Small Bowel Crohn's Disease: Proximal Lesions Linked to Increased Inflammation and Biologic Treatment Needs.

OBJECTIVE: Crohn's disease (CD) is heterogeneous, and proximal involvement in the small bowel (SB) is associated with worse outcomes. Nonetheless, studies on the impact of duodenal and jejunal lesions in SB CD are limited. This study aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics and outcomes of individuals diagnosed with SB CD, comparing those with and without proximal inflammation. METHODS: A cohort of 53 treatment-naive SB CD patients that underwent Capsule Endoscopy at diagnosis were retrospectively selected. The inflammatory activity was quantified using the Lewis Score for each SB tertile. RESULTS: Thirty-seven (69.8%) patients displayed inflammatory activity in the first and/or second tertile together with third tertile involvement (Proximal+T3 group). Sixteen (30.2%) had inflammation in the third tertile only (T3 group). Individuals in the Proximal+T3 group had a higher risk for moderate-to-severe inflammation (OR 4.93, 95% CI: 1.3-18.3, p=0.013). A subgroup analysis for those with mild inflammatory activity showed that individuals in the Proximal+T3 group initiated biologic drugs more often (OR 11, 95% CI: 1.1-109.7, p=0.036). CONCLUSION: Proximal SB lesions are associated with increased inflammatory activity, necessitating more frequent use of biologics in patients with mild disease. Early detection of proximal SB CD with Capsule Endoscopy may contribute to timely treatment.

Determining the need for surgery in small bowel obstructions based on clinical, laboratory, and radiological parameters.

OBJECTIVE: Small bowel obstruction (SBO) is a common and important surgical emergency. Our aim in this study is to describe the clinical, laboratory, and computed tomography (CT) findings to facilitate the objective identification of SBO patients in need of operative treatment in this patient population. METHODS: This retrospective study included 340 patients hospitalized due to a preliminary diagnosis of ileus. Retrieved data of patients included age, gender, comorbidities, previous hospitalization due to ileus, surgical history, physical examination findings, complete blood count and biochemistry test results, and CT findings at admission. RESULTS: The study included 180 (52.9%) male and 160 (47.1%) female patients. Treatment was conservative in 216 patients and surgery in 124 patients. Of the patients included in the study, 36.4% needed surgery. Of the female patients, 38.90% received conservative treatment and 61.30% underwent surgery. Adhesions were the most common cause of obstruction in operated patients (43.50%). CONCLUSION: We have found that female gender, vomiting, guarding, rebound, C-reactive protein levels above 75 mg/L, increased bowel diameter, and a transition zone on CT images indicate a strong need for surgery, but a history of previous hospitalization for ileus may show that surgery may not be the best option.

OBJETIVO: Describir los hallazgos clínicos, de laboratorio y de tomografía computarizada (TC) para facilitar la identificación objetiva de los pacientes con obstrucción del intestino delgado que necesitan tratamiento quirúrgico. MÉTODO: Este estudio incluyó 340 pacientes. Los datos obtenidos fueron edad, sexo, comorbilidad, hospitalización previa debida a íleo, historia quirúrgica, hallazgos de la exploración física, hemograma completo y resultados de las pruebas bioquímicas, y hallazgos de la TC al ingreso. RESULTADOS: El estudio incluyó 180 (52.9%) varones y 160 (47.1%) mujeres. El tratamiento fue conservador en 216 pacientes y quirúrgico en 124 pacientes. De los pacientes incluidos en el estudio, el 36.4% necesitaron cirugía. De las mujeres, el 38.90% recibieron tratamiento conservador y el 61.30% se sometieron a cirugía. CONCLUSIONES: Encontramos que el sexo femenino, los vómitos, la guardia, el rebote, los niveles de proteína C reactiva superiores a 75 mg/l, el aumento del diámetro intestinal y una zona de transición en las imágenes de TC indican una fuerte necesidad de cirugía.

Predictors of Response to a Dietary Intervention in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Different diets have emerged as potential therapeutic options for patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). OBJECTIVE: To identify predictors of improvement after a low-FODMAP, low-starch and low- sucrose diet among patients with IBS. METHODS: We performed a descriptive cross-sectional study including patients with IBS according to Rome IV criteria undertaking a social-media based program with a two-week dietary intervention. Patients completed an online survey before and after the intervention including the presence of intestinal and extra-intestinal symptoms, the IBS-SSS (irritable bowel syndrome symptoms severity scale) and the PHQ-9 (patient health questionnaire-9). Clinical improvement was defined as a decrease of at least 50% in IBS-SSS post dietary intervention. Variables associated with symptomatic response were identified with logistic regression analysis. A clinical score to predict response was created and tested with a with a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. RESULTS: A total of 3,583 patients with IBS were included. Mean IBS-SSS before and after dietary intervention was 295.5 ± 52.32 and 240 ± 48.66, respectively (p=0.01); 1,178 (32.8%) patients showed clinical improvement. A mean basal IBS-SSS > 400 (OR 3.04), chronic headache (OR 1.96), and chronic fatigue (OR 1.81) were significantly associated with symptomatic response. Patients with arthralgia (OR 0.41) and/or fibromyalgia (OR 0.33) were less likely to improve. Each variable received the following individuals scores: IBS-SSS > 400: +2, chronic headache: +1.5, chronic fatigue: +1, arthralgia: -1, and fibromyalgia: -1. The ROC curve analysis of the proposed score showed an area under the curve of 0.72 (95%CI 0.69-0.76). A score ≥ 3 had a sensitivity of 72.64% and specificity of 60.56% for predicting symptomatic improvement. CONCLUSIONS: There are clinical variables that could serve as reliable predictors of response to a low-FODMAP, low-sucrose, low-starch diet among patients with IBS. Further research is needed to understand the link between the presence of extra-intestinal symptoms and clinical improvement after dietary interventions for IBS.

Neumatosis quística intestinal, un reto diagnóstico: reporte de caso / Cystic intestinal pneumatosis, a diagnostic challenge: case report

Introducción. La neumatosis quística intestinal se describe como la presencia de gas dentro de la pared intestinal. Es una entidad poco frecuente, con una incidencia del 0,03 % en la población global. Aparece con predilección en el género masculino después de los 45 años yse localiza principalmente en el intestino delgado (42 %) y el colon. Se puede asociar a varias condiciones que en ocasiones requieren manejo quirúrgico. Caso clínico. Se presenta el caso de un hombre 75 años, con antecedente de hipertensión arterial, quien consultó por un cuadro de 15 días de evolución consistente en distensión abdominal, dolor y estreñimiento. En urgencias se solicitó una radiografía de tórax que mostró neumoperitoneo y varios niveles hidroaéreos, por lo que el cirujano de turno consideró una posible ruptura de víscera hueca. Resultados. Fue llevado a laparotomía exploratoria, donde se identificó neumatosis quística intestinal y estómago muy aumentado de tamaño, compatible con gastroparesia. Como resultado del tratamiento brindado, el paciente tuvo un desenlace satisfactorio logrando alta médica, apoyado con cuidados básicos de enfermería. Conclusiones. Si bien los casos de neumatosis quística intestinal son de presentación inusual, se puede encontrar en pacientes con hallazgos imagenológicos de neumoperitoneo. Por eso, se debe realizar un análisis concienzudo de cada paciente e individualizar el caso para el correcto diagnóstico.

Introduction. Cystic pneumatosis intestinalis is described as the presence of gas within the intestinal wall. It is a rare entity, with an incidence of 0.03% in the global population. It appears with a predilection in the male gender after 45 years of age and is located mainly in the small intestine (42%) and the colon. It can be associated with several conditions that sometimes require surgical management. Clinical case. The case of a 75-year-old man with a history of high blood pressure is presented, who consulted for a 15-day history consisting of abdominal distention, pain and constipation. In the emergency room, a chest x-ray was requested, which showed pneumoperitoneum and several air-fluid levels. The surgeon on call considered a possible rupture of the hollow viscus. Results. The patient was taken to exploratory laparotomy, where intestinal cystic pneumatosis and a greatly enlarged stomach were identified, compatible with gastroparesis. As a result of the treatment provided, the patient had a satisfactory outcome, achieving medical discharge, supported with basic nursing care. Conclusions. Although cases of intestinal cystic pneumatosis have an unusual presentation, it can be found in patients with imaging findings of pneumoperitoneum. Therefore, a thorough analysis of each patient must be carried out and the case individualized for the correct diagnosis.

Can direct bilirubin-to-lymphocyte ratio predict surgery for pediatric adhesive small bowel obstruction?

OBJECTIVE: Estimating which patients might require surgical intervention is crucial. Patients with complete bowel obstructions exhibit disrupted enterohepatic cycles of bile and bacteremia due to bacterial translocation. The goal of this study was to develop a prediction index using laboratory inflammatory data to identify patients who may need surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The patients were divided into two groups based on their management strategy: Non-operative management (Group 1) and surgical management (Group 2). RESULTS: The indirect bilirubin, direct bilirubin, and total bilirubin were significantly higher in Group 2 than in Group 1 (p = 0.001, p < 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively). The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-NLR (PNLR), and direct bilirubin-to-lymphocyte ratio (DBR) were significantly higher in Group 2 compared to Group 1 (p = 0.041, p = 0.020, and p < 0.001, respectively). In group 2, 78% have viable bowels. Resection was performed in 40% of cases, with 12% mortality and a 10-day average hospital stay. DLR performs the best overall accuracy (72%), demonstrating a well-balanced sensitivity (62%) and specificity (81%). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggested that DBR is a more accurate predictive index for surgical intervention in pediatric adhesive small bowel obstruction patients compared to NLR and PNLR, providing valuable guidance for treatment strategies.

OBJETIVO: Desarrollar un índice de predicción utilizando datos inflamatorios de laboratorio para identificar qué pacientes podrían necesitar cirugía. MÉTODO: Los pacientes se dividieron en dos grupos según su estrategia de manejo: no quirúrgico (grupo 1) o quirúrgico (grupo 2). RESULTADOS: Las bilirrubinas indirecta, directa y total fueron significativamente más altas en el grupo 2 que en el grupo 1 (p = 0.001, p < 0.001 y p < 0.001, respectivamente). Las relaciones neutrófilos-linfocitos, plaquetas-neutrófilos-linfocitos y bilirrubina directa-linfocitos fueron significativamente más altas en el grupo 2 que en el grupo 1 (p = 0.041, p = 0.020 y p < 0.001, respectivamente). En el grupo 2, el 78% tenían intestino viable. Se realizó resección en el 40% de los casos, con un 12% de mortalidad y una estancia hospitalaria promedio de 10 días. La relación bilirrubina directa-linfocitos tuvo la mejor precisión general (72%), demostrando una sensibilidad bien equilibrada (62%) y una buena especificidad (81%). CONCLUSIONES: Este estudio sugiere que la relación bilirrubina directa-linfocitos es un índice predictivo más preciso para la intervención quirúrgica en pacientes pediátricos con obstrucción adhesiva de intestino delgado en comparación con la de neutrófilos-linfocitos y la de plaquetas-neutrófilos-linfocitos, proporcionando una valiosa orientación para las estrategias de tratamiento.

Novedades en la evaluación y tratamiento de la obstrucción intestinal alta

La obstrucción intestinal mecánica es un problema quirúrgico significativo en términos de prevalencia, morbimortalidad y costos económicos asociados. En los últimos años se han realizado avances en: detectar mecanismos fisiopatológicos del desarrollo de adherencias, optimizar el diagnóstico de pacientes aptos para manejo conservador, valorar la utilidad intraoperatoria de herramientas que definan la necesidad de resección intestinal y hallar terapias preventivas. El objetivo de esta revisión narrativa es sintetizar la evidencia científica actualizada, publicada referente al diagnóstico y tratamiento de una obstrucción intestinal alta mecánica.

Mechanical small bowel obstruction is a significant surgical problem in terms of prevalence, morbimortality, and associated economic costs. In recent years, advances have been made in: detection of physio pathological mechanisms of adhesion genesis, improvement in diagnosis of patients suitable for conservative treatment, assessment the efficacy of intraoperative tools that define the need for intestinal resection, and development of preventive therapies. The objective of this narrative review is to synthesize the updated scientific evidence published, regarding the diagnosis and treatment of mechanical small bowel obstruction.

Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO), a clinically overdiagnosed entity? / Sobrecrecimiento bacteriano del intestino delgado (SIBO), ¿una entidad clínica sobrediagnosticada?

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is a clinical entity recognized since ancient times; it represents the consequences of bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine associated with malabsorption. Recently, SIBO as a term has been popularized due to its high prevalence reported in various pathologies since the moment it is indirectly diagnosed with exhaled air tests. In the present article, the results of duodenal/jejunal aspirate culture testing as a reference diagnostic method, as well as the characteristics of the small intestinal microbiota described by culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques in SIBO, and their comparison with exhaled air testing are presented to argue about its overdiagnosis.

Vaccine adherence and adverse events of the SARS-COV vaccine in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

OBJECTIVE: To assess adherence to and the adverse effects of the SARS-COV vaccine in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). PATIENTS AND METHODS: This is an observational, analytical, cross-sectional study. Sociodemographic and clinical data, SARS-COV vaccine data, medications for IBD with use during the vaccination period, and adverse events during the vaccination period were collected. Carried out logistic regressions with robust variance estimation to estimate the odds ratio with the respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) to assess the factors associated with non-serious adverse effects following vaccine doses as outcome variables. RESULTS: 194 patients participated, with vaccine compliance of 78.3% for three doses of any vaccine (n=152). Local symptoms and mild systemic symptoms predominated, regardless of the type of vaccine. The first dose of the SARS-COV vaccine with AstraZeneca had a higher percentage of patients with vaccine symptoms. AstraZeneca vaccine increased the chance of non-serious adverse effects in IBD patients by 2.65 times (95% CI: 1.38-5.08; p=0.003), regardless of age, gender, physical activity, excess weight, use of disease-modifying drugs, immunobiological and corticosteroids. CoronaVac vaccine was associated with asymptomatic patients at the first dose and reduced the chance of adverse effects by 0.28 times (OR: 0.284; 95%CI: 0.13-0.62; p=0.002). CONCLUSION: Local symptoms and mild systemic symptoms predominated, regardless of the type of vaccine. Using CoronaVac in the first dose reduced the chances of adverse effects, while AstraZeneca increased the risk of adverse effects.

Clinical features and prognosis of malignant small bowel tumors: Experience from a university hospital in Chile / Características clínicas y pronóstico de los tumores malignos de intestino delgado: experiencia en un hospital universitario de Chile

Background Small bowel tumors (SBT) are infrequent and represent a small proportion of digestive neoplasms. There is scarce information about SBT in Latin America.AimTo describe the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, diagnostic methods, and survival of malignant SBTs.MethodsRetrospective observational study of adult patients with histopathological diagnosis of SBT between 2007 and 2021 in a university hospital in Chile.ResultsA total of 104 patients [51.9% men; mean age 57 years] with SBT. Histological type: neuroendocrine tumor (NET) (43.7%, n=38), gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) (21.8%, n=19), lymphoma (17.2%, n=15) and adenocarcinoma (AC) (11.5%, n=10). GIST was more frequent in duodenum (50%; n=12) and NET in the ileum (65.8%; n=25). Metastasis was observed in 17 cases, most commonly from colon and melanoma. Nausea and vomiting were significantly more often observed in AC (p=0.035), as well as gastrointestinal bleeding in GIST (p=0.007). The most common diagnostic tools were CT and CT enteroclysis with an elevated diagnostic yield (86% and 94% respectively). The 5-year survival of GIST, NET, lymphoma and AC were 94.7% (95%CI: 68.1–99.2), 82.2% (95%CI: 57.6–93.3), 40.0% (95%CI: 16.5–82.8) and 25.9% (95%CI: 4.5–55.7%), respectively. NET (HR 6.1; 95%CI: 2.1–17.2) and GIST (HR 24.4; 95%CI: 3.0–19.8) were independently associated with higher survival compared to AC, adjusted for age and sex.ConclusionsMalignant SBT are rare conditions and NETs are the most common histological subtype. Clinical presentation at diagnosis, location or complications may suggest a more probable diagnosis. GIST and NET are associated with better survival compared to other malignant subtypes. (AU)

Introducción Los tumores del intestino delgado (TID) son infrecuentes y la información sobre ellos es escasa en Latinoamérica.ObjetivoDescribir la epidemiología, características clínicas, métodos diagnósticos y supervivencia de los TID malignos.MétodosEstudio observacional retrospectivo de pacientes adultos con diagnóstico histopatológico de TID entre 2007-2021 en un hospital universitario de Chile.ResultadosSe observaron 104 pacientes (51,9% hombres; edad media 57 años) con TID. El tipo histológico fue tumor neuroendocrino (TNE) (43,7%, n=38), tumor estromal gastrointestinal (GIST) (21,8%, n=19), linfoma (17,2%, n=15) y adenocarcinoma (AC) (11,5%, n=10). Los GIST fueron más frecuentes en el duodeno (50%; n=12) y los TNE en el íleon (65,8%; n=25). Hubo 17 casos de metástasis, más comúnmente de colon y melanoma. Las náuseas y los vómitos se observaron con mayor frecuencia en AC (p=0,035), así como el sangrado gastrointestinal en GIST (p=0,007). Las herramientas de valoración más comunes fueron TC y enteroclisis por TC con un rendimiento diagnóstico alto (86% y 94%, respectivamente). La supervivencia a cinco años de los GIST, TNE, linfoma y AC fue 94,7% (intervalo de confianza [IC] 95%: 68,1-99,2), 82,2% (IC 95%: 57,6-93,3), 40,0% (IC 95%: 16,5-82,8) y 25,9% (IC 95%: 4,5-55,7), respectivamente. Los TNE (hazard ratio [HR] 6,1; IC 95%: 2,1-17,2) y GIST (HR 24,4; IC 95%: 3,0-19,8) se asociaron de forma independiente con una mayor supervivencia en comparación con AC, ajustado por edad y sexo.ConclusionesLos TID malignos son enfermedades poco frecuentes y los TNE son el subtipo histológico más común. La presentación clínica en el momento del diagnóstico, localización o complicaciones pueden sugerir un dictamen más probable. Los GIST y TNE se asocian a una mejor supervivencia en comparación con otros subtipos malignos. (AU)

Prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome and other functional gastrointestinal disorders in Uruguay.

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most frequent functional gastrointestinal disorders. Prevalence worldwide is estimated at 11%. There is little information on the prevalence of the other functional bowel disorders (FBDs). Our aim was to establish the prevalence of IBS and other FBDs according to the Rome IV criteria, in Uruguay. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An observational, population-based prevalence study was conducted. Data were collected through an online questionnaire, utilizing the Rome IV criteria. RESULTS: Of the 1,052 participants (79% women, mean patient age 44 years), 47.2% met the Rome IV diagnostic criteria for at least one of the FBDs analyzed. Functional constipation (FC) was the most frequent, at 18.7% (16.4-21.1), followed by IBS at 17.1% (14.9-19.4) and functional diarrhea (FD) at 15.4% (13.3-17.6). IBS with constipation (IBS-C) was the most frequent IBS subtype (35%) and the IBS with diarrhea (IBS-D) subtype predominated in men. All FBDs were more prevalent in women and youths. Of the survey participants with a FBD, 59% stated that they perceived no worsening of their symptoms related to the COVID-19 pandemic. CONCLUSIONS: Ours is the first prevalence study on FBDs conducted on the Uruguayan general population. Half of the participants surveyed presented with a FBD analyzed in the study. FC was the most frequent, followed by IBS and FD. The prevalence rate of IBS was the highest, based on the Rome IV diagnostic criteria, and constipation was the most frequent subtype.

Factores asociados al desenlace en niños con mal rotación intestinal manejados en el Hospital Infantil de San Vicente Fundación, Medellín, Colombia / Factors associated with outcome in children with intestinal malrotation managed at the Hospital Infantil of San Vicente Fundación, Medellín, Colombia

Introducción. El intestino primitivo rota durante la vida embrionaria. Cuando ocurre de forma inadecuada aparece la malrotación intestinal que puede llevar a la obstrucción o al vólvulo del intestino medio. La incidencia disminuye con el aumento de la edad. La malrotación intestinal es una de las principales causas de complicaciones del tracto gastrointestinal en la edad pediátrica. Métodos. Estudio retrospectivo, observacional, transversal y analítico, de la experiencia durante 10 años en pacientes menores de 15 años con diagnóstico de malrotación intestinal, tratados en el Hospital Infantil de San Vicente Fundación, en Medellín, Colombia. Se buscó la asociación entre variables demográficas, clínicas e imagenológicas con los desenlaces. Resultados. Se obtuvieron 58 pacientes con malrotación intestinal, 65 % menores de 1 año. En 29,3 % de los pacientes se hizo el diagnóstico con la presentación clínica; los síntomas predominantes fueron distensión abdominal y emesis. En el 24,1 % se confirmó el diagnóstico con imágenes. Las variables con una diferencia estadísticamente significativa a favor de encontrar una malrotación complicada fueron choque séptico (OR=11,7), síndrome de respuesta inflamatoria sistémica (OR=8,4) y deshidratación (OR=5,18). Conclusiones. La malrotación intestinal tiene complicaciones como perforación, peritonitis, vólvulo e intestino corto. El vólvulo se acompaña de shock y sepsis, con mortalidad hasta del 50 %. Las imágenes diagnósticas son una ayuda, pero no se puede basar la conducta médica en estas porque ninguna imagen garantiza el diagnóstico definitivo. Los signos de alarma son poco específicos. En menores de un año con emesis, distensión y dolor abdominal se debe sospechar malrotación intestinal.

Introduction. The primitive intestine rotates during embryonic life. When it occurs inappropriately, intestinal malrotation appears, which can lead to obstruction or midgut volvulus. The incidence decreases when age increases. Intestinal malrotation is one of the main causes of complications of the gastrointestinal tract in pediatric age. Method. Retrospective, observational, cross-sectional and analytical study of the experience over 10 years in patients under 15 years of age with a diagnosis of intestinal malrotation, treated at Hospital Infantil of San Vicente Fundación, in Medellín, Colombia. The association between demographic, clinical and imaging variables with the outcomes was sought. Results. There were 58 patients with intestinal malrotation, 65% under one year of age. In 29.3% of patients, intestinal malrotation was diagnosed clinically. The predominant symptoms were abdominal distension and emesis. In 24.1% the diagnosis was confirmed with imaging. The variables with a statistically significant difference in favor of finding a complicated malrotation were septic shock (OR=11.7), systemic inflammatory response syndrome (OR-8.4), and dehydration (OR=5.18). Conclusions. Malrotation has complications such as perforation, peritonitis, volvulus, and short bowel. Volvulus is accompanied by shock and sepsis, with mortality of up to 50%. Diagnostic images are helpful, but medical conduct cannot be based on them because no image guarantees a definitive diagnosis. The warning signs are not very specific. In children under one year of age with emesis, distension and abdominal pain, intestinal malrotation should be suspected.

Assessing risk of recurrent small bowel obstruction after non-operative management in patients with history of intra-abdominal surgery: a population-based comprehensive analysis in Taiwan.

BACKGROUND: Despite a significant 30% ten-year readmission rate for SBO patients, investigations into recurrent risk factors after non-operative management are scarce. The study aims to generate a risk factor scoring system, the 'Small Bowel Obstruction Recurrence Score' (SBORS), predicting 6-month recurrence of small bowel obstruction (SBO) after successful non-surgical management in patients who have history of intra-abdominal surgery. METHODS: We analyzed data from patients aged ≥ 18 with a history of intra-abdominal surgery and diagnosed with SBO (ICD-9 code: 560, 568) and were successful treated non-surgically between 2004 and 2008. Participants were divided into model-derivation (80%) and validation (20%) group. RESULTS: We analyzed 23,901 patients and developed the SBORS based on factors including the length of hospital stay > 4 days, previous operations > once, hemiplegia, extra-abdominal and intra-abdominal malignancy, esophagogastric surgery and intestino-colonic surgery. Scores > 2 indicated higher rates and risks of recurrence within 6 months (12.96% vs. 7.27%, OR 1.898, p < 0.001 in model-derivation group, 12.60% vs. 7.05%, OR 1.901, p < 0.001 in validation group) with a significantly increased risk of mortality and operative events for recurrent episodes. The SBORS model demonstrated good calibration and acceptable discrimination, with an area under curve values of 0.607 and 0.599 for the score generation and validation group, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We established the effective 'SBORS' to predict 6-month SBO recurrence risk in patients who have history of intra-abdominal surgery and have been successfully managed non-surgically for the initial obstruction event. Those with scores > 2 face higher recurrence rates and operative risks after successful non-surgical management.

Usefulness and description of the intestinal bypass technique in children with short bowel syndrome: report of a Mexican cohort.

BACKGROUND: Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is one of the most frequent causes of intestinal failure, needing parenteral nutrition to maintain an energy-protein and water-electrolyte balance. At the Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez (HIMFG), the formation of two stomas is a technique used for intestinal rehabilitation, where the use of residue through the bypass technique (BT) helps to maintain gastrointestinal functionality, water-electrolyte, and nutritional stability. This study aimed to describe the technique of using intestinal residue through BT as a treatment strategy in intestinal rehabilitation and its effect on the biochemical and nutritional status of pediatric patients with SBS. METHODS: An analytical and retrospective cross-sectional study was performed in patients hospitalized at HIMFG with SBS who underwent BT during their hospital stay between 2019 and 2020 and then followed up for 8 weeks. RESULTS: A total of 10 patients were included in this study, with a mean age of 24 months; 50% were female. BT was able to reduce the inflammatory process in the liver caused by the continuous use of parenteral nutrition; enteral caloric intake increased from 25.32 kcal/kg/day to 72.94 kcal/kg/day, but it was insufficient to improve their nutritional status. CONCLUSIONS: BT is a safe and effective alternative in intestinal rehabilitation in patients with SBS to stimulate trophism and intestinal functionality, allowing a progression of enteral feeding and a decrease in the hepatic inflammatory process that occurs in these patients with prolonged parenteral nutrition.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El síndrome de intestino corto (SIC) es una de las causas más frecuentes de insuficiencia intestinal que requiere del uso de nutrición parenteral para mantener un balance energético-proteico e hidroelectrolítico. En el Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez (HIMFG) la formación de dos estomas es una técnica empleada para la rehabilitación intestinal, donde con el aprovechamiento de residuo mediante la técnica de puenteo (TP) se ayuda a mantener la funcionalidad gastrointestinal, equilibrio hidro-electrolítico y estabilidad nutricional. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la técnica del aprovechamiento de residuo intestinal mediante TP como estrategia de tratamiento en la rehabilitación intestinal y su efecto en el estado bioquímico y nutricional de pacientes pediátricos con SIC. MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal analítico y retrospectivo en pacientes hospitalizados en el HIMFG con SIC en quienes se realizó la TP durante su estancia intrahospitalaria entre 2019 y 2020. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 10 pacientes en este estudio, con una edad promedio de 24 meses, y el 50% de sexo femenino. La TP logró disminuir el proceso inflamatorio hepático ocasionado por el uso continuo de nutrición parenteral; la ingesta calórica por vía enteral incrementó de 25.32 kcal/kg/día a 72.94 kcal/kg/día, pero fue insuficiente para mejorar el estado nutricional. CONCLUSIONES: La TP es una alternativa segura y efectiva en la rehabilitación intestinal en pacientes con SIC para estimular el trofismo y funcionalidad intestinal, permitiendo una progresión de la alimentación enteral y disminución del proceso inflamatorio hepático que se presentan en estos pacientes con nutrición parenteral prolongada.

Hemorragia digestiva por intususcepción de un lipoma ulcerado en yeyuno / Gastrointestinal bleeding due to ulcerated intussuscepted jejunal lipoma

RESUMEN Los lipomas yeyunales son tumores gastrointestinales benignos e infrecuentes, de origen mesenquimático, compuestos por adipocitos que suelen estar confinados a la submucosa. Generalmente son asintomáticos y se descubren de manera incidental al realizar estudios por imágenes o endoscópicos. Sin embargo, aquellos mayores de 2 cm pueden presentar síntomas como resultado de complicaciones, como intususcepción intestinal, obstrucción o rara vez, hemorragias. Presentamos un caso infrecuente de intususcepción de un lipoma yeyunal ulcerado en un adulto, diagnosticado en el contexto de un cuadro de hemorragia digestiva.

ABSTRACT Jejunal lipomas are rare benign mesenchymal tumors made up of adipocytes confined to the submucosa layer. They are usually asymptomatic and are incidentally found during imaging or endoscopic tests. Those measuring > 2 cm may become symptomatic as a result of complications as intestinal intussusception, obstruction and bleeding. We herein report a rare case of intussusception of an ulcerated jejunal lipoma in an adult patient, that was diagnosticated in the setting of an intestinal hemorrhage.

Clinical features and prognosis of malignant small bowel tumors: Experience from a university hospital in Chile.

BACKGROUND: Small bowel tumors (SBT) are infrequent and represent a small proportion of digestive neoplasms. There is scarce information about SBT in Latin America. AIM: To describe the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, diagnostic methods, and survival of malignant SBTs. METHODS: Retrospective observational study of adult patients with histopathological diagnosis of SBT between 2007 and 2021 in a university hospital in Chile. RESULTS: A total of 104 patients [51.9% men; mean age 57 years] with SBT. Histological type: neuroendocrine tumor (NET) (43.7%, n=38), gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) (21.8%, n=19), lymphoma (17.2%, n=15) and adenocarcinoma (AC) (11.5%, n=10). GIST was more frequent in duodenum (50%; n=12) and NET in the ileum (65.8%; n=25). Metastasis was observed in 17 cases, most commonly from colon and melanoma. Nausea and vomiting were significantly more often observed in AC (p=0.035), as well as gastrointestinal bleeding in GIST (p=0.007). The most common diagnostic tools were CT and CT enteroclysis with an elevated diagnostic yield (86% and 94% respectively). The 5-year survival of GIST, NET, lymphoma and AC were 94.7% (95%CI: 68.1-99.2), 82.2% (95%CI: 57.6-93.3), 40.0% (95%CI: 16.5-82.8) and 25.9% (95%CI: 4.5-55.7%), respectively. NET (HR 6.1; 95%CI: 2.1-17.2) and GIST (HR 24.4; 95%CI: 3.0-19.8) were independently associated with higher survival compared to AC, adjusted for age and sex. CONCLUSIONS: Malignant SBT are rare conditions and NETs are the most common histological subtype. Clinical presentation at diagnosis, location or complications may suggest a more probable diagnosis. GIST and NET are associated with better survival compared to other malignant subtypes.

Evaluation of the efficacy of probiotics as treatment in irritable bowel syndrome.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a gastrointestinal functional disorder mainly characterised by abdominal pain, bloating and altered bowel habits. Dysbiosis might seem to be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. Probiotics represent a potential treatment, since these could favour the functional microbiota and improve symptoms. The aim was to review the effectiveness of the use of probiotics in IBS symptomatology, analysing the influence of duration and dose. 18 articles were included. At the individual level, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Bacillus could be useful in the treatment of symptoms. Bifidobacterium bifidum reported the best results (1 × 109 CFU/day for 4 weeks). The most effective combination was 2 Lactobacillus strains, one of Bifidobacterium and one of Streptococcus (4 × 109 CFU/day for 4 weeks). Future clinical trials should confirm these results and analyse the difference between individual and combined treatments.

Usefulness and description of the intestinal bypass technique in children with short bowel syndrome: report of a Mexican cohort / Utilidad y descripción de la técnica de puenteo intestinal en niños con síndrome de intestino corto: reporte de una cohorte en México

Abstract Background: Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is one of the most frequent causes of intestinal failure, needing parenteral nutrition to maintain an energy-protein and water-electrolyte balance. At the Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez (HIMFG), the formation of two stomas is a technique used for intestinal rehabilitation, where the use of residue through the bypass technique (BT) helps to maintain gastrointestinal functionality, water-electrolyte, and nutritional stability. This study aimed to describe the technique of using intestinal residue through BT as a treatment strategy in intestinal rehabilitation and its effect on the biochemical and nutritional status of pediatric patients with SBS. Methods: An analytical and retrospective cross-sectional study was performed in patients hospitalized at HIMFG with SBS who underwent BT during their hospital stay between 2019 and 2020 and then followed up for 8 weeks. Results: A total of 10 patients were included in this study, with a mean age of 24 months; 50% were female. BT was able to reduce the inflammatory process in the liver caused by the continuous use of parenteral nutrition; enteral caloric intake increased from 25.32 kcal/kg/day to 72.94 kcal/kg/day, but it was insufficient to improve their nutritional status. Conclusions: BT is a safe and effective alternative in intestinal rehabilitation in patients with SBS to stimulate trophism and intestinal functionality, allowing a progression of enteral feeding and a decrease in the hepatic inflammatory process that occurs in these patients with prolonged parenteral nutrition.

Resumen Introducción: El síndrome de intestino corto (SIC) es una de las causas más frecuentes de insuficiencia intestinal que requiere del uso de nutrición parenteral para mantener un balance energético-proteico e hidroelectrolítico. En el Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez (HIMFG) la formación de dos estomas es una técnica empleada para la rehabilitación intestinal, donde con el aprovechamiento de residuo mediante la técnica de puenteo (TP) se ayuda a mantener la funcionalidad gastrointestinal, equilibrio hidro-electrolítico y estabilidad nutricional. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la técnica del aprovechamiento de residuo intestinal mediante TP como estrategia de tratamiento en la rehabilitación intestinal y su efecto en el estado bioquímico y nutricional de pacientes pediátricos con SIC. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal analítico y retrospectivo en pacientes hospitalizados en el HIMFG con SIC en quienes se realizó la TP durante su estancia intrahospitalaria entre 2019 y 2020. Resultados: Se incluyeron 10 pacientes en este estudio, con una edad promedio de 24 meses, y el 50% de sexo femenino. La TP logró disminuir el proceso inflamatorio hepático ocasionado por el uso continuo de nutrición parenteral; la ingesta calórica por vía enteral incrementó de 25.32 kcal/kg/día a 72.94 kcal/kg/día, pero fue insuficiente para mejorar el estado nutricional. Conclusiones: La TP es una alternativa segura y efectiva en la rehabilitación intestinal en pacientes con SIC para estimular el trofismo y funcionalidad intestinal, permitiendo una progresión de la alimentación enteral y disminución del proceso inflamatorio hepático que se presentan en estos pacientes con nutrición parenteral prolongada.

Resultados del uso del irrigador transanal en la disfunción intestinal asociada a malformaciones anorrectales / Results of the use of the transanal irrigator in intestinal dysfunction associated with anorectal malformations

Introducción: Existen múltiples herramientas para optimizar la función defecatoria en pacientes con malformación anorrectal (MAR): hábitos, laxantes, irrigaciones retrógradas o anterógradas. Estas se adecuan de forma progresiva y combinada. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la incorporación del dispositivo de irrigación transanal (ITA) al tratamiento del estreñimiento y la incontinencia fecal en pacientes con MAR. Materiales y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo en pacientes con MAR con indicación del ITA según el protocolo de manejo intestinal del consultorio de patología colorrectal desde el 2015 al 2022. Tras usarlo más de 3 meses, los pacientes o sus cuidadores completaron un cuestionario telefónico propio aprobado por el comité de ética. Resultados: 39 pacientes con MAR: 11 fístulas rectouretrales, 6 rectovesicales, 16 cloacas, 2 rectovaginales, 2 perineales y 2 vestibulares. El 44% presentó un Índice Sacro < 0,4. El 62% presentaban estreñimiento y el 38% incontinencia. Debido al uso del ITA, mejoró la sensación de confianza y seguridad en muy alto y alto grado en el 89% de los pacientes. Disminuyó mucho el tiempo dedicado a su manejo intestinal en el 68%. El 79% refiere mejoría en su calidad de vida con 9 y 10 puntos. El 92% calificaron su satisfacción general con ITA con un valor de 8, 9 y 10 siendo 10 completamente satisfecho. El 100% lo recomiendan. Conclusión. El ITA es una buena alternativa para el manejo intestinal de la incontinencia fecal y el estreñimiento.(AU)

Introduction: There are multiple tools available to optimize defecation in patients with anorectal malformation (ARM), such as habits, laxatives, and retrograde or anterograde irrigations, which are usually adapted in a progressive and combined fashion. The objective of this study was to assess the incorporation of transanal irrigation (TAI) to constipation and fecal incontinence treatment in patients with ARM. Materials and methods: A retrospective study of ARM patients with indication of TAI according to the colorectal pathology unit’s intestinal management protocol from 2015 to 2022 was carried out. Following use for over 3 months, patients or their guardians completed a phone survey of our own approved by the ethics committee. Results. 39 ARM patients participated in the study. Pathologies included 11 rectourethral fistulas, 6 rectovesical fistulas, 16 cloacae, 2 rectovaginal fistulas, 2 perineal fistulas, and 2 vestibular fistulas. 44% of them had a sacral index < 0.4. 62% had constipation, and 38% had incontinence. Thanks to TAI, confidence and safety improved in a very high and a high degree in 89% of the patients, whereas time devoted to intestinal management decreased a lot in 68% of them. 79% reported a 9- and 10-point quality-of-life improvement. 92% rated overall satisfaction with TAI with a score of 8, 9, and 10 –10 meaning “completely satisfied.” 100% recommend TAI. Conclusion. TAI is a good alternative for the intestinal management of fecal incontinence and constipation.(AU)

Fenotipificación y genotipificación en pacientes con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal en un centro de referencia de Colombia / Phenotyping and genotyping in patients with inflammatory bowel disease in a reference center in Colombia

RESUMEN Introducción: Se ha tratado de identificar los factores genéticos relacionados con susceptibilidad para enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal (EII), y los hallazgos actuales se inclinan por un modelo de patología complejo, sin un patrón hereditario claro. Objetivo: Realizar caracterización fenotípica y genotípica de pacientes con EII en población colombiana y describir su posible asociación con predisposición. Materiales y métodos: Serie de casos, 16 pacientes con EII por criterios clínicos y anatomopatológicos, inicio de síntomas gastrointestinales después de los 18 años. Todos tuvieron asesoramiento genético pre-test y se realizaron árboles genealógicos de mínimo tres generaciones. También, genotipificación, por medio de un panel de genes múltiples que incluía genes relacionados con EII y algunos trastornos autoinmunitarios. Finalmente, se realizó análisis genómico de variantes. Resultados: 9 mujeres y 7 hombres, con edad media de diagnóstico de EII 35 años, y 32 años para aparición de síntomas gastrointestinales. 11/16(68,75%) requirieron terapia biológica. 10/16 (62,5%) presentaron refractariedad a terapia estándar. 3/16 (18,75%) tenían antecedentes familiares positivos de EII. 100% casos presentaron al menos un single nucleotide polymorphism relacionado con riesgo de EII en más de un gen. Los genes más relacionados con colitis ulcerosa (CU), fueron CD48, CD6, y TYK2 para CU, y CD6 e ITGAM para la enfermedad de Crohn. El gen más frecuente fue CD6. Se observó en 3/16 (18,75%) presencia de hasta 5 genes, 4 en 3/16 (18,75%), y tres en 5/16 (31,25%). Conclusión: En EII hay presencia de variantes genéticas con predisposición asociada, pero sin patogenicidad confirmada, y cuya sumatoria parece contribuir en su fisiopatología.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Attempts have been made to identify the genetic factors related to susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and the current conclusions are in favor of a complex pathology model, without a clear hereditary pattern. Objective: To perform phenotypic and genotypic characterization of patients with IBD in Colombian population and to describe its possible association with predisposition. Materials and methods: case series, 16 patients with IBD according to clinical and pathological criteria, onset of gastrointestinal symptoms after 18 years of age. All had pre-test genetic counseling and family trees of at least three generations were made. Also, genotyping, using a multigene panel that included genes related to IBD and some autoimmune disorders. Finally, a genomic analysis of variants was performed. Results: 9 women and 7 men, with mean age of diagnosis of IBD of 35 years, and gastrointestinal symptoms appearance of 32 years. 11/16 (68.75%) required biological therapy. 10/16 (62.5%) were refractory to standard therapy. 3/16 (18.75%) had positive family history of IBD. 100% cases presented at least one single nucleotide polymorphism related to IBD risk in more than one gene. The genes most related to ulcerative colitis (UC) were CD48, CD6, and TYK2 for UC, and CD6 and ITGAM for Crohn's disease. The most frequent gene was CD6. It was found presence of up to 5 genes in 3/16 (18.75%), 4 in 3/16 (18.75%), and three in 5/16 (31.25%). Conclusion: In IBD there is the presence of genetic variants with associated predisposition, but without confirmed pathogenicity, and whose sum seems to contribute to its pathophysiology.

Efficacy and safety of lubiprostone for the treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation: A phase 3, randomized, placebo-controlled study.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC) negatively impacts quality of life and increases healthcare costs. Lubiprostone stimulates the secretion of intestinal fluid, in turn facilitating the passage of stools and alleviating associated symptoms. Lubiprostone has been available in Mexico since 2018, but its clinical efficacy has not been studied in a Mexican population. AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of lubiprostone, assessed by changes in spontaneous bowel movement (SBM) frequency after one week of treatment with 24 µg oral lubiprostone (b.i.d.), as well as its safety, over four weeks of treatment. STUDY: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on 211 adults with CIC in Mexico. RESULTS: The increase in SBM frequency, after one week of treatment, was significantly higher in the lubiprostone group than in the placebo group (mean: 4.9 [SD: 4.45] vs. 3.0 [3.14], p = 0.020). Secondary efficacy endpoints revealed a significantly higher proportion of SBM frequency/week in the lubiprostone group at weeks 2, 3, and 4. There was a better response within 24 h after the first dose with lubiprostone vs. placebo (60.0% vs. 41.5%; OR: 2.08, CI95%: [1.19, 3.62], p = 0.009) and the lubiprostone group also had significant improvement, with respect to straining, stool consistency, abdominal bloating, and Satisfaction Index. The main adverse events were gastrointestinal disorders in 13 (12.4%) lubiprostone-treated subjects and 4 (3.8%) control subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Our data confirm the efficacy and safety of lubiprostone for the treatment of CIC in a Mexican population. Lubiprostone treatment induces relief from the most bothersome symptoms associated with constipation.