[A new sesquiterpene from Syringa oblata].

In this study, the chemical components of ethanol extract from the aromatic parts of Syringa oblata were systematically separated and purified by silica gel column chromatography, thin layer plate preparation and liquid phase preparation. Combined with ultraviolet analyzer(UV), infrared analyzer(IR), nuclear magnetic resonance analyzer(NMR), high resolution mass spectrometer(HR-ESI-MS), X-ray diffraction and other spectrum technology as well as literature physicochemical data comparison methods for structural identification, a total of 10 compounds were identified. They were identified as oblatanoid D(1),(-)-T-muurolol(2), oblatanoid E-G(3-5), 14-noreudesma-3-hydroxy-3-en-2,9-dione(6), 1-isopropyl-2,7-dimethylnaphthalene(7), isocoradiol(8), α-calacorene(9), cadin-4-en-1-ß-ol(10). Compound 1 is a new sesquiterpene compound that has not been reported, and the other 9 compounds are isolated from S. oblata for the first time. The compound 1 has a significant protective effect on the LPS-induced inflammatory injury model of RAW264.7 cells.

Unveiling the regulatory mechanisms of nodules development and quality formation in Panax notoginseng using multi-omics and MALDI-MSI.

INTRODUCTION: Renowned for its role in traditional Chinese medicine, Panax notoginseng exhibits healing properties including bidirectional regulatory effects on hematological system diseases. However, the presence of nodular structures near the top of the main root, known as nail heads, may impact the quality of the plant's valuable roots. OBJECTIVES: In this paper, we aim to systematically analyze nail heads to identify their potential correlation with P. notoginseng quality. Additionally, we will investigate the molecular mechanisms behind nail head development. METHODS: Morphological characteristics and anatomical features were analyzed to determine the biological properties of nail heads. Active component analysis and MALDI mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) were performed to determine the correlation between nail heads and P. notoginseng quality. Phytohormone quantitation, MALDI-MSI, RNA-seq, and Arabidopsis transformation were conducted to elucidate the mechanisms of nail head formation. Finally, protein-nucleic acid and protein-protein interactions were investigated to construct a transcriptional regulatory network of nodule development and quality formation. RESULTS: Our analyses have revealed that nail heads originate from an undeveloped lateral root. The content of ginsenosides was found to be positively associated with the amount of nail heads. Ginsenoside Rb1 specifically accumulated in the cortex of nail heads, while IAA, tZR and JAs also showed highest accumulation in the nodule. RNA-seq analysis identified PnIAA14 and PnCYP735A1 as inhibitors of lateral root development. PnMYB31 and PnMYB78 were found to form binary complexes with PnbHLH31 to synergistically regulate the expression of PnIAA14, PnCYP735A1, PnSS, and PnFPS. CONCLUSION: Our study details the major biological properties of nodular structures in P. notoginseng and outlines their impact on the quality of the herb. It was also determined that PnMYB31- and PnMYB78-PnbHLH31 regulate phytohormones and ginsenosides accumulation, further affecting plant development and quality. This research provides insights for quality evaluation and clinical applications of P. notoginseng.

The Ethanol Extract of Syringa oblata Heartwood, a Mongolian Folk Medicine Containing Major Lignans, Exerts Analgesic and Sedative Effects on Mice.

The heartwood of Syringa oblata Lindl. (SO) is one of Mongolian folk medicines to treat insomnia and pain, while its pharmacological evaluation and underlying mechanism remain unclear. In this study, the sedative effect of ethanol extract of SO (ESO) was evaluated with the locomotor activity test and the threshold dose of pentobarbital sodium-induced sleep test in mice, and the hot plate test, acetic acid-induced writhing test, and formalin test in mice were used to evaluate its analgesic effect. The underlying mechanism of ESO analgesia was explored by RT-PCR and western blot analysis, which is associated with the regulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Besides, the main constituents of ESO were characterized by LC/MS data analysis and comparison with isolated pure compounds. The current findings brought evidence for clinical application and further pharmacological and phytochemical studies on SO.

Phytochemical and pharmacological progress on Syringa oblata, a traditional Mongolian medicine.

Syringa oblata is a traditional Mongolian medicine mainly distributed in the Helan Mountains (the boundaries of Inner Mongolia and Ningxia, China) and the north of Yan Mountains (Aohan Qi, Inner Mongolia, China). It is clinically used to treat diseases caused by Heyi, such as heartache and heat pathogen in the heart. Phytochemical studies on S. oblata revealed the presence of iridoids, lignans, triterpenes, phenylpropanoids, phenylethanoids, and volatile components. Pharmacological investigations revealed a broad spectrum of bioactivities, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiproliferative, and hepatoprotective effects. This article summarized the chemical components and pharmacological activities of S. oblata, providing a scientific rationale for its bioactive constituents, quality control, and utilization as an important medicine.

Comparative Transcriptomics and Metabolites Analysis of Two Closely Related Euphorbia Species Reveal Environmental Adaptation Mechanism and Active Ingredients Difference.

Roots of Euphorbia fischeriana and Euphorbia ebracteolata are recorded as the source plant of traditional Chinese medicine "Langdu," containing active ingredients with anticancer and anti-AIDS activity. However, the two species have specific patterns in the graphic distribution. Compared with E. ehracteolata, E. fischeriana distributes in higher latitude and lower temperature areas and might have experienced cold stress adaptation. To reveal the molecular mechanism of environmental adaptation, RNA-seq was performed toward the roots, stems, and leaves of E. fischeriana and E. ehracteolata. A total of 6,830 pairs of putative orthologs between the two species were identified. Estimations of non-synonymous or synonymous substitution rate ratios for these orthologs indicated that 533 of the pairs may be under positive selection (Ka/Ks > 0.5). Functional enrichment analysis revealed that significant proportions of the orthologs were in the TCA cycle, fructose and mannose metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis, and terpenoid biosynthesis providing insights into how the two closely related Euphorbia species adapted differentially to extreme environments. Consistent with the transcriptome, a higher content of soluble sugars and proline was obtained in E. fischeriana, reflecting the adaptation of plants to different environments. Additionally, 5 primary or secondary metabolites were screened as the biomarkers to distinguish the two species. Determination of 4 diterpenoids was established and performed, showing jolkinolide B as a representative component in E. fischeriana, whereas ingenol endemic to E. ebracteolate. To better study population genetics, EST-SSR markers were generated and tested in 9 species of Euphorbia. A total of 33 of the 68 pairs were screened out for producing clear fragments in at least four species, which will furthermore facilitate the studies on the genetic improvement and phylogenetics of this rapidly adapting taxon. In this study, transcriptome and metabolome analyses revealed the evolution of genes related to cold stress tolerance, biosynthesis of TCA cycle, soluble sugars, fatty acids, and amino acids, consistent with the molecular strategy that genotypes adapting to environment. The key active ingredients of the two species were quantitatively analyzed to reveal the difference in pharmacodynamic substance basis and molecular mechanism, providing insights into rational crude drug use.

Eremophilane and Cadinene Sesquiterpenes from Syringa oblata and Their Protective Effects against Hypoxia-Induced Injury on H9c2 Cells.

Seven sesquiterpenes including four eremophilanes (1-4) and three cadinenes (5-7), were isolated from the heartwood of Syringa oblata Lindl. Among them, three new eremophilane-type sesquiterpenes were identified and named oblatanoids A-C (1-3), respectively. Their structures were established by extensive analyses of spectroscopic methods, and their absolute configurations were determined by electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. All these new compounds were evaluated for protective effects against hypoxia-induced injury on H9c2 cells, and 1-3 exhibited significantly protective activities toward H9c2 cells in vitro.

[Mechanism of Syringa oblata in treating angina pectoris based on GC-MS and network pharmacology].

The chemical constituents in the volatile oil of Syringa oblata were identified using GC-MS and NIST database. TCMSP and SwissTargetPrediction were employed to predict the potential targets of the active components in S. oblata. Through Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man(OMIM), GeneCards, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG), we screened out the targets related to the prevention or treatment of angina pectoris by the volatile oil of S. oblata, and then used DAVID 6.8 to annotate the gene ontology(GO) terms and KEGG pathways. The "active components-targets-pathways" network was constructed in Cytoscape 3.6.0, and the key active components and targets of S. oblata were verified by Discovery Studio 2016. Forty-six chemical constituents were identified from the volatile oil of S. oblata; 198 potential targets of the active components and 1 138 targets associated with angina pectoris were predicted. A total of 71 common targets were shared by the active components and the disease, including cytochrome P450 19 A1(CYP19 A1) and prostaglandin G/H synthase 2(PTGS2). The KEGG pathways involved include PPAR, JAK-STAT, TNF, Toll-like receptor and NOD-like receptor signaling pathways. The active components in the volatile oil of S. oblata may play anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis roles. This study provides a reliable clue for further explanation of the effective components and the functioning mechanism of S. oblata in the treatment of angina pectoris.

[Chemical Constituents from Usnea longgisima, a Traditional Mongolian Medicine(II)].

OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents of traditional Mongolian medicine Usnea longissima. METHODS: The compounds were isolated and purified by the methods of solvent extraction and chromatographic technique, and their structures were identified on the basis of the analyses of spectral data. RESULTS: Three compounds were obtained and identified as 4-hydroxy-2-[ (2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-6-methylbenzoyl) oxy]-6-methylbenzoic acid (1), dibutyl phthalate (2) and diisobutyl phthalate (3). CONCLUSION: Compound 1 is a new compound and named as isoevernic acid, compounds 2 and 3 are isolated from Usnea longissima for the first time.

[Chemical Constituents in Petroleum Ether Extract of Mongolian Medicine Halenia corniculata].

OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents of Mongolian medicine Halenia corniculata. METHODS: Positive phase and reversed phase silica gel, as well as Sephadex LH-20 methods were used to separate and purify. The structure of the isolated constituents was identified according to the NMR spectroscopy data and the literature data. RESULTS: Nine compounds were isolated from 95% ethanol extracts of petroleum ether part of Halenia corniculata and identified as: 1-hydroxy-2,3,4,6-tetramethoxyxanthone (1), 1-hydroxy-2,3, 5-trimethoxyxanthone (2) 1-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyxanthone (3), 1-hydroxy-3,5,6,7,8-pentamethoxyxanthone (4), 1-hydroxy-2,3,4, 7-tetramethoxyxanthone (5), 1-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyxanthone (6),1-hydroxy-2,3,4,5,7-pentamethoxyxanthone (7), palmitic acid (8) and ß-sitosterol (9). CONCLUSION: Compounds 3, 4 and 8 are isolated from this genus for the first time, Compound 1 is isolated from this plant for the first time.