated with 30-day mortality rates in patients with Gram-negative bacteremia.

Efficacy and safety of outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy for infective endocarditis: a ten-year prospective study

Background: The length of treatment of infective endocarditis (IE) with parenteral antibiotics varies from2 to 6 weeks. Although several studies indicate that outpatient parenteral antibiotic treatment (OPAT)could be safe for uncomplicated viridans-group streptococci (VGS) IE, the experience in Spain is limited and data on other types of endocarditis and OPAT are scarce worldwide. Methods: Prospective single center study of a cohort including all patients with IE admitted to the Hospital Clinic of Barcelona OPAT program from January 1997 to December 2006.Results: During the study period, 392 consecutive episodes of IE in non-drug abusers were attended to.Of these, 73 episodes (42 native-valve, 23 prosthetic-valve, and 8 pacemaker-lead) were admitted to the OPAT program (19%). The percentage of inclusion was higher for viridans group streptococci (VGS) or Streptococcus bovis (S. bovis) IE (32% of all VGS or S. bovis IE episodes diagnosed vs. 14% of the remainingetiologies, P<.001). Twelve patients (16%) were readmitted due to complications, of which 3 died (4%).Glycopeptides use was the only predictor factor of hospital readmission (OR 4.5, 95% confidence interval1.2; 16.8, P=.026). No differences in OPAT outcome were found between VGS plus S. bovis IE and Staphylococcusaureus (S. aureus) plus coagulase-negative staphylococci IE. Patients spent a median of 17 dayon OPAT (interquartile range 11-26.5), which enabled 1,466 days of hospital stay to be saved. Conclusions: These data suggest that OPAT for IE may be a safe and effective therapeutic approach in the treatment of selected patients with types of endocarditis other than uncomplicated VGS or S. bovisendocarditis, although patients taking glycopeptides need close clinical OPAT monitoring (AU)

Antecedentes: La duración del tratamiento antibiótico endovenoso de la endocarditis infecciosa (EI) oscila entre 2 y 6 semanas. Aunque varios estudios indican que el tratamiento antibiótico a domicilio endovenoso (TADE) es seguro para el tratamiento domiciliario de la EI sobre válvula nativa no complicada por estreptococos del grupo viridans (EGV) la experiencia en España con TADE en la EI es limitada y los datos sobre otros tipos de endocarditis y TADE son escasos en todo el mundo. Métodos Estudio unicéntrico, prospectivo, de una cohorte de todos los pacientes con EI admitidos en el programa TADE en el Hospital Clínico de Barcelona entre enero de 1997 y diciembre de 2006.ResultadosDurante el período de estudio se diagnosticaron 392 episodios consecutivos de EI en pacientes no consumidores de drogas, de los cuales 73 episodios (19%) fueron admitidos en el programa de TADE: 42 EI sobre válvula nativa, 23 EI sobre válvula protésica y 8 EI sobre cable de marcapasos. El porcentaje de inclusión en la TADE fue mayor para la EI por EGV o Streptococcus bovis (S. bovis) (32%) que para el resto de etiologías (14%; p < 0,001). Doce pacientes (16%) fueron reingresados debido a las complicaciones de los cuales tres fallecieron (4%). El uso de glucopéptidos fue el único factor predictor de reingreso hospitalario (OR [intervalo de confianza del 95%] 4,5 [1,2; 16,8] p = 0,026). No se observaron diferencias entre las EI por EGV y S. bovis y las EI estafilocócicas (Staphylococcus aureus y estafilococos coagulasa-negativos) incluidas en el TADE. Los pacientes incluidos estuvieron una mediana de 17 días en tratamiento domiciliario (rango intercuartílico de 11 a 26,5), lo que permitió un ahorro de 1.466 días de estancia hospitalaria (..) (AU)

Evaluating voting competence in persons with Alzheimer disease.

Voting by persons with dementia raises questions about their decision-making capacity. Methods specifically addressing voting capacity of demented people have been proposed in the US, but never tested elsewhere. We translated and adapted the US Competence Assessment Tool for Voting (CAT-V) to the Italian context, using it before 2006 elections for Prime Minister. Consisting of a brief questionnaire, this tool evaluates the following decision-making abilities: understanding nature and effect of voting, expressing a choice, and reasoning about voting choices. Subjects' performance was examined in relation to dementia severity. Of 38 subjects with Alzheimer's disease (AD) enrolled in the study, only three scored the maximum on all CAT-V items. MMSE and CAT-V scores correlated only moderately (r = 0.59; P < 0.0001) with one another, reflecting the variability of subjects' performance at any disease stage. Most participants (90%), although performing poorly on understanding and reasoning items, scored the maximum on the choice measure. Our results imply that voting capacity in AD is only roughly predicted by MMSE scores and may more accurately be measured by a structured questionnaire, such as the CAT-V. Among the decision-making abilities evaluated by the CAT-V, expressing a choice was by far the least affected by the dementing process.

Efficacy and safety of outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy for infective endocarditis: a ten-year prospective study.

BACKGROUND: The length of treatment of infective endocarditis (IE) with parenteral antibiotics varies from 2 to 6 weeks. Although several studies indicate that outpatient parenteral antibiotic treatment (OPAT) could be safe for uncomplicated viridans-group streptococci (VGS) IE, the experience in Spain is limited and data on other types of endocarditis and OPAT are scarce worldwide. METHODS: Prospective single center study of a cohort including all patients with IE admitted to the Hospital Clinic of Barcelona OPAT program from January 1997 to December 2006. RESULTS: During the study period, 392 consecutive episodes of IE in non-drug abusers were attended to. Of these, 73 episodes (42 native-valve, 23 prosthetic-valve, and 8 pacemaker-lead) were admitted to the OPAT program (19%). The percentage of inclusion was higher for viridans group streptococci (VGS) or Streptococcus bovis (S. bovis) IE (32% of all VGS or S. bovis IE episodes diagnosed vs. 14% of the remaining etiologies, P<.001). Twelve patients (16%) were readmitted due to complications, of which 3 died (4%). Glycopeptides use was the only predictor factor of hospital readmission (OR 4.5, 95% confidence interval 1.2; 16.8, P=.026). No differences in OPAT outcome were found between VGS plus S. bovis IE and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) plus coagulase-negative staphylococci IE. Patients spent a median of 17 day on OPAT (interquartile range 11-26.5), which enabled 1,466 days of hospital stay to be saved. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that OPAT for IE may be a safe and effective therapeutic approach in the treatment of selected patients with types of endocarditis other than uncomplicated VGS or S. bovis endocarditis, although patients taking glycopeptides need close clinical OPAT monitoring.

Huprines as a new family of dual acting trypanocidal-antiplasmodial agents.

A series of 19 huprines has been evaluated for their activity against cultured bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei and Plasmodium falciparum. Moreover, cytotoxicity against rat myoblast L6 cells was assessed for selected huprines. All the tested huprines are moderately potent and selective trypanocidal agents, exhibiting IC(50) values against T. brucei in the submicromolar to low micromolar range and selectivity indices for T. brucei over L6 cells of approximately 15, thus constituting interesting trypanocidal lead compounds. Two of these huprines were also found to be active against a chloroquine-resistant strain of P. falciparum, thus emerging as interesting trypanocidal-antiplasmodial dual acting compounds, but they exhibited little selectivity for P. falciparum over L6 cells.

[Specialized home care for infectious disease. Experience from 1995 to 2002]. / Hospitalización a domicilio especializada en enfermedades infecciosas. Experiencia de 1995 a 2002.

OBJECTIVE: In 1995 a specialized home care service for infectious diseases was created in our institution. The aim was to improve the quality of life of patients with prolonged parenteral antimicrobial therapy requirements, reduce the length of hospital stay, and improve the care received after discharge by clinical and analytical surveillance. This study reviews the experience of this service from 1995 to 2002 using prospectively recorded data. METHODS: An analysis was performed of the number of patients included in the home care program per year, number of patients with HIV infection, infectious disease diagnosed, department referring the patient, antimicrobial treatment administered, destination at discharge, and reason for hospital re-admission. RESULTS: The number of patients included each year from 1995 to 2002 was 52, 55, 77, 232, 213, 321, 280 and 219, respectively. The percentage of HIV-infected patients decreased from 90% in 1995 to 23% in 2002. The main reason for referral to the program changed from substitution of day-care hospital treatment to early discharge from hospitalization. Whereas CMV infection was the most frequent infection treated during the 1995-1998 period, bacterial infections predominated in the following years. In 148 episodes, self-administration or a portable infusion pump was used for drug administration. Self-administration was associated with a greater risk of complications (24% vs. 12%, OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.5-3.6, P < 0.001) and catheter-related sepsis (4% vs. 0%, OR 12.9, 95% CI 10.9-15.3, P < 0.001). HIV-infected patients were re-hospitalized due to complications unrelated to the home care service more frequently than HIV-uninfected patients. CONCLUSIONS: The percentage of HIV-infected patients included in the infectious disease home care service has progressively decreased since 1996, a fact likely to be related to the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy and better control of opportunistic infections. Currently, bacterial infections are the most frequent infections treated in the service. Early hospital discharge is now the main reason for referral to the home program.

Hospitalización a domicilio especializada en enfermedades infecciosas. Experiencia de 1995 a 2002 / Specialized home care for infectious disease. Experience from 1995 to 2002

Objetivo. En 1995 se creó un servicio de hospitalización a domicilio especializado en enfermedades infecciosas con la finalidad de mejorar la calidad de vida, reducir la estancia hospitalaria de los pacientes que precisan antibioterapia parenteral prolongada y mejorar el control del paciente al alta con vigilancia clínico-analítica. Revisamos la experiencia de dicho servicio entre 1995 y 2002 a partir de datos recogidos prospectivamente. Métodos. Análisis del número de pacientes incluidos por año, el número de pacientes con infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), el diagnóstico de enfermedad infecciosa, el servicio de origen, el tratamiento antimicrobiano administrado, el destino al alta y el motivo de reingreso hospitalario. Resultados. El número de pacientes incluidos cada año durante el período de 1995 a 2002 fue: 52, 55, 77, 232, 213, 321, 280 y 219, respectivamente. El porcentaje de pacientes con infección por el VIH incluidos en el programa pasó del 90% en el año 1995 al 23% en el 2002. La causa principal de inclusión en el programa ha cambiado desde la sustitución del hospital de día para administración de tratamiento, a la consecución de un alta hospitalaria precoz. Mientras que la infección por citomegalovirus (CMV) fue el proceso tratado con mayor frecuencia durante el período 1995-1998, en los años siguientes fueron las infecciones bacterianas el diagnóstico de inclusión más frecuente. En 148 episodios la autoadministración y las bombas de infusión portátiles fueron utilizadas para administrar los antimicrobianos. La autoadministración se asoció a un mayor riesgo de complicaciones (24% frente a 12%; odds ratio [OR]: 2,3; intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC 95%]: 1,5-3,6; p < 0,001) y de sepsis de catéter (4% frente a 0; OR: 12,9; IC 95%: 10,9-15,3; p < 0,001). Los pacientes con infección por el VIH fueron reingresados debido a complicaciones no relacionadas con la hospitalización a domicilio con mayor frecuencia que los pacientes sin infección por el VIH. Conclusiones. El porcentaje de pacientes con infección por el VIH incluidos en el programa ha disminuido progresivamente desde 1996 probablemente en relación con la introducción de la terapia antirretroviral de alta eficacia y un mejor control de las infecciones oportunistas. Las infecciones bacterianas son actualmente las infecciones más frecuentes atendidas en este servicio. El alta hospitalaria precoz es el principal motivo de inclusión en el programa (AU)

Objective. In 1995 a specialized home care service for infectious diseases was created in our institution. The aim was to improve the quality of life of patients with prolonged parenteral antimicrobial therapy requirements, reduce the length of hospital stay, and improve the care received after discharge by clinical and analytical surveillance. This study reviews the experience of this service from 1995 to 2002 using prospectively recorded data. Methods. An analysis was performed of the number of patients included in the home care program per year, number of patients with HIV infection, infectious disease diagnosed, department referring the patient, antimicrobial treatment administered, destination at discharge, and reason for hospital re-admission. Results. The number of patients included each year from 1995 to 2002 was 52, 55, 77, 232, 213, 321, 280 and 219, respectively. The percentage of HIV-infected patients decreased from 90% in 1995 to 23% in 2002. The main reason for referral to the program changed from substitution of day-care hospital treatment to early discharge from hospitalization. Whereas CMV infection was the most frequent infection treated during the 1995-1998 period, bacterial infections predominated in the following years. In 148 episodes, self-administration or a portable infusion pump was used for drug administration. Self-administration was associated with a greater risk of complications (24% vs. 12%, OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.5-3.6, P< 0.001) and catheter-related sepsis (4% vs. 0%, OR 12.9, 95% CI 10.9-15.3,P < 0.001). HIV-infected patients were re-hospitalized due to complications unrelated to the home care service more frequently than HIV-uninfected patients. Conclusions. The percentage of HIV-infected patients included in the infectious disease home care service has progressively decreased since 1996, a fact likely to be related to the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy and better control of opportunistic infections. Currently, bacterial infections are the most frequent infections treated in the service. Early hospital discharge is now the main reason for referral to the home program (AU)