Diagnostic delay of MYH9-related disorder in Japan.

MYH9-related disorder (MYH9-RD) is characterized by congenital macrothrombocytopenia and granulocyte inclusion bodies. MYH9-RD is often misdiagnosed as chronic immune thrombocytopenia. In this study, we investigated age at definitive diagnosis and indicative thrombocytopenia in 41 patients with MYH9-RD from the congenital thrombocytopenia registry in Japan. Our cohort comprises 54.8% adults over 18 years at confirmed diagnosis. We found a significant difference (p < 0.0001) between the median age at definitive diagnosis of 25.0 years and for indicative thrombocytopenia it was 9.0 years. Our findings strongly suggest diagnostic delay of MYH9-RD in Japan. Our registry system will continue to contribute to this issue.

Bernard-Soulier syndrome caused by a novel GP1BB variant and 22q11.2 deletion.

Bernard-Soulier syndrome (BSS) is caused by defects in GP1BA, GP1BB, or GP9 genes. Patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) are obligate carriers of BSS because GP1BB resides on chromosome 22q11.2. A 15-month-old girl without bleeding symptoms had giant platelets and thrombocytopenia. Physical findings and macrothrombocytopenia suggested 22q11.2DS, which was confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Flow cytometry showed decreased GPIbα on the platelets. Gene panel testing revealed a novel variant in GP1BB, p.(Val169_Leu172del). These findings confirmed that the patient had BSS. This case suggests that any patient with 22q11.2DS and macrothrombocytopenia should be further tested for BSS.

A case of MYH7 and MYH9 genes variants with cardiomyopathy and macrothrombocytopenia.

Key Clinical Message: A 15-year-old girl developed inherited cardiomyopathy and macrothrombocytopenia revealing pathogenic variants of both MYH7 and MYH9 genes. This underlies the importance of repeated genetic testing in diagnosing and managing inherited disorders. Abstract: The MYH7 and MYH9 genes encode for distinct myosin heavy chain proteins. Our case features a 15-year-old girl, presenting with inherited cardiomyopathy and macrothrombocytopenia, revealing distinct pathogenic variants of both MYH7 and MYH9 genes. This underlines the relevance of genetic testing and personalized medicine in diagnosing and managing inherited disorders.

HLA-haploidentical T-cell receptor αßT/B-cell-depleted stem cell transplantation for Fanconi anemia.

HLA-haploidentical stem cell transplantation (haplo-SCT) using post-transplant high-dose cyclophosphamide (PT-CY) is an alternative choice when a suitable donors is unavailable. However, PT-CY is difficult in patients with Fanconi anemia (FA) due to their high vulnerability to alkylating agents. For FA, we prefer haplo-SCT by T-cell receptor αßT-cell and B-cell depletion (αßT/B-depleted haplo-SCT), which can reduce the risks of PT-CY-related complications and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). An 11-year-old boy with diagnosed FA (FANCG mutation) and bone marrow failure was to receive αßT/B-depleted haplo-SCT from his father (HLA 4/8 allele matched) due to absence of an HLA-matched donors. αßT/B-depleted peripheral blood stem cells (CD34 + cell count, 1.17 × 107/kg; αß + T-cell count, 1.3 × 105/kg) were infused following conditioning consisting of fludarabine (150 mg/m2), cyclophosphamide (40 mg/kg), anti-thymocyte globulin (5 mg/kg), rituximab (375 mg/m2), and thoraco-abdominal irradiation (3 Gy). Tacrolimus was used for GVHD prophylaxis until day + 30. Neutrophil engraftment was achieved on day + 9, and complete chimerism was confirmed on days + 28 and + 96. At 12-month post-SCT, the patient was well without GVHD or any other complications. αßT/B-depleted haplo-SCT is a good choice not only for patients unsuitable for PT-CY, but also for all pediatric recipients to reduce SCT-related complications.

Congenital anaemia associated with loss-of-function variants in DNA polymerase epsilon 1.

DNA polymerase epsilon (Pol ε), a component of the core replisome, is involved in DNA replication. Although genetic defects of Pol ε have been reported to cause immunodeficiency syndromes, its role in haematopoiesis remains unknown. Here, we identified compound heterozygous variants (p.[Asp1131fs];[Thr1891del]) in POLE, encoding Pol ε catalytic subunit A (POLE1), in siblings with a syndromic form of severe congenital transfusion-dependent anaemia. In contrast to Diamond-Blackfan anaemia, marked reticulocytopenia or marked erythroid hypoplasia was not found. Their bone marrow aspirates during infancy revealed erythroid dysplasia with strongly positive TP53 in immunostaining. Repetitive examinations demonstrated trilineage myelodysplasia within 2 years from birth. They had short stature and facial dysmorphism. HEK293 cell-based expression experiments and analyses of patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) disclosed a reduced mRNA level of Asp1131fs-POLE1 and defective nuclear translocation of Thr1891del-POLE1. Analysis of iPSCs showed compensatory mRNA upregulation of the other replisome components and increase of the TP53 protein, both suggesting dysfunction of the replisome. We created Pole-knockout medaka fish and found that heterozygous fishes were viable, but with decreased RBCs. Our observations expand the phenotypic spectrum of the Pol ε defect in humans, additionally providing unique evidence linking Pol ε to haematopoiesis.

Melting temperature mapping method in children: Rapid identification of pathogenic microbes.

INTRODUCTION: The melting temperature (Tm) mapping method (TM) identifies bacterial species by intrinsic patterns of Tm values in the 16S ribosomal RNA gene (16S rDNA) extracted directly from whole blood. We examined potential clinical application of TM in children with bloodstream infection (BSI). METHODS: This was a prospective observational study at a children's hospital in Japan from 2018 to 2021. In patients with diagnosed or suspected BSI, we investigated the match rates of pathogenic bacteria identified by TM and blood culture (BC), the inspection time to identification of TM, and the amount of bacterial DNA in blood samples. RESULTS: The median age of 81 patients (93 samples) was 3.6 years. Of 23 samples identified by TM, 11 samples matched the bacterial species with BC (positive-match rate, 48 %). Of 64 TM-negative samples, 62 samples were negative for BC (negative-match rate, 97 %). Six samples, including one containing two pathogenic bacterial species, were not suitable for TM identification. In total, the matched samples were 73 of 93 samples (match rate, 78 %). There were seven samples identified by TM in BC-negative samples from blood collected after antibiotic therapy. Interestingly, the bacteria were matched with BC before antibiotic administration. These TM samples contained as many 16S rDNA copies as the BC-positive samples. The median inspection time to identification using TM was 4.7 h. CONCLUSIONS: In children with BSI, TM had high negative-match rates with BC, the potential to identify the pathogenic bacteria even in patients on antibiotic therapy, and more rapid identification compared to BC. REGISTERING CLINICAL TRIALS: UMIN000041359https://center6.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000047220.

Myelodysplasia after clonal hematopoiesis with APOBEC3-mediated CYBB inactivation in retroviral gene therapy for X-CGD.

Stem cell gene therapy using the MFGS-gp91phox retroviral vector was performed on a 27-year-old patient with X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (X-CGD) in 2014. The patient's refractory infections were resolved, whereas the oxidase-positive neutrophils disappeared within 6 months. Thirty-two months after gene therapy, the patient developed myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), and vector integration into the MECOM locus was identified in blast cells. The vector integration into MECOM was detectable in most myeloid cells at 12 months after gene therapy. However, the patient exhibited normal hematopoiesis until the onset of MDS, suggesting that MECOM transactivation contributed to clonal hematopoiesis, and the blast transformation likely arose after the acquisition of additional genetic lesions. In whole-genome sequencing, the biallelic loss of the WT1 tumor suppressor gene, which occurred immediately before tumorigenesis, was identified as a potential candidate genetic alteration. The provirus CYBB cDNA in the blasts contained 108 G-to-A mutations exclusively in the coding strand, suggesting the occurrence of APOBEC3-mediated hypermutations during the transduction of CD34-positive cells. A hypermutation-mediated loss of oxidase activity may have facilitated the survival and proliferation of the clone with MECOM transactivation. Our data provide valuable insights into the complex mechanisms underlying the development of leukemia in X-CGD gene therapy.

Safety and efficacy of elapegademase in patients with adenosine deaminase deficiency: A multicenter, open-label, single-arm, phase 3, and postmarketing clinical study.

INTRODUCTION: Adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency is an ultrarare inherited purine metabolism disorder characterized by severe combined immunodeficiency. Elapegademase-lvlr is a new pegylated recombinant bovine ADA used in enzyme-replacement therapy (ERT) for ADA deficiency. Therefore, replacement with the new drug may eliminate the infectious risks associated with the currently used bovine intestinal-derived product, pegademase. METHODS: We conducted a multicenter, single-arm, open-label, phase 3, and postmarketing clinical study of elapegademase for patients with ADA deficiency. The following biochemical markers were monitored to determine an appropriate dose of elapegademase: the trough deoxyadenosine nucleotide (dAXP) level ≤0.02 µmol/mL in erythrocytes or whole blood and the trough serum ADA activity ≥1100 U/L (equivalent to plasma levels ≥15 µmol/h/mL) indicated sufficient enzyme activity and detoxification as efficacy endpoints and monitored adverse events during the study as safety endpoints. RESULTS: A total of four patients (aged 0-25 years) were enrolled. One infant patient died of pneumonia caused by cytomegalovirus infection whereas the other three completed the study and have been observed in the study period over 3 years. The infant patient had received elapegademase at 0.4 mg/kg/week until decease and the others received elapegademase at maximum doses of 0.3 mg/kg/week for 164-169 weeks. As a result, all four patients achieved undetectable levels of dAXPs together with sufficient enzyme activity, increased T and B cell numbers, and slightly elevated and maintained IgM and IgA immunoglobulin levels. Serious adverse events occurred in three patients, all of which were assessed as unrelated to elapegademase. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that elapegademase had comparable safety and efficacy to pegademase as ERT for ADA deficiency by demonstrating stable maintenance of sufficient ADA activity and lowering dAXP to undetectable levels, while no drug-related adverse events were reported (Trial registration: JapicCTI-163204).

Measurement of immature platelet fraction is useful in the differential diagnosis of MYH9 disorders.

INTRODUCTION: Although the presence of large and giant platelets is important in screening for MYH9 disorders, platelet morphology evaluation is dependent on operator subjectivity. Immature platelet fraction (IPF%) is widely used in clinical practice because of its rapidity and reproducibility; however, IPF% has been rarely analyzed in MYH9 disorders. Therefore, our study aimed to clarify the usefulness of IPF% in the differential diagnosis of MYH9 disorders. METHODS: We assessed 24 patients with MYH9 disorders, 10 with chronic immune thrombocytopenia (cITP), 14 with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) with thrombocytopenia (<100 × 109 /L), and 20 healthy volunteers. Platelet-related data, including IPF% and platelet morphology (diameter, surface area, and staining), were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: Median IPF% in MYH9 disorders, 48.7%, was significantly higher than in all other groups (cITP: 13.4%, MDS: 9.4%, controls: 2.6%). IPF% in MYH9 disorders was significantly negatively correlated with platelet count and significantly positively correlated with the diameter and surface area of platelets, but a correlation was not found between IPF% and platelet staining. The area under the curve of IPF% for the differential diagnosis of MYH9 disorders was 0.987 (95% CI: 0.969-1.000), with a sensitivity of 95.8% and specificity of 93.2% when the cutoff value of IPF% was 24.3%. CONCLUSION: Our study strongly suggests that IPF% is useful in the differential diagnosis between MYH9 disorders and other types of thrombocytopenia.

Peripheral immune system modulates Purkinje cell degeneration in Niemann-Pick disease type C1.

Niemann-Pick disease type C1 (NPC1) is a fatal lysosomal storage disorder characterized by progressive neuronal degeneration. Its key pathogenic events remain largely unknown. We have, herein, found that neonatal BM-derived cell transplantation can ameliorate Purkinje cell degeneration in NPC1 mice. We subsequently addressed the impact of the peripheral immune system on the neuropathogenesis observed in NPC1 mice. The depletion of mature lymphocytes promoted NPC1 phenotypes, thereby suggesting a neuroprotective effect of lymphocytes. Moreover, the peripheral infusion of CD4-positive cells (specifically, of regulatory T cells) from normal healthy donor ameliorated the cerebellar ataxic phenotype and enhanced the survival of Purkinje cells. Conversely, the depletion of regulatory T cells enhanced the onset of the neurological phenotype. On the other hand, circulating inflammatory monocytes were found to be involved in the progression of Purkinje cell degeneration, whereas the depletion of resident microglia had little effect. Our findings reveal a novel role of the adaptive and the innate immune systems in NPC1 neuropathology.

Minimal residual disease detection by mutation-specific droplet digital PCR for leukemia/lymphoma.

Minimal residual disease (MRD) is usually defined as the small number of cancer cells that remain in the body after treatment. The clinical significance of MRD kinetics is well recognized in treatment of hematologic malignancies, particularly acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Real time quantitative PCR targeting immunoglobulin (Ig) or T-cell receptor (TCR) rearrangement (PCR-MRD), as well as multiparametric flow cytometric analysis targeting antigen expression, are widely used in MRD detection. In this study, we devised an alternative method to detect MRD using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR), targeting somatic single nucleotide variants (SNVs). This ddPCR-based method (ddPCR-MRD) had sensitivity up to 1E-4. We assessed ddPCR-MRD at 26 time points from eight T-ALL patients, and compared it to the results of PCR-MRD. Almost all results were concordant between the two methods, but ddPCR-MRD detected micro-residual disease that was missed by PCR-MRD in one patient. We also measured MRD in stored ovarian tissue of four pediatric cancer patients, and detected 1E-2 of submicroscopic infiltration. Considering the universality of ddPCR-MRD, the methods can be used as a complement for not only ALL, but also other malignant diseases regardless of tumor-specific Ig/TCR or surface antigen patterns.

Successful TCRαß/CD19-Depleted Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation for a Patient With Artemis Deficiency.

Artemis deficiency is characterized by DNA double-strand breaks repairing dysfunction and increased sensitivity to ionizing radiation and alkylating reagents. We describe the first successful case of T-cell receptor [TCR]αß/CD19-depleted hematopoietic cell transplantation [HCT] for Artemis deficiency in Japan. A 6-month-old Korean boy was diagnosed with Artemis-deficient severe combined immunodeficiency. He had no human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched sibling or unrelated donor. Therefore, TCRαß/CD19-depleted HCT from his haploidentical mother was performed. Despite mixed chimerism in whole blood, T cells achieved complete donor chimerism 6 months after HCT. TCRαß/CD19-depleted HCT could be an effective treatment for patients with radiation-sensitive severe combined immunodeficiency.

STAT6 gain-of-function variant exacerbates multiple allergic symptoms.

BACKGROUND: Allergic diseases were long considered to be complex multifactorial disorders. However, recent findings indicate that severe allergic inflammation can be caused by monogenic immune defects. OBJECTIVES: We sought to clarify the molecular pathogenesis of a patient with early-onset multiple allergic diseases, a high serum IgE level, hypereosinophilia, treatment-resistant severe atopic dermatitis with increased dermal collagen fiber deposition, and eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorder with numerous polypoid nodules. METHODS: A missense variant in STAT6 was identified, and its function was examined using peripheral blood, transfected HEK293 cells, lymphoblastoid cell lines, and knock-in mice with the corresponding mutation. RESULTS: Whole-exome sequencing identified a de novo heterozygous missense variant in signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) (p.Asp419Asn). Luciferase reporter assay revealed that the transcriptional activity of this STAT6 mutant was upregulated even without IL-4 stimulation. Phosphorylation of STAT6 was not observed in either the patient's TH2 cells or lymphoblastoid cell lines without stimulation, whereas it was induced more strongly in both by IL-4 stimulation compared with healthy controls. STAT6 protein was present in the nuclear fraction of the lymphoblastoid cell lines of the patient even in the absence of IL-4 stimulation. The patient's gastric mucosa showed upregulation of STAT6-, fibrosis-, and germinal center formation-related molecules. Some of the knock-in mice with the corresponding mutation spontaneously developed dermatitis with skin thickening and eosinophil infiltration. Moreover, serum IgE levels and mRNA expression of type 2 cytokines were increased in the knock-in mice-with or without development of spontaneous dermatitis-compared with the wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS: A novel STAT6 gain-of-function variant is a potential cause of primary atopic disorders.

Splenectomy as an effective treatment for macrothrombocytopenia in Takenouchi-Kosaki syndrome.

Takenouchi-Kosaki syndrome (TKS) is a rare congenital disease caused by a de novo heterozygous mutation in the CDC42 gene. Its characteristic clinical features are macrothrombocytopenia, developmental delay, dysmorphic facial features, and deafness. Splenectomy has been contraindicated for inherited thrombocytopenia, and there is little information on treatment of macrothrombocytopenia in TKS. In a previously reported case of autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) with TKS, we observed that AIHA initially resolved with prednisolone, but gradually became refractory to drug therapy. After splenectomy, both anemia and macrothrombocytopenia improved. This is a novel positive effect of splenectomy for thrombocytopenia in TKS, although further studies are required to assess the effectiveness and safety of splenectomy.

Fatal X-linked lymphoproliferative disease type 1-associated limbic encephalitis with positive anti-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor antibody.

BACKGROUND: X-linked lymphoproliferative disease type 1 (XLP1) is a rare monogenic immune dysregulation disorder caused by a deficiency of a signaling lymphocyte activation molecule-associated protein (SAP). While many patients with XLP1 present with fatal hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis upon Epstein Barr virus (EBV) infection, a small fraction present with limbic encephalitis in the absence of EBV infection. It is poorly understood why SAP deficiency may cause limbic encephalitis in XLP1. CASE: A 12-year-old boy presented with seizures, changes in personality, memory loss, and cognitive deficits during treatment for interstitial pneumonia. A diagnosis of limbic encephalitis was made. Despite treatment against CD8+ T cell-mediated autoimmunity with intravenous methylprednisolone, dexamethasone, intravenous immunoglobulin, plasma exchange, cyclosporine, weekly etoposide, mycophenolate mofetil, and adalimumab, encephalitis progressed until the patient died after one month of treatment intitiation. Post-mortem genetic testing revealed a de novo SH2D1A truncating mutation. Tests for EBV infection were negative. Initial spinal fluid revealed markedly elevated protein levels, mild pleocytosis, and elevation of two chemokines (C-X-C motif chemokine ligand [CXCL] 10 and CXCL 13). Moreover, initial spinal fluid was tested positive for anti-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) autoantibody. DISCUSSION: In XLP1-associated limbic encephalitis, anti-AMPAR autoantibody production by the dysregulated immune system due to SAP deficiency might be a pathogenic mechanism of central nervous system manifestations. In addition to the standard treatment for XLP1, targeted treatment against B-cell-mediated immunity might be indicated for patients with XLP1-associated limbic encephalitis.

Successful hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with reduced dose of busulfan for Omenn syndrome.

Omenn syndrome (OS) is typically observed in the autosomal recessive form of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) with autoreactive manifestations, and it requires allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Unlike non-OS SCID, a conditioning regimen is usually required to eradicate T-cells; however, optimal conditioning regimens are not established mainly because of the rarity of OS. Here, we report a case of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with a reduced dose of busulfan, as a conditioning regimen and successful engraftment with complete chimerism. OS was diagnosed in a one-month-old boy based on a diffuse erythematous rash, absent B-cells, and activated T-cells. Genetic analysis failed to identify causative mutations for OS/SCID, such as RAG1/2. Bone marrow transplantation was performed from his HLA-matched sister with a conditioning regimen consisting of targeted busulfan, fludarabine, and anti-thymocyte globulin. Cyclosporine had been administered before transplantation to control abnormal T-cell activation and continued for graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis. Engraftment was achieved on day 12, and no GVHD symptoms were observed. For stem cell transplantation for OS, prior control of autoreactive symptoms with immunosuppressants is important for safe transplantation and reduced intensity conditioning (RIC) can be an option to achieve sustained engraftment.

Nonconditioned ADA-SCID gene therapy reveals ADA requirement in the hematopoietic system and clonal dominance of vector-marked clones.

Two patients with adenosine deaminase (ADA)-deficient severe combined immunodeficiency (ADA-SCID) received stem cell-based gene therapy (SCGT) using GCsapM-ADA retroviral vectors without preconditioning in 2003 and 2004. The first patient (Pt1) was treated at 4.7 years old, and the second patient (Pt2), who had previously received T cell gene therapy (TCGT), was treated at 13 years old. More than 10 years after SCGT, T cells showed a higher vector copy number (VCN) than other lineages. Moreover, the VCN increased with differentiation toward memory T and B cells. The distribution of vector-marked cells reflected variable levels of ADA requirements in hematopoietic subpopulations. Although neither patient developed leukemia, clonal expansion of SCGT-derived clones was observed in both patients. The use of retroviral vectors yielded clonal dominance of vector-marked clones, irrespective of the lack of leukemic changes. Vector integration sites common to all hematopoietic lineages suggested the engraftment of gene-marked progenitors in Pt1, who showed severe osteoblast (OB) insufficiency compared to Pt2, which might cause a reduction in the stem/progenitor cells in the bone marrow (BM). The impaired BM microenvironment due to metabolic abnormalities may create space for the engraftment of vector-marked cells in ADA-SCID, despite the lack of preconditioning.