Ionothermal Synthesis of Cadmium Coordination Polymers: Ionic Liquid Effects on the Synthesis, Structural, and Thermal Characterization.

Ionothermal synthesis is a little used method for the preparation of coordination polymers. By this method, two cadmium compounds were synthesized, 1, with formula Cd3(ox)F2(Ina)2 (Ina = isonicotinate) and 2, Cd(NO3)2(4,4'-Bpy) (4,4'-Bpy = 4,4'-Bipyridine). The modification of the reaction conditions has allowed to obtain 2 as a pure phase. The structure of both compounds was determined by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 1 is isostructural to the previously reported Cd2Zn(ox)(OH)2(Ina)2. It crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n and present a three-dimensional (3D) network, built-up from [Cd3(ox)F2]n2n+ layers, linked by isonicotinate ligands. Crystals of 2 are formed by twins of two components which are rotated ca. 180° to each other. This compound crystallizes in the triclinic P-1 space group and its structure can be describe as a two-dimensional (2D) 4 connected 'sql' net. The layers are composed by [Cd(NO3)2]n chains linked through 4,4'-Bpy ligands, and are pillared along the [011] direction. The thermal decomposition of 2 was studied by thermogravimetric and thermodiffractiometric techniques. The compound decomposes gradually starting from 160 °C, and due to heating, the structure suffers slight reversible changes in the bond distances and angles.

Thermal response, catalytic activity, and color change of the first hybrid vanadate containing Bpe guest molecules.

Four isomorphic compounds with formula [{Co2(H2O)2(Bpe)2}(V4O12)]·4H2O·Bpe, CoBpe 1; [{CoNi(H2O)2(Bpe)2}(V4O12)]·4H2O·Bpe, CoNiBpe 2; [{Co0.6Ni1.4(H2O)2(Bpe)2}(V4O12)]·4H2O·Bpe, NiCoBpe 3; and [{Ni2(H2O)2(Bpe)2}(V4O12)]·4H2O·Bpe, NiBpe 4, have been obtained by hydrothermal synthesis. The crystal structures of CoBpe 1 and NiBpe 4 were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD). The Rietveld refinement of CoNiBpe 2 and NiCoBpe 3 XRD patterns confirms that those are isomorphic. The compounds crystallize in the P1̅ space group, exhibiting a crystal structure constructed from inorganic layers pillared by Bpe ligands. The crystal structure contains intralayer and interlayer channels, in which the crystallization water molecules and Bpe guest molecules, respectively, are located. The solvent molecules establish a hydrogen bonding network with the coordinated water molecules. Thermodiffractometric and thermogravimetric studies showed that the loss of crystallization and coordinated water molecules takes place at different temperatures, giving rise to crystal structure transformations that involve important reduction of the interlayer distance, and strong reduction of crystallinity. The IR, Raman, and UV-vis spectra of the as-synthesized and heated compounds confirm that the structural building blocks and octahedral coordination environment of the metal centers are maintained after the structural transformations. The color change and reversibility of the water molecules uptake/removal were tested showing that the initial color is not completely recovered when the compounds are heated at temperatures higher than 200 °C. The thermal evolution of the magnetic susceptibility indicates one-dimensional antiferromagnetic coupling of the metal centers at high temperatures. For NiCoBpe 3 and NiBpe 4 compounds magnetic ordering is established at low temperatures, as can be judged by the maxima observed in the magnetic susceptibilities. CoNiBpe 2 was proved as catalyst being active for cyanosilylation reactions of aldehydes.

Flexible and dynamic thermal behavior of self-catenated [{Ni3(H2O)3(Bpa)4}(V6O18)]·8H2O constructed from 10-c heterometallic inorganic-organic clusters.

The hydrothermal treatment of Ni(NO(3))(2)·6H(2)O, NaVO(3), and Bpa (1,2-Di(pyridyl)ethane) (C(12)H(12)N(2)) at 120 °C during 3 days leads to green single crystals of the title compound. The single crystal X-ray diffraction reveals that [{Ni(3)(H(2)O)(3)(Bpa)(4)}(V(6)O(18))]·8H(2)O crystallizes in the monoclinic system, P2(1)/c space group, with a = 13.5536 (2), b = 19.0463 (2), c = 27.7435 (3) Å, ß = 112.3880 (10)°, V = 6622(3) Å(3), with R1(obs) = 0.0558, wR2(obs) = 0.1359, for 10278 observed reflections. The complexity of the crystal structure is based on different points, as the existence of: both "gauche" and "trans" conformations of the organic ligand, the [V(12)O(36)](-12) cycles, formed by 12 corner-sharing VO(4) tetrahedra, and, finally, the combination of both three-dimensional metal-organic and inorganic substructures, giving rise to a self-catenated highly connected net. The crystallization water molecules are semi-encapsulated in the channels along the [100] direction, and their loss gives rise to a dynamical and reversible structural contraction. Moreover, after the removal of the crystallization water molecules, the compound exhibits a negative thermal behavior in the 85-155 °C temperature range, and irreversible structural transformation due to the loss of coordinated water molecules up to 200 °C. The IR and UV-vis spectra were determined for the as-synthesized sample, after the removal of crystallization water molecules and after the irreversible transformation due to the loss of coordinated water molecules. The thermal evolution of χ(m) was adjusted to a magnetic model considering an isotropic dimer plus two Ni(II) d(8) isolated octahedra.

Defective dicubane-like tetranuclear nickel(II) cyanate and azide nanoscale magnets.

Four tetrameric nickel(II) pseudohalide complexes have been synthesized and structurally, spectroscopically, and magnetically characterized. Compounds 1-3 are isostructural and exhibit the general formula [Ni(2)(dpk·OH)(dpk·CH(3)O)(L)(H(2)O)](2)A(2)·2H(2)O, where dpk = di-2-pyridylketone; L = N(3)(-), and A = ClO(4)(-) for 1, L = NCO(-) and A = ClO(4)(-) for 2, and L = NCO(-) and A = NO(3)(-) for 3. The formula for 4 is [Ni(4)(dpk·OH)(3) (dpk·CH(3)O)(2)(NCO)](BF(4))(2)·3H(2)O. The ligands dpk·OH(-) and dpk·CH(3)O(-) result from solvolysis and ulterior deprotonation of dpk in water and methanol, respectively. The four tetramers exhibit a dicubane-like core with two missing vertexes where the Ni(II) ions are connected through end-on pseudohalide and oxo bridges. Magnetic measurements showed that compounds 1-4 are ferromagnetic. The values of the exchange constants were determined by means of a theoretical model based on three different types of coupling. Thus, the calculated J values (J(1) = J(2), J(3), and D) were 5.6, 11.8, and 5.6 cm(-1) for 1, 5.5, 12.0, and 5.6 cm(-1) for 2, 6.3, 4.9, and 6.2 cm(-1) for 3, and (J(1), J(2), J(3), and D) 6.9, 7.0, 15.2, and 4.8 cm(-1) for 4.

Structural analysis, spectroscopic, and magnetic properties of the 1D triple-bridged compounds [M(dca)2(bpa)] (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Zn; dca = dicyanamide; bpa = 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane) and the 3D [Ni(dca)(bpa)2]dca·6H2O.

The family of compounds [Mn(dca)(2)(bpa)] (1), [Fe(dca)(2)(bpa)] (2), [Co(dca)(2)(bpa)] (3), [Zn(dca)(2)(bpa)] (4), and [Ni(dca)(bpa)(2)]dca·6H(2)O (5), with dca = dicyanamide and bpa = 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane, has been synthesized. These compounds have been characterized by single crystal (1, 2, 4, and 5) and powder X-ray diffraction (3), by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), UV-vis, and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopies, and by magnetic measurements. Compound 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/c space group, Z = 4, with a = 16.757(6), b = 9.692(3), and c = 13.073(4) Å, and ß = 123.02(2)°; Compound 2 crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/c space group, Z = 4, with a = 16.588(5), b = 9.661(3), c = 12.970(5) Å, and ß = 123.16(3)°; Compound 4 crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/c space group, Z = 4, with a = 16.519(2), b = 9.643(2), c = 12.943(2) Å, and ß = 123.15(1)°; Compound 5 crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/c space group, Z = 4, with a = 18.504(4), b = 19.802(3), and c = 8.6570(18) Å, and ß = 99.74(2)°. The compounds 1-4 are isostructural and show a one dimensional (1D) disposition, with the metal(II) ions bridged by double µ(1,5) dca ligands and unusually by a third bridge consisting of the bpa ligand, which adopts a very low torsion angle to accommodate in the structure. This kind of structure is unusual, even considering the voluminous bpa bridge. The compound 5 shows a 3D structure with layers of Ni-bpa joined by single dca bridges. Magnetic susceptibility measurements show antiferromagnetic couplings, increasing for 1-3. Compound 5 shows very slight antiferromagnetic interactions.

Tris[4,4'-(ethene-1,2-di-yl)dipyridinium] deca-vanadate dihydrate.

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, (C(12)H(12)N(2))(3)[V(10)O(28)]·2H(2)O, contains one half of a deca-vanadate anion, one and a half trans-1,2-bis-(4-pyridinio)ethene cations and one water mol-ecule. The V(10)O(28) groups are involved in a three-dimensional hydrogen-bonding network through Ow-H⋯O, N-H⋯O and C-H⋯O inter-actions.

[Evolution of the epidemiological characteristics of tuberculosis in Navarra (1994-2003)]. / Evolución en las características epidemiológicas de la tuberculosis en Navarra (1994-2003).

AIM: To describe the changes in the incidence and the epidemiological profile of tuberculosis in Navarra. METHODS: The cases of tuberculosis in the 1994-2003 period were analysed. Cases reported to the system of obligatory notifiable diseases, completed with the microbiological diagnoses and the cases collected in other health registers. RESULTS: The incidence of tuberculosis fell from 21 per 100,000 inhabitants in the five-year period 1994-1998 to 16 per 100,000 in 1999-2003. In both periods the number of cases in men doubled that in women, and the maximum incidence occurred in the age groups from 25 to 44 and over 65 years of age. The diagnoses of tuberculosis in persons with HIV infection fell from 15.1% to 6.6% and those in immigrants rose from 2.2% to 21.3%. Somewhat over 3% of the cases had received prior anti-tuberculosis treatment and about 6% showed resistance to some medicine, without significant differences between periods. The proportion of potentially transmissible tuberculosis (73%) underwent no significant changes, nor did that of those with positive sputum bacilloscopy. The number of outbreaks (groupings of two or more cases) rose from 18 to 26 and the percentage of cases secondary to another recent case rose from 3.6% to 10.1% (p<0,001). In the 1999-2003 period, pulmonary localisation occurred in isolated form in 67.7% of the patients, and in combination with other localisations in another 5.1%. The isolated pleural form appeared in 9.9% and the meningeal form in 1.5%. CONCLUSION: There has been an advance in the control of tuberculosis although its incidence is still high with respect to other European countries. Control of imported cases is one of the challenges to be faced in coming years, without neglecting control measures in the autochthonous population.

Evolución en las características epidemiológicas de la tuberculosis en Navarra (1994-2003) / Evolution of the epidemiological characteristics of tuberculosis in Navarra (1994-2003)

Objetivo. Describir los cambios en la incidencia y en el perfil epidemiológico de la tuberculosis en Navarra. Métodos. Se analizaron los casos de tuberculosis del período 1994-2003 según el sistema de enfermedades de declaración obligatoria, completado con los diagnósticos microbiológicos y con los casos captados por otros registros sanitarios.Resultados. La incidencia de tuberculosis disminuyó desde 21 por 100.000 habitantes en el quinquenio 1994-1998 hasta 16 por 100.000 en 1999-2003. En ambos períodos los casos en hombres duplicaron a los de mujeres, y la máxima incidencia se produjo en los grupos de 25 a 44 y mayores de 65 años. Los diagnósticos de tuberculosis en personas con infección por el VIH disminuyeron del 15,1 al 6,6% y los realizados en personas inmigrantes aumentaron del 2,2 al 21,3%. Algo más del 3% de los casos había recibido tratamiento antituberculoso previo y en torno al 6% presentaban resistencia a algún fármaco, sin diferencias significativas entre periodos. La proporción de tuberculosis potencialmente transmisibles (73%) no experimentó cambios significativos, ni la de aquellas con baciloscopia de esputo positiva (53%). El número de brotes (agrupaciones de dos o más casos) pasó de 18 a 26 y el porcentaje de casos secundarios a otro reciente aumentó desde 3,6 a 10,1% (p<0,001). En el período 1999-2003, la localización pulmonar se presentó de forma aislada en el 67,7% y combinada con otras localizaciones en otro 5,1%. La forma pleural aislada apareció en el 9,9% y la meníngea en el 1,5% de los pacientes.Conclusión. Se ha avanzado en el control de la tuberculosis aunque todavía la incidencia es alta respecto a otros países europeos. El control de los casos importados es uno de los retos para los próximos años, sin descuidar las medidas de control en la población autóctona

Aim. To describe the changes in the incidence and the epidemiological profile of tuberculosis in Navarra. Methods. The cases of tuberculosis in the 1994-2003 period were analysed. Cases reported to the system of obligatory notifiable diseases, completed with the microbiological diagnoses and the cases collected in other health registers. Results. The incidence of tuberculosis fell from 21 per 100,000 inhabitants in the five-year period 1994-1998 to 16 per 100,000 in 1999-2003. In both periods the number of cases in men doubled that in women, and the maximum incidence occurred in the age groups from 25 to 44 and over 65 years of age. The diagnoses of tuberculosis in persons with HIV infection fell from 15.1% to 6.6% and those in immigrants rose from 2.2% to 21.3%. Somewhat over 3% of the cases had received prior anti-tuberculosis treatment and about 6% showed resistance to some medicine, without significant differences between periods. The proportion of potentially transmissible tuberculosis (73%) underwent no significant changes, nor did that of those with positive sputum bacilloscopy. The number of outbreaks (groupings of two or more cases) rose from 18 to 26 and the percentage of cases secondary to another recent case rose from 3.6% to 10.1% (p<0,001). In the 1999-2003 period, pulmonary localisation occurred in isolated form in 67.7% of the patients, and in combination with other localisations in another 5.1%. The isolated pleural form appeared in 9.9% and the meningeal form in 1.5%. Conclusion. There has been an advance in the control of tuberculosis although its incidence is still high with respect to other European countries. Control of imported cases is one of the challenges to be faced in coming years, without neglecting control measures in the autochthonous population

[Communicable disease surveillance in Navarre, 2004]. / Situación de las Enfermedades de Declaración Obligatoria (EDO) en Navarra, 2004.

Epidemiological surveillance in Navarre (584,734 inhabitants) covers 34 transmissible diseases, whose notification is compulsory, and epidemic outbreaks of any aetiology. Notification is carried out on a weekly basis by the doctors from paediatrics, primary care and specialised care. In 2004, 75.8% of all the possible notification reports (a weekly report for each doctor) were received, a percentage that has improved in the last five year period. Flu only reached 14.4 cases per 1,000 inhabitants (Epidemic Index, EI: 0.30), due to the advance of the epidemic peak for the 2003-2004 season to the month of November. The rate of respiratory tuberculosis fell to 11.6 cases per 100,000 inhabitants, and the rate of non-respiratory tuberculosis rose to 2.7 per 100,000. Ten cases of tuberculosis (11.9%) were grouped into four outbreaks that affected adolescents and young adults. Thirty percent of the cases were produced in immigrants and 4.8% in persons coinfected with HIV, proportions that are similar to those of the previous year. Eleven cases of meningococcal disease were reported, (1.9 cases per 100,000 inhabitants; EI 0.73), but only in 8 cases was the clinical form sepsis and/or meningitis. Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B was isolated in 8 cases, and serogroup C in 2 cases, the latter 2 were adults and were not vaccinated. The incidence of immunopreventable diseases continues to fall, and for the fifth consecutive year no case of measles has been reported. Legionnaire's disease, which is detected through the systematic determination of the antigen in urine, rose to 5.8 cases per 100,000 inhabitants (EI: 1.42), without any epidemiological relation between them. The incidence of imported diseases rose, with 12 cases of malaria, 8 of shigellosis, 5 of hepatitis A and 2 of legionnaire's disease acquired outside Spain.

Situación de las Enfermedades de Declaración Obligatoria (EDO) en Navarra, 2004 / Communicable disease surveillance in Navarre, 2004

La vigilancia epidemiológica de Navarra (584.734 habitantes)comprende 34 enfermedades transmisibles de declaraciónobligatoria y los brotes epidémicos de cualquier etiología. Ladeclaración es efectuada semanalmente por los médicos depediatría, atención primaria y asistencia especializada.En 2004 se recibieron el 75,8% de todas los partes de notificacionesposibles (uno semanal por médico), porcentaje queha mejorado en el último quinquenio.La gripe alcanzó sólo 14,4 casos por 1.000 habitantes (índiceepidémico, IE:0,30) por el adelanto del pico epidémico de latemporada 2003-2004 al mes de noviembre.La tasa de tuberculosis respiratoria descendió hasta 11,6casos por 100.000 habitantes, y la de tuberculosis no respiratoriaascendió a 2,7 por 100.000. Diez casos de tuberculosis(11,9%) se agruparon en cuatro brotes que afectaron a adolescentesy adultos jóvenes. El 30% de los casos se produjeron eninmigrantes y el 4,8% en personas coinfectadas por el VIH, siendoestas proporciones similares a las del año anterior.Se notificaron 11 casos de enfermedad meningocócica (1,9por 100.000 habitantes; IE: 0,73), pero sólo en 8 la forma clínicafue de sepsis y/o meningitis. La letalidad ascendió al 18,2%. En 8casos se aisló Neisseria meningitidis serogrupo B y en 2 el serogrupoC, estos últimos eran adultos y no estaban vacunados.La incidencia de enfermedades inmunoprevenibles sigueen descenso, y por quinto año no se ha declarado ningún casode sarampión.La legionelosis, detectada mediante la determinación sistemáticadel antígeno en orina, ascendió a 5,8 casos por 100.000habitantes (IE:1,42), sin que se detectase relación epidemiológicaentre ellos.La incidencia de enfermedades importadas aumentó, contabilizándose12 paludismos, 8 shigelosis, 5 hepatitis A y 2 legionelosisadquiridas fuera de España

Epidemiological surveillance in Navarre (584,734inhabitants) covers 34 transmissible diseases, whosenotification is compulsory, and epidemic outbreaks of anyaetiology. Notification is carried out on a weekly basis by thedoctors from paediatrics, primary care and specialised care.In 2004, 75.8% of all the possible notification reports (aweekly report for each doctor) were received, a percentage thathas improved in the last five year period.Flu only reached 14.4 cases per 1,000 inhabitants(Epidemic Index, EI: 0.30), due to the advance of the epidemicpeak for the 2003-2004 season to the month of November.The rate of respiratory tuberculosis fell to 11.6 cases per100,000 inhabitants, and the rate of non-respiratory tuberculosisrose to 2.7 per 100,000. Ten cases of tuberculosis (11.9%) weregrouped into four outbreaks that affected adolescents andyoung adults. Thirty percent of the cases were produced inimmigrants and 4.8% in persons coinfected with HIV,proportions that are similar to those of the previous year.Eleven cases of meningococcal disease were reported, (1.9cases per 100,000 inhabitants; EI 0.73), but only in 8 cases wasthe clinical form sepsis and/or meningitis. Neisseria meningitidisserogroup B was isolated in 8 cases, and serogroup C in 2 cases,the latter 2 were adults and were not vaccinated.The incidence of immunopreventable diseases continuesto fall, and for the fifth consecutive year no case of measles hasbeen reported.Legionnaire’s disease, which is detected through thesystematic determination of the antigen in urine, rose to 5.8cases per 100,000 inhabitants (EI: 1.42), without anyepidemiological relation between them.The incidence of imported diseases rose, with 12 cases ofmalaria, 8 of shigellosis, 5 of hepatitis A and 2 of legionnaire’sdisease acquired outside Spain

[Progress in the control of HIV infection and AIDS in Navarre, 1985-2003]. / Progresos en el control de la infección por el VIH y el sida en Navarra, 1985-2003.

The epidemiological situation of HIV infection and AIDS in Navarre in 2003 is reviewed. Up until December 2003, 1,610 HIV infections had been diagnosed in residents of Navarre, of whom 41% had died. The new diagnoses of HIV fell by some 81% between 1993 and 2003, a year in which 28 cases were diagnosed (4.8 per 100,000 inhabitants). The fall basically occurred in infections in injection drug users, since the cases due to sexual transmission had remained stable. Over half of the infections diagnosed in the period 2000-2003 (58%) were attributable to heterosexual transmission, 18% occurred in parenteral drug users and 12% in homosexual men. Thirty-three percent were persons originally from other countries. The incidence of AIDS fell from 75 cases in 1996 to 20 in 2003, and mortality from 65 to 8 cases, respectively. In the 2000-2003 period, the average annual incidence of AIDS was 4.2 per 100,000 inhabitants and the average annual rate of mortality was 1.6 per 100,000 inhabitants. At the end of 2003, there were 902 living persons with a diagnosis of HIV monitored by the health system (1.6 known infections per 1,000 inhabitants). In 2003, 65% of the youths aged between 15 and 29 referred to coital sexual relations, a higher percentage than in previous years, but their level of information on the prevention of AIDS was acceptable. It is necessary to insist on prevention and to adapt this to the new situation.

[Compulsory Diseases Notification (CDN) in Navarre 2003]. / Situación de las enfermedades de declaración obligatoria (EDO) en Navarra, 2003.

Epidemiological vigilance in Navarre covers 34 transmissible diseases, whose notification is compulsory, and epidemic outbreaks of any aetiology. Notification is carried out on a weekly basis by the doctors from paediatrics, primary and specialised level who suspect or diagnose any of these diseases. In 2003, 75.0% of all the possible notification reports (a weekly report for each doctor) were received, a percentage that has improved in the last five year period. In 2003, Influenza reached a rate of 48.9 cases per 1,000 inhabitants (Epidemic Index, EI: 0.91), showing an epidemic peak in January and another in November. The rate of respiratory tuberculosis was 11.76 cases per 100,000 inhabitants, and the rate of non-respiratory tuberculosis was 1.90, with a continuous trend to decrease in both cases. Five cases of tuberculosis occurred in two small family outbreaks. Thirty percent of the cases were produced in immigrants. The cases coinfected with HIV have fallen from 21% in 1996 to 2.5% in 2003. Fifteen cases of meningococcal disease were reported, (2.6 cases per 100,000 inhabitants), appearing in a sporadic form. Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B was isolated in 10 cases, and serogroup C in 5 cases. Eighty percent appeared in the form of sepsis, and death occurred in one case (6.7%). All of the cases younger than six years of age were vaccinated and belonged to serogroup B. The incidence of Legionnaire's disease was 3.8 cases per 100,000 inhabitants (EI: 0.92), without any epidemiological relation between them. There were 7 cases of malaria, all imported. The incidence of food borne infections has fallen (EI: 0.71).

Progresos en el control de la infección por el VIH y el sida en Navarra, 1985-2003 / Progress in the control of HIV infection and AIDS in Navarre, 1985-2003

Se revisa la situación epidemiológica de la infección por el VIH y el sida en Navarra en 2003.Hasta diciembre de 2003 se habían diagnosticado 1.610 infecciones por el VIH en residentes en Navarra, de los cuales el 41 por ciento habían fallecido. Los nuevos diagnósticos de VIH han disminuido un 81 por ciento entre 1993 y 2003, año en que se diagnosticaron 28 casos (4,8 por 100.000 habitantes). El descenso se produjo fundamentalmente en las infecciones en usuarios de drogas inyectadas, ya que los casos por transmisión sexual se han mantenido estables. Más de la mitad de las infecciones diagnosticadas en el período 2000-2003 (58 por ciento) eran atribuibles a transmisión heterosexual, el 18 por ciento ocurrieron en usuarios de drogas por vía parenteral y el 12 por ciento en hombres homosexuales. El 33 por ciento eran personas originarias de otros países. La incidencia de sida ha disminuido de 75 casos en 1996 a 20 en 2003, y la mortalidad de 65 a 8 casos, respectivamente. En el período 2000-2003 la incidencia media anual de sida fue de 4,2 por 100.000 habitantes y la tasa media anual de mortalidad de 1,6 por 100.000 habitantes. A finales de 2003 había 902 personas vivas con diagnóstico de VIH seguidas en el sistema sanitario (1,6 infecciones conocidas por 1.000 habitantes). En 2003 el 65 por ciento de los jóvenes de 15 a 29 años refería relaciones sexuales coitales, porcentaje mayor que en años anteriores, pero su nivel de información sobre prevención del sida fue aceptable. Es preciso insistir en la prevención y adaptarla a las nuevas situaciones (AU)

Situación de las enfermedades de declaración obligatoria (EDO) en Navarra, 2003 / Compulsory Diseases Notification (CDN) in Navarre 2003

La vigilancia epidemiológica de Navarra comprende 34 enfermedades transmisibles de declaración obligatoria y los brotes epidémicos de cualquier etiología. La declaración es efectuada semanalmente por los médicos de pediatría, atención primaria y asistencia especializada, ante la sospecha o diagnóstico de estos procesos. En 2003 se recibieron el 75,0 por ciento de todas los partes de notificaciones posibles (un parte semanal por médico), porcentaje que ha mejorado en el último quinquenio. En 2003 la gripe alcanzó una tasa de 48,9 casos por 1.000 habitantes (índice epidémico, IE: 0,91), y presentó un pico epidémico en enero y otro en noviembre. La tasa de tuberculosis respiratoria fue de 11,76 casos por 100.000 habitantes, y la de tuberculosis no respiratoria de 1,90, continuando en ambas la tendencia descendente. Cinco casos de tuberculosis ocurrieron en dos pequeños brotes familiares. El 30 por ciento de los casos se produjeron en inmigrantes. Los casos coinfectados con VIH han descendido del 21 por ciento en 1996 al 2,5 por ciento en 2003.Se notificaron 15 casos confirmados de enfermedad meningocócica (2,6 por 100.000 habitantes; IE:1,00), presentados de forma esporádica. En 10 se aisló Neisseria meningitidis serogrupo B y en 5 el serogrupo C. El 80 por ciento se presentaron en forma de sepsis, y en un caso (6,7 por ciento) se produjo el fallecimiento. Todos los casos menores de 6 años estaban vacunados y fueron por serogrupo B. La incidencia de legionelosis fue de 3,8 casos por 100.000 habitantes (IE: 0,92), sin relación epidemiológica entre ellos. Se produjeron 7 casos de paludismo, todos importados. La incidencia de toxinfecciones alimentarias ha disminuido (IE: 0,71) (AU)

[Epidemiological surveillance of HIV/Aids infections in Navarra between 1985 and 2002]. / Vigilancia epidemiológica de las infecciones por el VIH/sida en Navarra entre 1985 y 2002.

In the year 1985, the first cases of Aids were diagnosed in Navarra. Since then and until December 2002, according to the notifications received, 2,329 persons with HIV have been counted, of whom 1,538 were from Navarra and 791 temporary residents in this autonomous community. In recent years, the incidence of new diagnoses of HIV infection and cases of Aids has shown a clear tendency to fall in Navarra. The decrease in cases has been very important amongst the users of intravenous drugs, while the cases amongst homo/bisexuals and cases related to heterosexual transmission have remained fairly stable. In the 1999-2002 period, the cases of infection through a sexual relationship have been more numerous than the cases registered in users of intravenous drugs. The proportion of cases in persons originating from countries with a high endemicity is increasing, coming to represent about 25% of the new cases of infection in the 2000-2002 period. The follow up of the 1,538 HIV patients of Navarra has shown that, at the end of 2002, death had occurred in 39.5% of cases, and it was possible to confirm that 55% were still alive. With regard to their relation to the health services, it has been found that of the 847 patients who are still living, the great majority (80%) are being attended to by the Infectious Services of the Hospital of Navarre and another 9.4% in the Internal Medicine Services of the Garcia Orcoyen and Reina Sofia Hospitals.

[Diseases of Compulsory Notification (DCN) in Navarra. 2002]. / Situación de las Enfermedades de Declaración Obligatoria (EDO) en Navarra. 2002.

Since 1998, the Epidemiological Survelliance System of Navarra has included the notification of 34 transmissible infectious diseases, to which are added epidemic outbreaks of any aetiology and cause. Reporting to the system is carried out on a weekly basis by every doctor who suspects, or diagnoses, any of these processes. In our autonomous community, Diseases of Compulsory Notification (DCN) are reported using standardised forms on a weekly basis to the Section of Infectious Diseases and Control of Outbreaks of the Public Health Institute. Notification is made by the doctors and/or paediatricians of Primary Care and by certain services of Specialised Care. Subsequently, the information is sent to the National Epidemiology Centre where data from the Autonomous Communities is centralised and diffused. The year 2002 marks the fifth year of the new Epidemiological Vigilance System. In these five years there have been 74,814 notifications of disease, 17,184 in the year 2002, which provides a balance of notification of 74.07% for this year. In 2002, under the heading of respiratory transmitted diseases, 24,870 cases of Inluenza were reported, Epidemic Index (EI: 0.80). 58% of total annual cases were reported in the first nine weeks of the year, with a maximum in week 4 when 3,277 cases were reported. 16 cases of Meningococcal Disease were reported to the system (EI: 1.07). All the cases were confirmed microbiologically and all appeared in a sporadic way. With respect to the causative serogroup, on 12 occasions Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B was isolated and in the 4 remaining cases serogroup C was isolated. One case was notified in infants of less than 2 years of age (Rate: 10.52 cases per 100,000), another case in children between 2 and 5 years (5.52 cases per 100,000), 5 cases in the age group of 6 to 19 years (Rate: 5.86 cases per 100,000) and the remaining nine cases in the age group of persons aged 20 years or over (2.2 per 100,000). 70 cases of Legionellosis were declared in 2002 (EI: 4.67), all but one under the clinical form of pneumonia. Twenty-two of the cases were presented in the context of two outbreaks with a community origin, which affected 17 and 5 persons respectively. Similarly, there was a notable increase in the declaration of cases of bacillary dysentery, with 6 cases (EI: 2.00), brucellosis, with 10 cases (EI: 1.67) and chickenpox, with 4,346 notified cases (EI: 1.61).

Vigilancia epidemiológica de las infecciones por el VIH/sida en Navarra entre 1985 y 2002 / Epidemiological surveillance of HIV/Aids infections in Navarra between 1985 and 2002

En el año 1985 se diagnosticaron en Navarra los primeros casos de sida. Desde entonces y hasta diciembre de 2002 según las notificaciones recibidas se han contabilizado 2.329 personas con infección por VIH, de las que 1.538 eran de Navarra y 791 residentes temporales en esta comunidad autónoma. La incidencia de nuevos diagnósticos de infección por VIH y casos de sida muestran una clara tendencia descendente en Navarra en los últimos años. La disminución de casos ha sido muy importante entre los usuarios de drogas de inyección, mientras que los casos entre los homo/bisexuales y los casos relacionados con la transmisión heterosexual se mantienen bastante estables. En el período 1999-2002, los casos de infección a través de una relación sexual son más numerosos que los casos registrados en usuarios de drogas de inyección. La proporción de casos en personas originarias de países de alta endemia está aumentando, llegando a suponer en torno al 25 por ciento de los nuevos casos de infección en el período 2000-2002.El seguimiento de los 1.538 pacientes VIH de Navarra ha mostrado que a finales del 2002, en el 39,5 por ciento se había registrado el fallecimiento y en el 55 por ciento se pudo constatar que seguían vivos. En cuanto a su relación con los servicios asistenciales, se ha encontrado que de los 847 pacientes que continúan vivos, una gran mayoría (80 por ciento) están siendo atendidos por el Servicio de Infecciosas del Hospital de Navarra y otro 9,4 por ciento en los Servicios de Medicina Interna de los Hospitales García Orcoyen y Reina Sofía (AU)

Situación de las Enfermedades de Declaración Obligatoria (EDO) en Navarra. 2002 / Diseases of Compulsory Notification (DCN) in Navarra. 2002

Desde 1998, el Sistema de Vigilancia Epidemiológica de Navarra comprende la notificación de 34 enfermedades transmisibles infecciosas a las que se añaden los brotes epidémicos de cualquier etiología y causa. La declaración al sistema se realiza de forma semanal por todo médico que sospeche o diagnostique cualquiera de estos procesos. En nuestra comunidad, las Enfermedades de Declaración Obligatoria (EDO) se notifican en impresos normalizados y con periodicidad semanal a la Sección de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Control de Brotes del Instituto de Salud Pública. La declaración la efectúan todos los médicos y/o pediatras de Atención Primaria y de determinados servicios de Asistencia Especializada. Posteriormente, la información se envía al Centro Nacional de Epidemiología donde se centralizan y difunden los datos de las Comunidades Autónomas. Con el año 2002, se cumplen cinco años del nuevo Sistema de Vigilancia Epidemiológica de Navarra. En estos 5 años se han notificado 74.814 declaraciones de enfermedad, 17.184 en el año 2002, lo que arroja para este año un porcentaje de declaración de 74,07%. En el año 2002, en lo que respecta a la rúbrica de enfermedades de transmisión respiratoria, se han notificado 24.870 casos de gripe, Índice Epidémico (IE: 0,80). En las nueve primeras semanas del año se notificaron el 58% de los casos correspondientes al año completo, con un máximo en la semana 4 con 3.277 casos notificados.  Se notificaron al sistema 16 casos de Enfermedad Meningocócica (IE: 1,07). Todos ellos fueron confirmados microbiológicamente, presentándose asimismo de manera esporádica. Respecto al serogrupo causal, en 12 ocasiones se aisló Neisseria meningitidis serogrupo B y en las cuatro restantes se aisló el serogrupo C. Un caso se notificó en menores de 2 años (Tasa: 10,52 casos por 100.000 habitantes), otro caso en niños de 2 a 5 años (5,52 casos por 100.000), cinco casos en el grupo de edad de 6 a 19 años (Tasa: 5,86 casos por 100.000) y los nueve casos restantes en el grupo de edad personas de 20 y más años (2,2 casos por 100.000). Se han declarado 70 casos de legionelosis en el año 2002 (IE: 4,67), todos excepto uno bajo la forma clínica de neumonía. Veintidós de ellos se han presentado en el contexto de dos brotes de origen comunitario que afectaron a 17 y a 5 personas, respectivamente. Asimismo, destaca el aumento de la notificación de casos de disentería bacilar, con 6 casos (IE: 2,00), brucelosis, con 10 casos (IE: 1,67) y varicela, con 4.346 casos notificados (IE: 1,61) (AU)

Since 1998, the Epidemiological Survelliance System of Navarra has included the notification of 34 transmissible infectious diseases, to which are added epidemic outbreaks of any aetiology and cause. Reporting to the system is carried out on a weekly basis by every doctor who suspects, or diagnoses, any of these processes. In our autonomous community, Diseases of Compulsory Notification (DCN) are reported using standardised forms on a weekly basis to the Section of Infectious Diseases and Control of Outbreaks of the Public Health Institute. Notification is made by the doctors and/or paediatricians of Primary Care and by certain services of Specialised Care. Subsequently, the information is sent to the National Epidemiology Centre where data from the Autonomous Communities is centralised and diffused. The year 2002 marks the fifth year of the new Epidemiological Vigilance System. In these five years there have been 74,814 notifications of disease, 17,184 in the year 2002, which provides a balance of notification of 74.07% for this year. In 2002, under the heading of respiratory transmitted diseases, 24,870 cases of Inluenza were reported, Epidemic Index (EI: 0.80). 58% of total annual cases were reported in the first nine weeks of the year, with a maximum in week 4 when 3,277 cases were reported. 16 cases of Meningococcal Disease were reported to the system (EI: 1.07). All the cases were confirmed microbiologically and all appeared in a sporadic way. With respect to the causative serogroup, on 12 occasions Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B was isolated and in the 4 remaining cases serogroup C was isolated. One case was notified in infants of less than 2 years of age (Rate: 10.52 cases per 100,000), another case in children between 2 and 5 years (5.52 cases per 100,000), 5 cases in the age group of 6 to 19 years (Rate: 5.86 cases per 100,000) and the remaining nine cases in the age group of persons aged 20 years or over (2.2 per 100,000). 70 cases of Legionellosis were declared in 2002 (EI: 4.67), all but one under the clinical form of pneumonia. Twenty-two of the cases were presented in the context of two outbreaks with a community origin, which affected 17 and 5 persons respectively. Similarly, there was a notable increase in the declaration of cases of bacillary dysentery, with 6 cases (EI: 2.00), brucellosis, with 10 cases (EI: 1.67) and chickenpox, with 4,346 notified cases (EI: 1.61) (AU)

Vigilancia epidemiológica del VIH/SIDA en Navarra / Epidemiological surveillance of HIV/AIDS in Navarra

Han pasado más de 15 años desde que en 1985 se diagnosticaron en Navarra los primeros casos de SIDA. Desde entonces y hasta diciembre de 2001 según las notificaciones recibidas se han contabilizado 2.400 personas con infección por VIH, de las que aproximadamente 700 han desarrollado SIDA y 565 han fallecido por SIDA u otras causas. La incidencia de nuevas infecciones por VIH, casos de SIDA y muertes relacionadas con éste muestran una clara tendencia descendente en Navarra en los últimos años. La disminución de casos es muy importante entre los usuarios de drogas de inyección, mientras que los casos entre los homo/bisexuales masculinos y entre las personas infectadas tras una relación heterosexual se mantienen bastante estables. Por primera vez, a partir de 1999, las personas infectadas a través de una relación sexual son más numerosas que los usuarios de drogas por vía parenteral. La proporción de casos de SIDA e infección en personas originarias de países de alta endemia está aumentando, llegando a suponer el 23 por ciento de los nuevos casos de infección en los años 2000 y 2001. Los datos de Navarra reflejan igualmente la importante reducción de casos de SIDA y muertes relacionadas con el SIDA desde que en 1996 se introdujeron los tratamientos antirretrovirales más eficaces. Las estrategias para la detección de la infección por VIH en las personas que hayan mantenido prácticas de riesgo es importante si consideramos que en los años 2000 y 2001, en uno de cada 5 pacientes el diagnóstico de infección y enfermedad fue simultáneo lo que implica que estas personas no se beneficiaron de los tratamientos de la misma manera que si el diagnóstico hubiese sido anterior (AU)

Situación de las enfermedades de declaración obligatoria (EDO) en Navarra. 2001 / Surveillance report on diseases of compulsory declaration (DCD) in Navarra. 2001

El Sistema de Vigilancia Epidemiológica de Navarra comprende la notificación de 34 enfermedades transmisibles infecciosas a las que se añaden los brotes epidémicos de cualquier etiología y causa. La declaración al sistema se realiza de forma semanal por todo médico que sospeche o diagnostique cualquiera de estos procesos. En el año 2001 se han declarado 7.779 casos de gripe (IE: 0,20), con la particularidad de que no se presentó el pico epidémico invernal. En las doce primeras semanas del año se declararon el 48 por ciento de los casos correspondientes al total anual, con un máximo en la semana 4 con únicamente 449 casos notificados. Se declararon al sistema 10 casos de enfermedad meningocócica (IE: 0,59), cifra que se considera un mínimo histórico. Nueve casos fueron confirmados microbiológicamente y todos ellos se presentaron de manera esporádica. Respecto al serogrupo causante, en 6 ocasiones se aisló Neisseria meningitidis serogrupo B y en las tres restantes se aisló el serogrupo C. Por grupos de edad, 3 casos se declararon en menores de 2 años (Tasa: 34,6 casos por 100.000 habitantes), 2 casos en niños de 2 a 5 años (11,0 casos por 100.000), 4 casos en el grupo de edad de 6 a 19 años (Tasa: 4,7 casos por 100.000) y el caso restante en el grupo de edad personas de 20 y más años (0,24 casos por 100.000).Se han declarado 42 casos de legionelosis en el año 2001, todos ellos bajo la forma clínica de neumonía. Veinticinco de ellos se han presentado en un contexto de brote; tres brotes comunitarios y uno de origen nosocomial, que afectó a 19 personas. Asimismo, destaca el aumento de la declaración de casos de hepatitis A con 33 casos (IE: 2,06), brucelosis, con 9 casos (IE: 0,81) y sobre todo parotiditis, con 267 casos notificados (IE: 8,34) (AU)