Supraglottic Airway Device to Improve Ventilation Success and Reduce Pulmonary Aspiration during Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation by Basic Life Support Rescuers: A Randomized Cross-over Human Cadaver Study.

OBJECTIVES: Early airway management during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) prevents aspiration of gastric contents. Endotracheal intubation is the gold standard to protect airways, but supraglottic airway devices (SGA) may provide some protection with less training. Bag-mask ventilation (BMV) is the most common method used by rescuers. We hypothesized that SGA use by first rescuers during CPR could increase ventilation success rate and also decrease intragastric pressure and pulmonary aspiration. METHODS: We performed a randomized cross-over experimental trial on human cadavers. Protocol A: we assessed the rate of successful ventilation (chest rise), intragastric pressure, and CPR key time metrics. Protocol B: cadaver stomachs were randomized to be filled with 300 mL of either blue or green serum saline solution through a Foley catheter. Each rescuer was randomly assigned to use SGA or BMV during a 5-minute standard CPR period. Then, in a crossover design, the stomach was filled with the second color solution and another 5-minute CPR period was performed using the other airway method. Pulmonary aspiration, defined as the presence of colored solution below the vocal cords, was assessed by a blinded operator using bronchoscopy. A generalized linear mixed model was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Protocol A: Forty-eight rescuers performed CPR on 11 cadavers. Median ventilation success was higher with SGA than BMV: 75.0% (IQR: 59.8-87.3) vs. 34.7% (IQR: 25.0-50.0), (p = 0.003). Gastric pressure and differential (maximum minus minimum) gastric pressure were lower in the SGA group: 2.21 mmHg (IQR: 1.66; 2.68) vs. 3.02 mmHg (IQR: 2.02; 4.22) (p = 0.02) and 5.70 mmHg (IQR: 4.10; 7.60) vs. 8.05 mmHg (IQR: 5.40; 11.60) (p = 0.05). CPR key times were not different between groups. Protocol B: Ten cadavers were included with 20 CPR periods. Aspiration occurred in 2 (20%) SGA procedures and 5 (50%) BMV procedures (p = 0.44). CONCLUSION: Use of SGA by rescuers improved the ventilation success rate, decreased intragastric pressure, and did not affect key CPR metrics. SGA use by basic life support rescuers appears feasible and efficient.

Carcinoma microcítico vesical: experiencia a lo largo de 22 años / Microcytic carcinoma of the urinary bladder: Experience over 22 years

Introducción: El carcinoma microcítico vesical (CMCV) o carcinoma de células pequeñas es una enfermedad infrecuente, agresiva, de mal pronóstico y alto poder metastásico; se presenta en edades y estadios avanzados. Presentamos nuestra casuística evaluando su comportamiento y los tratamientos aplicados. Material y método: Revisión retrospectiva de pacientes diagnosticados de CMCV en nuestro hospital entre febrero de 1992 y febrero de 2014. Analizamos características demográficas, clínicas y propias del tumor, los tratamientos aplicados y la supervivencia. Análisis estadístico descriptivo del seguimiento medio (SM), supervivencia global (SG) y supervivencia cáncer específica (SCE) mediante el programa SPSS versión 15.0. Resultados: En esos 22 años se diagnosticaron 20 pacientes con CMCV (solo 2 mujeres), con edad media de 75 años. El síntoma predominante fue la hematuria macroscópica (75%). Tras la RTU-V inicial y el diagnóstico anatomopatológico el 35% (7 pacientes) no recibió tratamiento adicional, el 15% (3 pacientes) recibió quimiorradioterapia (QRT), el 10% (2 pacientes) RTU el 15% (3 pacientes) quimioterapia (QT) el 5% (un paciente) RTU asociada a QRT, el 5% (un paciente) cirugía radical, el 5% (un paciente) cirugía radical asociada a QRT adyuvante, el 5% (un paciente) cirugía paliativa (ligadura de arterias hipogástricas) asociada a QT adyuvante y el 5% (un paciente) radioterapia (RT) hemostática. Con un SM de 13,8 meses, la SG fue de 14,48 meses (IC 95%: 6,22-22,75) y la SCE 18,04 meses (IC 95%: 6,51-29,57), permaneciendo únicamente 2 pacientes vivos (10%) al final del estudio. Conclusión: El CMCV es una neoplasia vesical infrecuente y agresiva que se diagnostica más frecuentemente en varones de edad y estadios avanzados, de pronóstico desfavorable y escasa supervivencia. Debido a su estadio local avanzado al diagnóstico la cistectomía es aplicable en muy contados casos, debiendo recurrir a un tratamiento multimodal, aún por definir

Introduction: Microcytic carcinoma of the urinary bladder or bladder Small Cell Carcinoma (SCC) is a rare entity, characterised by an aggressive behaviour, with a poor prognosis, elevated metastatic potential, and is commonly found in older patients and in advanced disease stages. Here we present our experiences with the behaviour of the disease and the treatments applied. Material and method: This was a retrospective study on patients diagnosed with bladder SCC in our hospital between February 1992 and February 2014. We analysed the demographic and clinical characteristics of the tumour, the applied treatments and survival. We performed a descriptive statistical analysis of the median follow-up time, Overall Survival (OS) and Cancer-Specific Survival (CSS), using the SPSS statistical package v. 15.0. Results: Over 22 years, 20 patients with an average age of 75 years were diagnosed with bladder SCC (2 female). The predominant symptom was macroscopic haematuria (75%). After the first transurethral resection (TUR) of the bladder and the histological diagnosis, 35% (7 patients) did not receive additional treatment, 15% (3 patients) were treated with chemoradiotherapy (CRT), 10% (2 patients) with TUR, 15% (3 patients) with chemotherapy (QT), 5% (1 patient) with TUR associated to CRT, 5% (1 patient) with radical surgery, 5% (1 patient) with radical surgery treatment followed by adjuvant CRT, 5% (1 patient) with palliative surgery (hypogastric arteriae ligation) followed by adjuvant QT and 5% (1 patient) with hemostatic radiotherapy (RT). With a median follow-up time of 13.8 months, the OS was 14.48 months (95% CI: 6.22 - 22.75) and the CSS 18.04 months (95% CI: 6.51-29.57). Only 10% (2 patients) survived till the end of the study. Conclusion: Microcytic carcinoma of the urinary bladder is a rare and aggressive entity commonly diagnosed in males of advanced age and in advanced disease stages. It has a poor prognosis and reduced survival. Due to its aggressiveness previous to the initial diagnosis, a cystectomy is only possible in very few cases; therefore multimodal treatment is necessary. This treatment is yet to be defined

Microcytic carcinoma of the urinary bladder: Experience over 22 years.

INTRODUCTION: Microcytic carcinoma of the urinary bladder or bladder Small Cell Carcinoma (SCC) is a rare entity, characterised by an aggressive behaviour, with a poor prognosis, elevated metastatic potential, and is commonly found in older patients and in advanced disease stages. Here we present our experiences with the behaviour of the disease and the treatments applied. MATERIAL AND METHOD: This was a retrospective study on patients diagnosed with bladder SCC in our hospital between February 1992 and February 2014. We analysed the demographic and clinical characteristics of the tumour, the applied treatments and survival. We performed a descriptive statistical analysis of the median follow-up time, Overall Survival (OS) and Cancer-Specific Survival (CSS), using the SPSS statistical package v. 15.0. RESULTS: Over 22 years, 20 patients with an average age of 75 years were diagnosed with bladder SCC (2 female). The predominant symptom was macroscopic haematuria (75%). After the first transurethral resection (TUR) of the bladder and the histological diagnosis, 35% (7 patients) did not receive additional treatment, 15% (3 patients) were treated with chemoradiotherapy (CRT), 10% (2 patients) with TUR, 15% (3 patients) with chemotherapy (QT), 5% (1 patient) with TUR associated to CRT, 5% (1 patient) with radical surgery, 5% (1 patient) with radical surgery treatment followed by adjuvant CRT, 5% (1 patient) with palliative surgery (hypogastric arteriae ligation) followed by adjuvant QT and 5% (1 patient) with hemostatic radiotherapy (RT). With a median follow-up time of 13.8 months, the OS was 14.48 months (95% CI: 6.22 - 22.75) and the CSS 18.04 months (95% CI: 6.51-29.57). Only 10% (2 patients) survived till the end of the study. CONCLUSION: Microcytic carcinoma of the urinary bladder is a rare and aggressive entity commonly diagnosed in males of advanced age and in advanced disease stages. It has a poor prognosis and reduced survival. Due to its aggressiveness previous to the initial diagnosis, a cystectomy is only possible in very few cases; therefore multimodal treatment is necessary. This treatment is yet to be defined.

Predictive factors of evolution of patients after pT0 radical cystectomy due to bladder cancer.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the influence of the different pre - cystectomy factors, both clinical and pathological, in the follow up of patients with no residual tumor ( pT0) in the pathological examination of the radical cystectomy specimen as predictors of tumor recurrence. Secondly we intend to compare overall survival, disease free survival and cancer-specific survival with the rest of cystectomy patients in our series. METHODS: Between 1985 and 2010, radical cystectomy was performed in 280 patients with bladder cancer, being 41 pT0 (14.6%). We analyzed potential predictors for overall survival and disease-free survival: age, sex , number of transurethral resections of bladder tumor before cystectomy , tumor type , tumor grade, tumor stage, tumor size, number of tumors, associated Cis and previous instillations. We used univariate analysis of Cox regression. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan - Meier curves and log-rank test. RESULTS: Mean age was 61.7 years and 37 patients were males (90.2%). Stages before cystectomy were pT1 in eight (19.5%) , pT2 in 31 (75.6%) and Cis in two (4.9 %) with tumor grade III in 37 (90.2%). Cystectomy specimens revealed the presence of papillary transitional cell carcinoma in 38 (92.7%) cases. The median number of pre-cistectomy-TURBT was one. Eleven patients (26.8%) received intravesical instillations. Six patients (14.63 %) had tumor recurrence and 10 (24.4 %) died from causes unrelated to the disease. None of the variables analyzed was statistically significant in the univariate analysis as a predictor of tumor recurrence. With a median follow up of 70 months (3-272) disease-free survival and overall survival at five years were 85.9% and 72.8% respectively. Compared to the non pT0 cystectomies in our series, pT0 had a statistically significant difference for better recurrence-free survival (63.4 % and 36.8%, respectively in pT0 and no-pT0 patients) (p〈0,05). CONCLUSIONS: According to the results, we have found a better outcome for pT0 patients after cystectomy compared to those with residual tumor. We have not found any pre - cystectomy predictive factor related to disease-free survival and overall survival.

Factores predictivos de la evolución de los pacientes pTo Post-Cistectomía Radical por causa tumoral / Predictive Factors of Evolution of Patients after pT0 Radical Cystectomy Due to Bladder Cancer

OBJETIVOS: Analizar la influencia de los diferentes factores pre-cistectomía tanto clínicos como anatomopatológicos, en el seguimiento de pacientes con estudio anatomopatológico de la pieza de cistectomía radical con ausencia de tumor residual (pT0), como factores predictivos de recurrencia tumoral en estos pacientes. En segundo lugar, pretendemos comparar la supervivencia global, supervivencia libre de enfermedad y la supervivencia cáncer específica con las del resto de pacientes cistectomizados de nuestra serie. MÉTODOS: Entre 1985-2010 se intervinieron 280 pacientes de cistectomía radical por causa tumoral, de los cuales 41 fueron pT0 (14,6%). Se exploraron los potenciales factores predictores para supervivencia global y supervivencia libre de enfermedad: edad, sexo, número de resecciones transuretrales de vejiga previas a la cistectomía, tipo tumoral, grado, estadio, tamaño tumoral, número de tumores, Cis asociado e instilaciones previas usando un análisis univariado de regresión de Cox. El análisis de supervivencia se realizó mediante curvas de Kaplan-Meier y Log-Rank test. RESULTADOS: La edad media fue 61,7 años y 37 (90,2%) de ellos fueron varones. Los estadios previos a la cistectomía fueron pT1 en ocho (19,5%), pT2 en 31 (75,6%), y Cis en dos (4,9%), con un grado tumoral III en 37 (90,2%). La anatomía patológica (AP), reveló la presencia de carcinoma transicional papilar en 38 (92,7%) casos. La mediana de RTU-V previas fue una. Habían recibido instilaciones endovesicales 11 (26,8%) pacientes. Seis pacientes (14,63%) presentaron recidiva tumoral y diez (24,4%) fallecieron por causas ajenas a la enfermedad. Ninguna de las variables analizadas resultó ser estadísticamente significativa en el estudio univariado como predictora de recurrencia tumoral. Con una mediana de seguimiento de 70 meses (3-272), la supervivencia libre de enfermedad y supervivencia global fueron del 85,9% y del 72,8% a los cinco años respectivamente. Comparando con las cistectomías no pT0 de nuestra serie, los pT0 presentaban una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en cuanto a mayor supervivencia libre de recurrencia (63,4% y 36,8% respectivamente en pacientes no pT0) (p<0,05). CONCLUSIONES: En nuestra serie, al análisis encontramos que los resultados clínicos de los pacientes pT0 tras la cistectomía son mejores que los de los pacientes con tumor residual. No habiendo encontrado factores pronósticos pre-cistectomía predictivos para la supervivencia libre de enfermedad

OBJETIVES: To analyze the influence of the different pre-cystectomy factors, both clinical and pathological, in the follow up of patients with no residual tumor ( pT0 ) in the pathological examination of the radical cystectomy specimen as predictors of tumor recurrence. Secondly we intend to compare overall survival, disease free survival and cancer-specific survival with the rest of cystectomy patients in our series. METHODS: Between 1985 and 2010, radical cystectomy was performed in 280 patients with bladder cancer, being 41 pT0 (14.6%). We analyzed potential predictors for overall survival and disease-free survival: age, sex , number of transurethral resections of bladder tumor before cystectomy , tumor type , tumor grade, tumor stage, tumor size, number of tumors, associated Cis and previous instillations. We used univariate analysis of Cox regression. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan - Meier curves and log-rank test. RESULTS: Mean age was 61.7 years and 37 patients were males (90.2%). Stages before cystectomy were pT1 in eight (19.5%) , pT2 in 31 (75.6%) and Cis in two (4.9 %) with tumor grade III in 37 (90.2%). Cystectomy specimens revealed the presence of papillary transitional cell carcinoma in 38 (92.7%) cases. The median number of pre-cistectomy-TURBT was one. Eleven patients (26.8%) received intravesical instillations. Six patients (14.63 %) had tumor recurrence and 10 (24.4 %) died from causes unrelated to the disease. None of the variables analyzed was statistically significant in the univariate analysis as a predictor of tumor recurrence. With a median follow up of 70 months (3-272) disease-free survival and overall survival at five years were 85.9% and 72.8% respectively. Compared to the non pT0 cystectomies in our series, pT0 had a statistically significant difference for better recurrence-free survival (63.4 % and 36.8%, respectively in pT0 and no-pT0 patients) (p < 0,05) CONCLUSIONS: According to the results, we have found a better outcome for pT0 patients after cystectomy compared to those with residual tumor. We have not found any pre - cystectomy predictive factor related to disease-free survival and overall survival

Review of a series of cystectomies in women for bladder cancer:Complications and quality of life.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the complications and quality of life after cystectomies performed in women with bladder cancer at our hospital. METHODS: Descriptive analysis of demographic data and early/late complications of cystectomies and urinary diversions performed in women at our hospital between 1990-2010. We also assessed quality of life using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Bladder Cancer (ACT-BL) questionnaire and a comparison was drawn between groups of clinical variables. RESULTS: Out of 265 cystectomies, 25 (10%) were performed in women. The predominant urinary diversion was ureterosigmoidostomy (60%), followed by cutaneous ureterostomy (16%), orthotopic ileal neo-bladder Studer pouch (12%), ileal conduit (10%) and permanent nephrostomy (4%). Mean age was 55.75 years. The most commonly occurring early complications were prolonged ileus (20%) and urinary fistula (20%). Late complications included hydronephrosis (32%) and pyelonephritis (32%). The results of quality of life questionnaires were very similar for the different types of urinary diversions, with a mean score of 104.5 out of 156 points. CONCLUSIONS: Radical cystectomy is a high-risk procedure associated with many complications. In women, ureterosigmoidostomy may be a good choice for urinary diversion in selected patients, with a quality of life very similar to those with different urinary diversions.

Revisión de cistectomías en mujeres por cáncer vesical: complicaciones y calidad de vida según la derivación urinaria / Review of a series of Cystectomies in women for bladder cancer: Complications and quality of life

OBJETIVO: Realizar un análisis de las complicaciones y de la calidad de vida de las cistectomías por causa oncológica realizadas en mujeres en nuestro centro. MÉTODO: Análisis descriptivo de los datos demográficos y de las complicaciones precoces y tardías de las cistectomías y derivación urinaria realizadas en nuestro centro en mujeres. Analizamos la calidad de vida mediante el cuestionario de calidad de vida FACT-BL (Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Bladder Cancer) cuestionario validado para evaluación de la calidad de vida en pacientes con cáncer de vejiga. Se realiza comparación entre grupos de las variables principales. RESULTADOS: De un total de 265 cistectomías, 25 (9.4 %) se realizaron en mujeres. La derivación predominante fue la Ureterosigmoidostomía 60 %, seguido de Ureterostomía Cutánea 16 %, Neovejiga ileal ortotópica tipo Studer 12 % , Conducto Ileal 8 % y 1 Nefrostomía permanente (4 %). La edad media: 55,75 años. Las complicaciones precoces más frecuentes fueron: íleo prolongado (20 %) y fístula urinaria (20 %). Las complicaciones tardías más frecuentes fueron: hidronefrosis (32 %) y pielonefritis (32 %). Los resultados de los cuestionarios fueron similares en los diferentes tipos de derivaciones siendo la puntuación media de 104.5 sobre 156 puntos. CONCLUSIONES: La cistectomía radical es una cirugía de alto riesgo asociada elevado número de complicaciones. En mujeres, la Ureterosigmoidostomía puede ser una buena alternativa como derivación urinaria continente en pacientes seleccionadas, siendo en nuestra serie su calidad de vida similar a la de las otras derivaciones

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the complications and quality of life after cystectomies performed in women with bladder cancer at our hospital. METHODS: Descriptive analysis of demographic data and early/late complications of cystectomies and urinary diversions performed in women at our hospital between 1990-2010. We also assessed quality of life using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy - Bladder Cancer (FACT-BL) questionnaire and a comparison was drawn between groups of clinical variables. RESULTS: Out of 265 cystectomies, 25 (10%) were performed in women. The predominant urinary diversion was ureterosigmoidostomy (60%), followed by cutaneous ureterostomy (16%), orthotopic ileal neo-bladder Studer pouch (12%), ileal conduit (10%) and permanent nephrostomy (4%). Mean age was 55.75 years. The most commonly occurring early complications were prolonged ileus (20%) and urinary fistula (20%). Late complications included hydronephrosis (32%) and pyelonephritis (32%). The results of quality of life questionnaires were very similar for the different types of urinary diversions, with a mean score of 104.5 out of 156 points. CONCLUSIONS: Radical cystectomy is a high-risk procedure associated with many complications. In women, ureterosigmoidostomy may be a good choice for urinary diversion in selected patients, with a quality of life very similar to those with different urinary diversions

Estudio comparativo de morbimortalidad entre conducto ileal y ureterosigmoidostomía tras cistectomía radical por neoplasia vesical / Comparative Study of Morbidity and Mortality Between Ileal Conduit and Ureterosigmoidostomy After Radical Cystectomy for Bladder Neoplasm

Objetivos: Pese a la tendencia creciente a la elaboración de neovejigas ortotópicas, en muchos casos no es posible su realización, manteniendo su vigencia otras técnicas. Planteamos un análisis comparativo entre pacientes con cistectomía radical por neoplasia vesical y reconstrucción mediante conducto ileal (CI) o ureterosigmoidostomía (USG). Pacientes y método: Estudio retrospectivo observacional sobre 255 pacientes con cistectomía radical entre 1985 y 2009, seleccionando las derivaciones mediante CI o USG. Análisis de características demográficas y prequirúrgicas, complicaciones periquirúrgicas, anatomía patológica y complicaciones a medio y largo plazo. Comparación entre grupos mediante «t» de Student, U Mann-Whitney y chi cuadrado, considerando significación estadística si p < 0,05. Elaboración de tablas de supervivencia según Kaplan-Meier, estableciendo comparaciones mediante el test log rank. Resultados: Cuarenta y un CI y 55 USG, con edad media aproximada de 61 años. USG realizada en un mayor número de mujeres que el CI. Sin diferencias en la necesidad de transfusión, con resultados similares a otras series. Mayor tendencia hacia la aparición de fístulas intestinales y mayor morbimortalidad en el postoperatorio en la USG, aunque no significativa. A largo plazo, mayor presencia de eventraciones en CI y pielonefritis, y necesidad de toma de alcalinizantes en USG. Aparición de hernias periestomales en CI menor que en series previas. Con seguimiento medio superior a 50 meses, supervivencia global del 40% a 5 años, sin diferencias según derivación urinaria. Conclusiones: CI y USG son 2 derivaciones urinarias aplicables en caso de no poder realizar neovejiga ortotópica, con un perfil de complicaciones y supervivencia a largo plazo similares en nuestra serie, aunque con una mayor morbilidad en las complicaciones postoperatorias de la USG (AU)

Objectives: Despite the growing trend in the development of orthotopic neobladders, the procedure cannot be performed in many cases, thereby retaining the validity of other techniques. We propose a comparative analysis between patients with radical cystectomy for bladder neoplasm and reconstruction using the ileal conduit (IC) or ureterosigmoidostomy (USG). Patients and method: Observational retrospective study on 255 patients with radical cystectomy between 1985 and 2009, selecting group assignments by the use of IC and USG. Analysis of the demographic and preoperative characteristics, perioperative complications, pathology and medium to long-term complications. Comparison of groups using T-Student, U-Mann–Whitney and chi square tests, with p < 0.05 indicating statistical significance. Preparation of survival tables according to Kaplan–Meier, establishing comparisons using the log-rank test. Results: There were 41 cases of IC and 55 cases of USG, with a mean patient age of approximately 61 years. USGs were performed on a greater number of females than ICs. There were no differences in the need for transfusion, with similar results as other series. There was a greater trend toward the appearance of intestinal fistulae and greater morbidity and mortality in the postoperative period in USG, although it was not significant. There was a greater long-term presence of eventrations in IC, and of pyelonephritis and the need for taking alkalinizing agents in USG. The appearance of peristomal hernias in IC was less than in previous series. With a mean follow-up greater than 50 months, the overall survival was 40% at 5 years, with no differences according to urinary diversion. Conclusions: IC and USG are two applicable urinary diversions in the event that orthotopic neobladder surgery cannot be performed. They have a similar long-term complication and survival profile in our series, although with a higher morbidity in postoperative complications for USG (AU)

Comparative study of morbidity and mortality between ileal conduit and ureterosigmoidostomy after radical cystectomy for bladder neoplasm.

OBJECTIVES: Despite the growing trend in the development of orthotopic neobladders, the procedure cannot be performed in many cases, thereby retaining the validity of other techniques. We propose a comparative analysis between patients with radical cystectomy for bladder neoplasm and reconstruction using the ileal conduit (IC) or ureterosigmoidostomy (USG). PATIENTS AND METHOD: Observational retrospective study on 255 patients with radical cystectomy between 1985 and 2009, selecting group assignments by the use of IC and USG. Analysis of the demographic and preoperative characteristics, perioperative complications, pathology and medium to long-term complications. Comparison of groups using T-Student, U-Mann-Whitney and chi square tests, with P<.05 indicating statistical significance. Preparation of survival tables according to Kaplan-Meier, establishing comparisons using the log-rank test. RESULTS: There were 41 cases of IC and 55 cases of USG, with a mean patient age of approximately 61 years. USGs were performed on a greater number of females than ICs. There were no differences in the need for transfusion, with similar results as other series. There was a greater trend towards the appearance of intestinal fistulae and greater morbidity and mortality in the postoperative period in USG, although it was not significant. There was a greater long-term presence of eventrations in IC, and of pyelonephritis and the need for taking alkalinizing agents in USG. The appearance of peristomal hernias in IC was less than in previous series. With a mean follow-up greater than 50 months, the overall survival was 40% at 5 years, with no differences according to urinary diversion. CONCLUSIONS: IC and USG are two applicable urinary diversions in the event that orthotopic neobladder surgery cannot be performed. They have a similar long-term complication and survival profile in our series, although with a higher morbidity in postoperative complications for USG.

[Therapeutic options for renal graft tumors]. / Opciones terapéuticas para tumores en el injerto renal.

Renal graft neoplasias are a rare complication,possibly due to the immunosuppressive therapy itself and increased susceptibility to potentially oncogenic viruses. Few case series have been reported in the literature on the treatment of such tumors, so far there is no clear consensus on how to deal with them. We conducted an exhaustive review of the literature to examine the treatment performed by different authors.

Opciones terapeuticas para tumores en el injerto renal / Therapeutic options for renal graft tumors

Las neoplasias en los injertos renales son una complicación poco frecuente. En su desarrollo parecen intervenir tanto la terapia inmunosupresora como una mayor susceptibilidad a padecer virus potencialmente oncogénicos. Escasas series de casos han sido descritos en la literatura sobre el tratamiento de dichos tumores por lo que hasta la fecha no existe un consenso claro de cómo abordar dichas lesiones. Realizamos una exhaustiva revisión de la literatura para examinar la terapéutica desarrollada por los diferentes autores(AU)

Renal graft neoplasias are a rarecomplication,possibly due to the immunosuppressive therapy itself and increased susceptibility to potentially oncogenic viruses. Few case series have been reported in the literature on the treatment of such tumors, so far there is no clear consensus on how to deal with them. We conducted an exhaustive review of the literature to examine the treatment performed by different authors(AU)

[Large series of 114 cases with long-term follow-up of upper urinary tract urothelial tumors]. / Carcinoma urotelial de tracto urinario superior: 114 casos con largo seguimiento.

PURPOSE: Upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UUTUC) represents 5% of all urothelial tumors and has uncertain prognostic. Exist few series which describes clinical-pathological parameters of tumor progression. The aim of this study is to evaluate clinical and pathological parameters and determine their value as prognostic factors of tumor progression and cancer-specific survival. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 114 cases of radical nephroureterectomy or partial ureterectomy collected between 1991-2004. Variables analyzed were age, sex, pathological tumor stage, histological tumor grade, CIS, tumor localization, multiplicity, bladder cancer history, pathological nodes and adjuvant chemotherapy. Spearman test was used for correlations. The probabilities of progression free survival and cancer-specific survival were calculated using Kaplan-Meier curves. In the multivariate analysis forward stepwise Cox regression was performed. RESULTS: Pathological stage was: 15 pTa, 25 pT1, 26 pT2, 32 pT3 and 16 pT4. There were 10 G1 (9%), 52 G2 (45.5%) and 52 G3 (45.5%). Fifteen patients presented pathological nodes at the moment of diagnosis. Fourteen percent of 114 patients received adjuvant treatment (Platin-based regimen). Mean follow-up: 74.8 months; 30.7% of the patients developed tumor progression. Death from the disease: 24.6%. Five-years overall and cancer-specific survival: 59.3% and 72.9%, respectively. Five-year progression-free survival: 68%. Mean time of tumor progression: 12.2 months and 23.3 months for cancer-specific death. In the multivariate analysis the independent predictive variables of death and tumor progression were histological grade and pathological stage. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated that histological grade and pathological stage constitute independent prognostic factors of tumor progression and cancer-specific survival in UUTUC.

Carcinoma urotelial de tracto urinario superior: 114 casos con largo seguimiento / Large series of 114 cases with long-term follow-up of upper urinary tract urothelial tumors

Introducción: Los tumores uroteliales del aparato urinario superior representan el 5% de los tumores uroteliales. Existen pocos estudios que definan los parámetros clínicos y patológicos de progresión tumoral. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar dichos parámetros y determinar su valor como factores pronósticos de progresión tumoral y mortalidad cáncer específica. Material y métodos: Análisis retrospectivo de 114 pacientes sometidos a nefroureterectomía o ureterectomía parcial entre 1991 y 2004. Las variables analizadas fueron sexo, edad, grado histológico y estadio patológico, CIS, localización del tumor, multiplicidad, antecedentes de tumor vesical, presencia de adenopatías y tratamiento quimioterapéutico adyuvante. Se utilizó la prueba de Spearman para establecer correlaciones. El estudio de supervivencia se llevó a cabo mediante las curvas de Kaplan-Meier. Para el estudio multivariable se utilizó la regresión de Cox por pasos. Resultados: La distribución por estadio y grado de los tumores fue: 15 pTa, 25 pT1, 26 pT2, 32 pT3, 16 pT4, 10 (9%) G1, 52 (45,5%) G2 y 52 (45,5%) G3, respectivamente. Quince pacientes tenían afectación adenopática en el momento del diagnóstico. El 14% de los 114 pacientes recibieron tratamiento adyuvante con quimioterapia (régimen basado en platino). Tras un seguimiento medio de 74,8 meses, el 30,7% de los pacientes presentaron progresión tumoral y el 24,6% mortalidad específica por cáncer. La supervivencia global y la cáncer específica a los 5 años fue del 59,3% y 72,9%, respectivamente. La supervivencia libre de enfermedad a los 5 años fue del 68%. Los tiempos medios hasta la progresión tumoral y hasta la muerte específica por cáncer fueron de 12,2 y 23,2meses, respectivamente. El análisis multivariable mostró como factores independientes de progresión tumoral y mortalidad específica por cáncer el grado histológico y el estadio patológico. Conclusión: El grado histológico y el estadio patológico son factores pronósticos independientes de progresión tumoral y mortalidad específica por cáncer en el carcinoma urotelial del aparato urinario superior (AU)

Purpose: Upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UUTUC) represents 5% of all urothelial tumors and has uncertain prognostic. Exist few series which describes clinical-pathological parameters of tumor progression. The aim of this study is to evaluate clinical and pathological parameters and determine their value as prognostic factors of tumor progression and cancer-specific survival. Material and methods: Retrospective analysis of 114 cases of radical nephroureterectomy or partial ureterectomy collected between 1991–2004. Variables analyzed were age, sex, pathological tumor stage, histological tumor grade, CIS, tumor localization, multiplicity, bladder cancer history, pathological nodes and adjuvant chemotherapy. Spearman test was used for correlations. The probabilities of progression free survival and cancer-specific survival were calculated using Kaplan-Meier curves. In the multivariate analysis forward stepwise Cox regression was performed. Results: Pathological stage was: 15 pTa, 25 pT1, 26 pT2, 32 pT3 and 16 pT4. There were 10 G1 (9%), 52 G2 (45.5%) and 52 G3 (45.5%). Fifteen patients presented pathological nodes at the moment of diagnosis. Fourteen percent of 114 patients received adjuvant treatment (Platin-based regimen). Mean follow-up: 74.8 months; 30.7% of the patients developed tumor progression. Death from the disease: 24.6%. Five-years overall and cancer-specific survival: 59.3% and 72.9%, respectively. Five-year progression-free survival: 68%. Mean time of tumor progression: 12.2 months and 23.3 months for cancer-specific death. In the multivariate analysis the independent predictive variables of death and tumor progression were histological grade and pathological stage. Conclusions: We demonstrated that histological grade and pathological stage constitute independent prognostic factors of tumor progression and cancer-specific survival in UUTUC (AU)

Treatment of chronic anal fissure by gonyautoxin.

OBJECTIVE: The use of gonyautoxin has been reported to be safe and effective in healing acute and chronic anal fissures. This study was designed to show better efficacy in healing patients with chronic anal fissure by increasing the frequency of toxin injection. METHOD: Twenty-three chronic anal fissure patients were treated with doses of 100 units of gonyautoxin, which was intrasphincteric, infiltrated. The frequency of injection was every 4 days. Anorectal manometries were performed before and 4 min after infiltration. RESULTS: Total remissions were achieved within 7-14 days. The patients healed with a mean time of 8.2 +/- 2.4 days. No relapsed were observed during the 10-month follow up. Neither faecal incontinence nor other side effects were observed. All patients showed immediate sphincter relaxation detected by clinical examination. The maximum anal resting pressures, recorded 4 min after injections decreased to 62.9 +/- 27.7 mmHg, being 65.3 +/- 29.6% of baseline. Immediately after infiltration, patients reported anaesthetic effect with a fall down of the postdefecatory pain. CONCLUSION: Although, gonyautoxin anal fissures treatment recently published proved to be safe and effective, this study shows a better protocol for anal fissure treatment, showing better efficacy by shorting the healing time with better perception of healing by patients. Gonyautoxin anal sphincter infiltration proves to be safe and effective, reducing discomfort and healing time, advantageously comparing with alternative therapeutic approaches for chronic anal fissure.

Activation of nuclear factor-kappaB in human prostate carcinogenesis and association to biochemical relapse.

Nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB/p65 regulates the transcription of a wide variety of genes involved in cell survival, invasion and metastasis. We characterised by immunohistochemistry the expression of NF-kappaB/p65 protein in six histologically normal prostate, 13 high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and 86 prostate adenocarcinoma specimens. Nuclear localisation of p65 was used as a measure of NF-kappaB active state. Nuclear localisation of NF-kappaB was only seen in scattered basal cells in normal prostate glands. Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasias exhibited diffuse and strong cytoplasmic staining but no nuclear staining. In prostate adenocarcinomas, cytoplasmic NF-kappaB was detected in 57 (66.3%) specimens, and nuclear NF-kappaB (activated) in 47 (54.7%). Nuclear and cytoplasmic NF-kappaB staining was not correlated (P=0.19). By univariate analysis, nuclear localisation of NF-kappaB was associated with biochemical relapse (P=0.0009; log-rank test) while cytoplasmic expression did not. On multivariate analysis, serum preoperative prostate specific antigen (P=0.02), Gleason score (P=0.03) and nuclear NF-kappaB (P=0.002) were independent predictors of biochemical relapse. These results provide novel evidence for NF-kappaB/p65 nuclear translocation in the transition from PIN to prostate cancer. Our findings also indicate that nuclear localisation of NF-kappaB is an independent prognostic factor of biochemical relapse in prostate cancer.

Rare secondary carcinoma from bladder to testis.

Metastatic carcinoma to the testis is very unusual in daily urologic practice. We report a case of metastatic cancer to the testis detected as incidental findings in a squamous bladder tumor.