Covid-19: fatores associados ao uso e adesão de equipamentos de proteção individual entre residentes no Brasil / Covid-19: factors associated with the use and adherence of personal protective equipment in Brazil among residents / Covid-19: factores asociados al uso y adherencia de equipos de protección personal entre los residentes en Brasil

Objetivo: analisar os fatores associados ao uso e a adesão aos equipamentos de proteção individual pelos profissionais pós-graduandos vinculados a programas de residência em saúde. Método: transversal com 227 residentes. Avaliadas variáveis relacionadas à adesão e uso adequado de equipamentos de proteção individual por meio de instrumento validado "E.P.I. covid-19 Brasil-versão adaptada para residentes". Realizou-se análise bivariada, teste qui-quadrado/exato de Fisher e cálculo da razão de prevalência. Pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa com Seres Humanos. Resultados: realizaram atividades de capacitação sobre EPIs (59,9%).Associação entre uso de máscara cirúrgica(p≤0,01) e idade; área de concentração do programa e uso de gorro (p≤0,01) e máscara cirúrgica (p=0,04); realização de atividades de capacitação e uso de máscara cirúrgica (p=0,02) e N95 (p≤0,01). A adesão variou de 0% a 67%. Conclusão: fatores associados ao uso adequado, idade, área de concentração do programa e realização de atividades de capacitação. Houve fragilidades na adesão. Sugere-se o fortalecimento do tema biossegurança na residência.

Objective: to analyze the factors associated with the use and adherence to personal protective equipment by graduate professionals linked to residency programs in health. Method: cross-sectional study with 227 residents. E.P.I.covid-19 Brasil-adapted version for residents". Bivariate analysis, Fisher chi-square/exact test and calculation of the prevalence ratio were performed. Research was approved by the Ethics Committee for Research with Human Beings. Results: they carried out training activities on PPE (59.9%). Association between use of surgical mask (p≤0.01) and age; program concentration area and use of cap (p≤0.01) and surgical mask (p=0.04); performance of training activities and use of surgical mask (p=0.02) and N95 (p≤0.01). Adherence to PPE ranged from 0% to 67%. Conclusion: factors associated with the proper use of personal protective equipment were age, area of program concentration, and performance of training activities. There were weaknesses in adherence. It is suggested to strengthen the theme of biosafety in the residence.

Objetivos:analizar los factores asociados al uso y la adherencia a los equipos de protección personal (EPP) por parte de profesionales graduados vinculados a programas de residencia en salud. Método: estudio transversal con 227 residentes. Se utilizó la versión adaptada para residentes del «Cuestionario sobre EPI en la atención primaria de salud (EPS-APS) en el contexto de la COVID-19 en Brasil. Se realizaron análisis bivariados, prueba chi-cuadrado de Fisher/prueba exacta y cálculo de la razón de prevalencia. La investigación fue aprobada por el Comité de Ética para la Investigación con Seres Humanos. Resultados: se realizaron actividades de capacitación sobre EPI (59,9%). Se observó asociación entre el uso de mascarilla quirúrgica (p≤0,01) y la edad; área de concentración del programa y uso de cofia (p≤0,01) y mascarilla quirúrgica (p=0,04); realización de actividades de capacitación y uso de mascarilla quirúrgica (p=0,02) y N95 (p≤0,01). La adherencia a los EPI osciló entre el 0% y el 67%. Conclusión: los factores asociados al uso correcto de los EPI fueron la edad, el área de concentración del programa y la realización de actividades de capacitación. Se observaron debilidades en la adherencia. Se sugiere fortalecer el tema de la bioseguridad en la residencia.

El covid-19 y sus consecuencias en la vida y el trabajo de médicos residentes de La Paz, Bolivia / Covid-19 and its consequences in the life and the work of medical residents of La Paz, Bolivia

Este artículo es un apretado resumen de los principales resultados de una investigación mayor realizada por MEDICON, cuantitativa y cualitativa, en línea, a médicos residentes de 2º año del Sistema Departamental de Salud La Paz, en Bolivia. Los datos y relatos recogidos tienen que ver con la pandemia, el cumplimiento de las medidas de bioseguridad, la afectación experimentada por la cuarentena, la donación de plasma, el desempeño del personal de salud, entre otros. En el 55% la enfermedad fue confirmada por laboratorio. No hubo hospitalizados y la mayoría se automedicó. No recibieron soporte psicológico, por lo que es factible que algunos hubieran desarrollado el síndrome de burnout. Los que se enfermaron o tuvieron allegados con covid-19 dieron a conocer sus vivencias sobre la manera en que ellos y sus familiares enfrentaron el problema. (AU)

This article is a tight summary of the main results of a major investigation conducted by MEDICON, quantitative and qualitative, online, to second-year resident physicians of the La Paz Departmental Health System, in Bolivia. The data and reports collected have to do with the pandemic, compliance with biosecurity measures, the impact experienced by quarantine, plasma donation, the performance of health personnel, among others. In 55% the disease was confirmed by laboratory. There were no hospitalized and most self-medicated. They did not receive psychological support, so it is possible that some had developed ­ burnout syndrome. Those who became ill or had relatives with covid-19 shared their experiences about the way that they and their relatives faced the problem. (AU)

Clinical and molecular practice of European thoracic pathology laboratories during the COVID-19 pandemic. The past and the near future.

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the consequences in Europe of the COVID-19 outbreak on pathology laboratories orientated toward the diagnosis of thoracic diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A survey was sent to 71 pathology laboratories from 21 European countries. The questionnaire requested information concerning the organization of biosafety, the clinical and molecular pathology, the biobanking, the workload, the associated research into COVID-19, and the organization of education and training during the COVID-19 crisis, from 15 March to 31 May 2020, compared with the same period in 2019. RESULTS: Questionnaires were returned from 53/71 (75%) laboratories from 18 European countries. The biosafety procedures were heterogeneous. The workload in clinical and molecular pathology decreased dramatically by 31% (range, 3%-55%) and 26% (range, 7%-62%), respectively. According to the professional category, between 28% and 41% of the staff members were not present in the laboratories but did teleworking. A total of 70% of the laboratories developed virtual meetings for the training of residents and junior pathologists. During the period of study, none of the staff members with confirmed COVID-19 became infected as a result of handling samples. CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a strong impact on most of the European pathology laboratories included in this study. Urgent implementation of several changes to the organization of most of these laboratories, notably to better harmonize biosafety procedures, was noted at the onset of the pandemic and maintained in the event of a new wave of infection occurring in Europe.

Operational considerations and challenges of biochemistry laboratories during the COVID-19 outbreak: an IFCC global survey.

Objectives: The International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC) Task Force on COVID-19 conducted a global survey to understand how biochemistry laboratories manage the operational challenges during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Materials and methods: An electronic survey was distributed globally to record the operational considerations to mitigate biosafety risks in the laboratory. Additionally, the laboratories were asked to indicate the operational challenges they faced. Results: A total of 1210 valid submissions were included in this analysis. Most of the survey participants worked in hospital laboratories. Around 15% of laboratories restricted certain tests on patients with clinically suspected or confirmed COVID-19 over biosafety concerns. Just over 10% of the laboratories had to restrict their test menu or services due to resource constraints. Approximately a third of laboratories performed temperature monitoring, while two thirds of laboratories increased the frequency of disinfection. Just less than 50% of the laboratories split their teams. The greatest reported challenge faced by laboratories during the COVID-19 pandemic is securing sufficient supplies of personal protective equipment (PPE), analytical equipment, including those used at the point of care, as well as reagents, consumables and other laboratory materials. This was followed by having inadequate staff, managing their morale, anxiety and deployment. Conclusions: The restriction of tests and services may have undesirable clinical consequences as clinicians are deprived of important information to deliver appropriate care to their patients. Staff rostering and biosafety concerns require longer-term solutions as they are crucial for the continued operation of the laboratory during what may well be a prolonged pandemic.

Laboratory practices to mitigate biohazard risks during the COVID-19 outbreak: an IFCC global survey.

Objectives: A global survey was conducted by the IFCC Task Force on COVID-19 to better understand how general biochemistry laboratories manage the pre-analytical, analytical and post-analytical processes to mitigate biohazard risks during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Methods: An electronic survey was developed to record the general characteristics of the laboratory, as well as the pre-analytical, analytical, post-analytical and operational practices of biochemistry laboratories that are managing clinical samples of patients with COVID-19. Results: A total of 1210 submissions were included in the analysis. The majority of responses came from hospital central/core laboratories that serve hospital patient groups and handle moderate daily sample volumes. There has been a decrease in the use of pneumatic tube transport, increase in hand delivery and increase in number of layers of plastic bags for samples of patients with clinically suspected or confirmed COVID-19. Surgical face masks and gloves are the most commonly used personal protective equipment (PPE). Just >50% of the laboratories did not perform an additional decontamination step on the instrument after analysis of samples from patients with clinically suspected or confirmed COVID-19. A fifth of laboratories disallowed add-on testing on these samples. Less than a quarter of laboratories autoclaved their samples prior to disposal. Conclusions: The survey responses showed wide variation in pre-analytical, analytical and post-analytical practices in terms of PPE adoption and biosafety processes. It is likely that many of the suboptimal biosafety practices are related to practical local factors, such as limited PPE availability and lack of automated instrumentation.

Prevalencia de infección de sitio quirúrgico y factores asociados. Hospital José Carrasco Arteaga, 2018 / Surgical site infection prevalence and associated factors. José Carrasco Arteaga Hospital, 2018

Objective: to determine the prevalence of ISQ and the associated factors at the José Carrasco Arteaga Hospital, during the year 2018. Methodology: An analytical, cross-sectional study of prevalence in the area of surgery of the José Carrasco Arteaga Hospital was carried out in 2018. It was carried out with 233 medical records that met the inclusion criteria to establish the prevalence of SSI and factors. Associated as: age, preoperative stay, diabetes mellitus, drainage use, classification of the American Society Anesthesiologists (ASA), obesity, blood transfusion, antibiotic prophylaxis, open surgical approach, degree of wound contamination, surgical time, admission to intensive care. A bivariate and multivariate analysis was performed with the SPSS program, to establish the association between the SSI and the risk factors. The same ones that are specific in tables with their respective statistical analysis. Results: The prevalence of SSI was 16.30%, a statistically significant association was found with surgical time greater than 120 minutes, use of drains, open surgical approach, admission to intensive care unit, ASA III-IV, contaminated and dirty wound, preoperative stay greater than 24h (p <0.05). There was no statistical association with body mass index greater than 25, diabetes mellitus, age over 65 years or with blood transfusion. Conclusions: The SSI is within the reported ranges, the factors for SSI are duration of surgery 120 minutes and more, preoperative stay 24 hours and more, ASA III and IV, contaminated and dirty wound, blood transfusions, use of drains, admission to the intensive care unit, conventional approach and lack of administration of antibiotics before surgery. It was not found as a risk factor for overweight or obesity, diabetes mellitus, the age of 65 years and more; nor who receive blood transfusions.

U.S. Medical Examiner/Coroner capability to handle highly infectious decedents.

In the United States of America, Medical Examiners and Coroners (ME/Cs) investigate approximately 20% of all deaths. Unexpected deaths, such as those occurring due to a deceased person under investigation for a highly infectious disease, are likely to fall under ME/C jurisdiction, thereby placing the ME/C and other morgue personnel at increased risk of contracting an occupationally acquired infection. This survey of U.S. ME/Cs' capabilities to address highly infectious decedents aimed to determine opportunities for improvement at ME/C facilities serving a state or metropolitan area. Data for this study was gathered via an electronic survey. Of the 177 electronic surveys that were distributed, the overall response rate was N = 108 (61%), with 99 of those 108 respondents completing all the questions within the survey. At least one ME/C responded from 47 of 50 states, and the District of Columbia. Select results were: less than half of respondents (44%) stated that their office had been involved in handling a suspected or confirmed highly infectious remains case and responses indicated medical examiners. Additionally, ME/C altered their personal protective equipment based on suspected versus confirmed highly infectious remains rather than taking an all-hazards approach. Standard operating procedures or guidelines should be updated to take an all-hazards approach, best-practices on handling highly infectious remains could be integrated into a standardized education, and evidence-based information on appropriate personal protective equipment selection could be incorporated into a widely disseminated learning module for addressing suspected or confirmed highly infectious remains, as those areas were revealed to be currently lacking.

Distribution pattern of poliovirus potentially infectious materials in the phase 1b medical laboratories containment in conformity with the global action plan III.

BACKGROUND: The containment of poliovirus infectious/potentially infectious materials in all biomedical facilities in Nigeria remain crucial to maintaining gains recorded towards polio eradication. Activities involved in the Nigerian Poliovirus type 2-laboratory containment survey in line with the 3rd Global Action Plan III (GAP III) for poliovirus containment are documented in this study. Through these activities, the overall preparedness for poliovirus eradication in Nigeria is assessed. METHOD: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from 19th September-31st October 2016 using structured Laboratory survey and inventory (LSI) questionnaires uploaded onto the SPSS software package in 560 biomedical facilities classified either as high risk or medium risk facilities across the 6 zones in Nigeria. RESULTS: In total, 560 biomedical facilities were surveyed in Nigeria in conformity with the GAP III. In total, 86% of the facilities surveyed were with laboratories while 14% were without laboratories. Twelve laboratories with poliovirus potentially infectious materials were identified in this exercise. In total, 50% of the 12 laboratories were under the ministry of education for research purposes. While 33% were among those laboratories surveyed in the phase 1a exercise without any recorded inventory, but have acquired some since the phase 1a survey. A total of 13,484 poliovirus infectious materials were found in the 12 laboratories. Only 8% of the materials were immediately destroyed while the remaining materials (62%) were found in Oyo and Borno states scheduled for destruction within 3-4 months according to WHO protocol for destruction of poliovirus infectious materials. CONCLUSION: This study has revealed the successful containment of all poliovirus infectious materials in the laboratories surveyed. It has also revealed some surveillance gaps. We recommend that the surveillance system be improved to maintain the gains from the containment exercise and avoid reintroduction of infectious materials into biomedical facilities. This reduces the chances of viral reintroduction to the population in general.

Motivações para mudança nas ações dos profissionais de enfermagem após exposição acidental a material biológico / Motivos para el cambio en las acciones de profesionales de enfermería después de exposición accidental a material biológico / Motivations for changing the actions of nursing professionals after accidental exposure to biological material

Objetivos: identificar motivações para mudança nas ações dos profissionais, após acidente ocupacional e discutir essas mudanças no processo de trabalho na perspectiva da saúde do trabalhador. Método: Estudo descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa, com profissionais de enfermagem com histórico de acidentes de trabalho com exposição a materiais biológicos. Para análise dos dados utilizou-se a análise temático categorial. Resultados: A vivência do acidente de trabalho mostrou-se determinante para modificação de práticas profissionais, motivados por medos relacionados ao risco de infecção pós-exposição; entendimento do risco; orientação recebidas pós acidente; conhecimento quanto ao diagnóstico do paciente. Conclusão: As modificações relatadas pelos profissionais se mostraram repercussões positivas no processo de trabalho, porém, foram motivadas por sentimentos negativos experimentados após o acidente. Ficando clara a necessidade de orientação dos profissionais sobre promoção a saúde e prevenção dos acidentes de trabalho.

Objetivos: identificar motivaciones para el cambio en las acciones de los profesionales, después de accidente ocupacional y discutir estos cambios en el proceso de trabajo en la perspectiva de la salud del trabajador. Método: Estudio descriptivo, con abordaje cualitativo, con profesionales de enfermería con historial de accidentes de trabajo con exposición a materiales biológicos. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizó el análisis temático categorial. Resultados: La vivencia del accidente de trabajo se mostró determinante para la modificación de prácticas profesionales, motivadas por miedos relacionados con el riesgo de infección postexposición; Entendimiento del riesgo; Orientación recibida después del accidente; En el diagnóstico del paciente. Conclusión: Las modificaciones relatadas por los profesionales se mostraron repercusiones positivas en el proceso de trabajo, pero fueron motivadas por sentimientos negativos experimentados después del accidente. En el caso de los profesionales de la salud, la salud y la prevención de accidentes de trabajo.

Objectives: to identify motivations for change in the actions of professionals after occupational accident and to discuss these changes in the work process from a worker’s health perspective. Method: Descriptive study, with a qualitative approach, with nursing professionals with a history of work accidents with exposure to biological materials. For the analysis of the data the categorical thematic analysis was used. Results: The experience of the work-related accident was determinant for the modification of professional practices, motivated by fears related to the risk of post-exposure infection; Understanding of risk; Orientation received after accident; Knowledge of the patient’s diagnosis. Conclusion: The modifications reported by the professionals showed positive repercussions in the work process, however, they were motivated by negative feelings experienced after the accident. The need for professional guidance on health promotion and prevention of occupational accidents is clear.

Laboratory Focus on Improving the Culture of Biosafety: Statewide Risk Assessment of Clinical Laboratories That Process Specimens for Microbiologic Analysis.

The Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene challenged Wisconsin laboratories to examine their biosafety practices and improve their culture of biosafety. One hundred three clinical and public health laboratories completed a questionnaire-based, microbiology-focused biosafety risk assessment. Greater than 96% of the respondents performed activities related to specimen processing, direct microscopic examination, and rapid nonmolecular testing, while approximately 60% performed culture interpretation. Although they are important to the assessment of risk, data specific to patient occupation, symptoms, and travel history were often unavailable to the laboratory and, therefore, less contributory to a microbiology-focused biosafety risk assessment than information on the specimen source and test requisition. Over 88% of the respondents complied with more than three-quarters of the mitigation control measures listed in the survey. Facility assessment revealed that subsets of laboratories that claim biosafety level 1, 2, or 3 status did not possess all of the biosafety elements considered minimally standard for their respective classifications. Many laboratories reported being able to quickly correct the minor deficiencies identified. Task assessment identified deficiencies that trended higher within the general (not microbiology-specific) laboratory for core activities, such as packaging and shipping, direct microscopic examination, and culture modalities solely involving screens for organism growth. For traditional microbiology departments, opportunities for improvement in the cultivation and management of highly infectious agents, such as acid-fast bacilli and systemic fungi, were revealed. These results derived from a survey of a large cohort of small- and large-scale laboratories suggest the necessity for continued microbiology-based understanding of biosafety practices, vigilance toward biosafety, and enforcement of biosafety practices throughout the laboratory setting.

Incidencia de exposiciones accidentales a sangre y fluidos biológicos en el personal sanitario de un hospital comarcal / Incidence of accidental exposure to blood and body fluids among healthcare professionals in a community hospital

Objetivo: Conocer la incidencia anual de exposiciones accidentales a sangre y fluidos biológicos en el personal sanitario de un hospital comarcal, y describir sus características, situaciones asociadas y seguimiento. Método: Estudio longitudinal retrospectivo de los accidentes biológicos notificados anualmente, de forma voluntaria, por los trabajadores expuestos en la Fundació Hospital de l'Esperit Sant (en Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Barcelona) entre los años 2005 y 2014. Se realiza un estudio descriptivo de las variables relacionadas con el trabajador expuesto, la exposición, su mecanismo de producción y el paciente fuente de la exposición. Se han calculado las incidencias de exposición por cada 100 camas y por categoría laboral. Resultados: Se han declarado 318 exposiciones, el 89,62% percutáneas y el resto contaminaciones de piel no intacta o mucosas. La incidencia media de exposiciones percutáneas de todo el periodo ha sido de 17,6 por cada 100 camas/año (límites 10,3 en 2013 y 24,5 en 2005). Los médicos son el colectivo profesional con mayor riesgo (5,29 exposiciones por cada 100 médicos). Más del 50% se han producido en el área de cirugía. El 44,2% refiere una actividad profesional media en el centro igual o inferior a 1 año. El pinchazo ha sido la lesión percutánea más frecuente. No se han declarado casos de transmisión viral ocupacional. Conclusiones: La incidencia ocupacional de exposiciones percutáneas declaradas en el hospital sufre oscilaciones significativas a lo largo del periodo analizado. El riesgo de exposición está relacionado con la categoría laboral, la experiencia profesional, el área de trabajo y la actividad realizada (AU)

Objective: To determine the annual incidence of healthcare professionals' accidental exposure to blood and body fluids in a community hospital and describe their characteristics, associated situations and follow-up. Method: A longitudinal, retrospective study of biological accidents voluntarily reported on a yearly basis by exposed healthcare professionals at Fundació Hospital de l'Esperit Sant (in Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Barcelona, Spain), between 2005 and 2014. A descriptive analysis of the variables related to the exposed professional, the exposure itself, its production mechanism and the source patient was conducted. The rate of exposure was calculated per 100 occupied beds and by job category. Results: 318 exposures were reported; 89.62% were percutaneous and the remainder were non-intact skin or mucous contamination. The mean percutaneous exposure incidence rate from 2005 to 2014 was 17.6 per 100 occupied beds/year (limits 10.3 in 2013 and 24.5 in 2005). Doctors were exposed to the greatest risk (5.29 exposures per 100 doctors). Over 50% occurred in a surgical setting. 44.2% of exposed healthcare professionals had been working at the centre for 1 year or less on average. Puncture was the most common percutaneous lesion. No cases of occupational viral transmission were reported. Conclusions: The rate of percutaneous exposure reported in this hospital fluctuated significantly throughout the analysis period. Risk of exposure is related to job category, work experience, the setting and the activity performed (AU)

Qualidade dos dados do sistema de informação sobre acidentes de trabalho com exposição a material biológico no Brasil, 2010 a 2015 / Quality of the data in the information system for work accidents under exposure to biological materials in Brazil, 2010 to 2015

Contexto: Os sistemas de informação em saúde possibilitam conhecer problemas dessa área e, muitas vezes, representam a única fonte de informação, tornando-se fundamental conhecer sua qualidade. Objetivo: Analisar a acessibilidade, a oportunidade e a completude como critérios da qualidade das informações do Sistema de Informação sobre Agravos de Notificação a respeito de Acidentes de Trabalho com Exposição a Material Biológico (SINAN-ATEMB), no período de 2010 a 2015. Métodos: Estudo observacional, descritivo, baseado em dados secundários do SINAN sobre ATEMB. O objeto de análise do estudo foi composto por todos os registros de ATEMB ocorridos nos 26 estados e no Distrito Federal no período de 1º de janeiro de 2010 a 31 de dezembro de 2015. Resultados: Foi constatado que as informações são acessíveis e oportunas, com defasagem do ano vigente em relação ao início do estudo. O SINAN-ATEMB apresentou elevado percentual de dados incompletos nas variáveis: escolaridade, tempo de trabalho na ocupação, material orgânico, status sorológico do acidentado e do paciente-fonte, condutas adotadas, evolução do caso e emissão da Comunicação de Acidente de Trabalho (CAT), levando a consideração de que não é possível o uso dessas variáveis em análises de fatores de risco. Conclusão: Conclui-se que, apesar da acessibilidade da base de dados e da relevância de suas variáveis, o SINANATEMB possui problemas de qualidade que apontam para a indiscutível necessidade de melhorias na completude de suas informações.

Background: Health information systems allow for the identification of problems in this field, and often represent the single source of information; therefore, accurate determination of their quality is crucial. Aims: To analyze accessibility, opportunity and completeness as criteria for the quality of the information provided by System of Information for Notifiable Conditions (Sistema de Informação sobre Agravos de Notificação ­ SINAN) on Work Accidents under Exposure to Biological Materials (Acidentes de Trabalho com Exposição a Material Biológico ­ ATEMB) from 2010 to 2015. Methods: Observational and descriptive study based on secondary SINAN data on ATEMB. The object of analysis was all ATEMB records from the 26 Brazilian states and Federal District from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2015. Results: Information is accessible and timely, while the data for the ongoing year are only made available the following one. The percentage of incomplete data in SINAM-ATEMB was high for the following variables: educational level, length of work in the current job, organic materials, serological status of affected individuals and source-patient, measures adopted, case progression and Work Accident Notification (Comunicação de Acidente de Trabalho - CAT); therefore, these variables cannot be included in analyses of risk factors. Conclusion: Despite the accessibility of the database and the relevance of its variables, SINAN-ATEMP exhibits problems in its quality that indicate an indisputable need to improve the completeness of information.

Invisibilización del riesgo de accidente biológico en paramédicos de hospital de alta complejidad en Colombia / Invisibilization of biological risk accident in a high complexity paramedic hospital of Colombia

Objetivo: Comprender los significados y las prácticas del personal paramédico con relación al accidente biológico en un hospital de alta complejidad de la ciudad de Medellín-Colombia. Metodología: Desde un enfoque histórico hermenéutico utilizando herramientas de la teoría fundamentada, se realizaron 21 entrevistas a quienes sufrieron un accidente biológico, con un guión semiestructurado que se modificó en el proceso. La selección de los participantes fue intencional inicialmente y luego por muestreo teórico. Posterior a la obtención del consentimiento y grabación de las entrevistas, se realizó la trascripción de las respuestas. El análisis se efectuó por medio de codificación abierta, axial y selectiva, además de la matriz paradigmática propuesta por Strauss y Corbin, hasta lograr saturar algunas categorías. Resultados: Emergió como categoría central el «riesgo lejano de accidentarse» a partir de la «construcción de ilusión de invulnerabilidad y optimismo ilusorio». Ante lo cual se da la «naturalización de los Elementos de Protección Personal», generando como consecuencia «convertirse en paciente». Conclusión: El riesgo del accidente biológico pasa a ser invisible en la cotidianidad de la acción asistencial, lo que implica desarrollar estrategias que influyan en los hábitos de las personas, que inviten a formas nuevas de pensar y de comportarse de manera individual y colectiva (AU)

Objective: to understand the meanings and practices of paramedical personnel in relation to the biological accident, in a high complexity hospital of Medellín-Colombia. Methodology: From a hermeneutic historical approach, using elements of grounded theory, 21 people who suffered a biological accident were interviewed in a semi-structured script modified during the process. Initially the participants were intentionally selected and then theoretical sampling became the new criteria of participants. The transcription started after obtaining the consent and recording the interviews. The analysis was performed using open, axial and selective coding as well as the coding paradigm proposed by Strauss and Corbin, until some of the categories were saturated. Results: «the far risk of getting into an accident» emerged as the main category from the «construction of an invulnerability illusion and illusory optimism». The «naturalization to the Personal Protective Equipment» process generates consequently «becoming a patient». Conclusion: The risk of biological accident becomes invisible in the everyday life of health and welfare. It consequently implies the necessity to develop strategies to influence people’s habits and encourage them to think and behave both individually and as a group (AU)

Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder after exposure to biological material / Síntomas de transtorno de estrés post-traumático después exposición a material biológico / Sintomas de transtorno de estresse pós-traumático após exposição a material biológico

Abstract Objective: To track symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) according to scores of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) in nursing staff exposed to accidents with biological material, from October 2014 to May 2016, in a philanthropic hospital in the state of Minas Gerais. Methods: Retrospective, descriptive study with a quantitative approach. Inferential analysis was performed using a 95% confidence interval, p ≤ 0.05. The data were collected considering all the ethical aspects described in resolution 466/2012. Results: The majority of workers were nursing technicians (52.5%), female (91.8%), with a mean age of 31.4 years (SD 7.5), the majority of exposures being percutaneous (60.7%). Of all individuals, 19.6% presented scores above 5.6, showing signs of PTSD. Individuals who had suffered accidents more than six months previously (p = 0.025) had significantly higher scores than those who had been exposure for less than three months. Conclusion: The study highlights the need for the use of validated instruments for the evaluation of fear, anxiety, stress, and other psychological reactions that characterize PTSD, as well as the provision of psychological care for workers exposed to biological material.

Resumen Objetivo: Rastrear síntomas de trastorno de estrés postraumático según los escores de la escala de impacto del evento-revisado en trabajadores del equipo de enfermería, expuestos a accidentes con material biológico en el período de octubre de 2014 a mayo de 2016 en un hospital Filantrópico de Minas Gerais. Métodos: Estudio transversal, retrospectivo, descriptivo, con abordaje cuantitativo. El análisis inferencial fue realizado utilizando intervalo de confianza del 95%, p ≤ 0,05. Los datos fueron recolectados resguardándose todos los aspectos éticos descritos en la resolución 466/2012. Resultados: La mayoría de los trabajadores eran técnicos de enfermería (52,5%), del sexo femenino (91,8%), con una media de edad de 31,4 años (DP = 7,5). Las exposiciones se produjeron por vía percutánea (60,7%). Del total de individuos, el 19,6% presentó escores por encima de 5,6 evidenciando señales para TEPT y aquellos que se habían accidentado hace más de seis meses tuvieron puntuaciones significativamente superiores (p = 0,025) a los que sufrieron exposición hace menos de tres Los meses. Conclusión: Se evidenció la necesidad del uso de instrumentos validados para la evaluación del miedo, ansiedad, estrés entre otras reacciones psicológicas que caracterizan el trastorno de estrés postraumático y de la oferta de atención psicológica para los trabajadores expuestos a material biológico.

Resumo Objetivo: Rastrear sintomas de Transtorno de Estresse Pós-Traumático (TEPT) segundo os escores da Escala de Impacto do Evento-Revisado em trabalhadores da equipe de enfermagem, expostos a acidente com material biológico no período de outubro de 2014 a maio de 2016 em um hospital filantrópico de Minas Gerais. Métodos: Estudo transversal, retrospectivo, descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa. A análise inferencial foi realizada utilizando-se intervalo de confiança de 95%. Os dados foram coletados resguardando-se todos os aspectos éticos descritos na resolução 466/2012. Resultados: A maioria dos trabalhadores eram técnicos de enfermagem (52,5%), do sexo feminino (91,8%), com média de idade de 31,4 anos (DP = 7,5). As exposições ocorreram por via percutânea (60,7%). Do total de indivíduos, 19,6% apresentaram escores acima de 5,6 evidenciando sinais para TEPT e aqueles que haviam se acidentado há mais de seis meses tiveram escores significativamente superiores (p = 0,025) aos que sofreram exposição há menos de três meses. Conclusão: Um em cada cinco (19,6%) dos trabalhadores da equipe de enfermagem que sofreram exposição ocupacional com material biológico apresentaram TEPT. Isso evidenciou a necessidade do uso de instrumentos validados para avaliação do medo, ansiedade, estresse entre outras reações psicológicas que caracterizam o transtorno e da oferta de atendimento psicológico para os trabalhadores expostos a material biológico.

Evaluación de la percepción de riesgo en el personal de enfermeraí en la atención de pacientes sospechosos de riesgo biológico IV / Evaluation of the perception of risk in the nursing staff in care of patients with suspected biological hazard

Introducción. El personal sanitario es una población especialmente vulnerable a los riesgos derivados del ejercicio de su profesión. La complejidad que tiene la atención de los pacientes con virus Ébola lleva al estudio de la percepción de riesgo de este colectivo. Objetivo. Conocer la percepción de riesgo en el personal de enfermería que atendió a los pacientes con sospecha de Fiebre Hemorrágica Virus Ébola (FHVE). Material y métodos. Estudio transversal realizado en el Hospital Clínic de Barcelona. Se incluyeron 19 profesionales de enfermería que atendieron directamente a pacientes con sospecha de FHVE. Los datos se recogieron mediante un cuestionario de evaluación dimensional del riesgo percibido junto a variables sociodemográficas y un posterior análisis estadístico. Resultados. Un 68 % del personal de enfermería refirió tener un nivel de conocimiento elevado del riesgo asociado al factor de estudio. Un 42 % determinó que había una posibilidad muy alta de experimentar un daño. Un 63 % apreció que las consecuencias más nocivas se experimentarían a corto plazo y, finalmente, un 48 % valoró que había un riesgo muy alto de accidente o enfermedad asociado al factor de estudio, frente a un 5 % que lo valoró muy bajo. Conclusiones. Las respuestas obtenidas ponían de manifiesto que los profesionales de enfermería poseían un nivel de conocimiento muy alto sobre el riesgo asociado al factor de estudio, y que el temor emocional era también muy elevado (AU)

Introduction. Healthcare personnel is especially vulnerable to the risks derived from their job. The complexity that has the care of patients with Ebola justifies the study of the perception of risk of such professionals. Objective. To know the perception of risk in the nursing staff that takes care of patients suspected of suffering the Ebola virus. Material and methods. Transversal study carried out in the Hospital Clínic of Barcelona. 19 professionals of nursing staff that attended suspected Ebola patients were included in the study. The data was collected through a questionnaire of dimensional evaluation of the perceived risk along with sociodemographic variables and a subsequent statistics analysis. Results. A percentage of 68 % of the nursing staff refereed having a high level of knowledge of the risk associated with the factor of this study. A percentage of 42 % determined that there was a very high possibility of being harmed. A percentage of 63 % considered that the most harmful consequences would appear in short term, and finally a percentage of 48 % considered that there was a very high risk of accident or illness associated to the factor of this study, whereas a percentage of 5 % considered the risk to be very low. Conclusions. The answers obtained showed not only that nursing staff had a very high level of knowledge regarding the risk associated to the factor of this study, but also that the emotional fear was very high (AU)

Estudio de caracterización de accidentes biológicos en estudiantes de pregrado de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Libre. Seccional Cali. 2013 / Study of characterization of biohazard accidents in students of the Faculty of Health Sciences. College Institution. Cali. 2013

Objetivos: Caracterizar los accidentes biológicos en estudiantes de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad Libre en el ejercicio de la práctica clínica. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, cuantitativo de corte transversal mediante la aplicación de un cuestionario autodiligenciado, de participación voluntaria, a estudiantes de los programas de medicina y de enfermería de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad Libre de Cali. Resultados: Los resultados muestran un 17,1% (41) de estudiantes con accidentes biológicos durante las prácticas asistenciales. El mecanismo de transmisión más frecuente fueron los pinchazos con elementos cortopunzantes en miembro superior, representados con el 65,9% (27), el segundo mecanismo fue la exposición a mucosas oculares con sangre o fluidos corporales con un 17% (7). El área clínica de mayor ocurrencia fueron las Clínicas Quirúrgicas con 46,2% (19), Básicas y Comunitarias con un 29,3% (12) .Los estudiantes de medicina sufrieron el 63,4% (26) de los accidentes, mientras que enfermería el 36,6% (15). El 41,5% (17) recibió atención médica de urgencias. En el 4,9% (2) de los estudiantes se consideró como necesaria la utilización de la profilaxis postexposicion al accidente. En cuanto al sitio de ocurrencia el mayor porcentaje fue extramural, correspondiente a las instituciones de salud, con los que la universidad tiene convenios para las prácticas asistenciales formativas. Los accidentes ocurridos en el área de anfiteatro 21,9% (9) corresponden exclusivamente a estudiantes del programa de medicina, el cual está ubicado dentro de las instalaciones de la universidad .El 43,9% (20) de accidentes biológicos no fue reportado por el estudiante que lo padeció. Conclusiones: Los accidentes biológicos en estudiantes de pregrado son frecuentes en las áreas clínicas de Básicas y Comunitarias, y mayormente en Clínicas Quirúrgicas probablemente por la mayor instrumentación. El 9,5% de los estudiantes de la facultad no utiliza ninguna protección. Por lo que se recomienda, el fortalecimiento de un programa que contemple acciones de prevención y fomento de la adherencia a las normas de precaución estándar con seguimiento en la modificación de las prácticas de riesgo dirigidas a los estudiantes de pregrado de la Facultad de Salud (AU)

Objectives: To characterize biohazard accidents among students of the Faculty of Health Sciences at the Universidad Libre in the exercise of their clinical practice. Materials and Methods: A descriptive, quantitative cross-sectional study was performed with the application of a self-administered questionnaire, with voluntary participation of students from thenursing and medicine programs of the Faculty of Health Sciences at the Universidad Libre, in Cali,Colombia. Results: The results show 17.1% (41) of students with biohazard accidents during care practices. The most common mechanism of transmission was puncturing with sharp objects in upper limb, represented by 65.9% (27); the second mechanism was the exposure of ocular mucous membranes to blood or body fluids, with 17% (7). The area of greatest clinical occurrence was the Surgical Clinics with 46.2% (19), and Basic and Community with 29.3% (12). Medical studentssuffered 63.4% (26) of accidents, while nursing students 36.6% (15). 41.5% (17) received emergency medical care. In 4.9% (2 students), it was considered necessary the use of post-exposure prophylaxis for the accident. As for the site of occurrence, the highest percentage occurred at extramural level, corresponding to health institutions with which the university has agreements for training care practices. Accidents in the dissection room area, 21.9% (9), correspond exclusively to medical students, which is located within the university headquarters. 43.9% (20) of biohazard accidents were not reported by the students who suffered them. Conclusions: Biohazard accidents are frequent for undergraduate students in clinical areas of Basic and Community, and mostly in Surgical Clinics, probably due to more instrumentation use. 9.5% of students of the faculty does not use any protection. So it is recommended a strengtheningprogram that includes preventing actions and promotion of adherence to the rules of standard caution, monitoring modifications of risk practices aimed at undergraduate students of the Faculty of Health (AU)

Containment of carbapenem resistance rates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii in a Greek hospital with a concomitant increase in colistin, gentamicin and tigecycline resistance.

In 2010 the Hellenic center for disease control and prevention launched the "Prokroustes" nationwide action plan to tackle the increasing rates of carbapenem resistance among gram-negative nosocomial pathogens. In the present report, data from a Greek tertiary-care hospital are presented three years after the adoption of the infection control measures. Carbapenem resistance rates have been contained for Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii but not for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. More worryingly, in accordance with their overuse against carbapenem-resistant bacteria, resistance rates to colistin and tigecycline have risen significantly.

Validez de un método fotométrico de medición de partículas en aire para el control de quirófanos y otras salas de ambiente controlado en los hospitales / Validity of a photometric method of counting particles in air for control of operating rooms and clean rooms in hospitals

Objetivo: Validar un sistema de medici¨®n fotom¨¦trica de part¨ªculas en aire para realizar los controles de bioseguridad ambiental de quir¨®fanos y otras salas de ambiente controlado en los hospitales. Material y m¨¦todos: Se realizaron un total de 144 mediciones pareadas de aire, 88 en ocho quir¨®fanos con sistemas de ventilaci¨®n convencional y tres niveles de filtraci¨®n y 56 en nueve habitaciones sin instalaciones de ventilaci¨®n. Se midieron part¨ªculas de entre 0,1 a 10 ¦Ìm en mg/m3 por m¨¦todo fotom¨¦trico. Simult¨¢neamente, en cada sala se realiz¨® impacto de aire en placas de Petri con medio de cultivo mediante aparato aspirador de cabezal perforado, obteniendo tras cinco d¨ªas de incubaci¨®n recuento de unidades formadoras de colonias (UFC)/1000L. Finalmente se realiz¨® el c¨¢lculo de los puntos de corte ¨®ptimos para la medici¨®n de part¨ªculas mediante Curvas ROC para discriminar tres niveles de contaminaci¨®n. Resultados: El coeficiente de correlaci¨®n entre las dos mediciones fue 0,779 (p<0,001). Los puntos de corte fueron para 0 UFC. 0,015, para >=10 UFC, 0,037, y para >=100 UFC, 0,053. La sensibilidad para estos puntos fue de 95,83%,100% y 100%, y los ¨ªndices Kappa registraron 0,51, 0,88 y 0,75 respectivamente. Conclusi¨®n: En nuestro estudio la correlaci¨®n entre las medidas es notable; la medici¨®n fotom¨¦trica de part¨ªculas puede ser una alternativa para llevar a cabo alguno de los controles rutinarios de bioseguridad (AU)

Objective: Validate a photometric on-air particle measurement system in order to perform ambient bio-security checks in operating rooms and other clean rooms within hospitals. Material and methods: A total of 144 coupled air samples were performed, 88 in 8 different operating rooms with conventional ventilation systems and 3-level filtering and 56 in 9 different rooms without specific ventilation systems. Particles were measured in size between 0,1 to 10 ¦Ìm with the photometric system in mg/m3. Simultaneously in the rooms are performed the sampling air method with impact on culture media. Incubation period is 5 days and count is performed in colony-forming units (CFU/1000L). Finally, optimal cut-points in particles measure were calculated using ROC curves in order to discriminate the three different contamination levels. Results: Spearma´s correlation coefficient was 0,779 p<0,001. Sensitivity for cut-points in particle counting for the different contamination levels was 95,83% ,100% and 100% respectively, and the corresponding Kappa indexes were 0,51; 0,88 and 0,75. Conclusion: Correlation among measurements is notable. Particle measurement can be a worthy alternative for some of the routine bio-security checks (AU)

Accidentes percutáneos con riesgo biológico, producidos por dispositivos de seguridad en la Comunidad de Madrid / Percutaneous injuries with biological risk caused by security devices in Madrid Community

Desde la implantación en 2006, de procedimientos seguros y un Sistema de Vigilancia de Accidentes Biológicos en el ámbito sanitario de la Comunidad de Madrid, se viene observando un aumento de los accidentes percutáneos relacionados con la utilización de Dispositivos de Seguridad. Con la finalidad de estudiar los factores contribuyentes a la producción de accidentes con estos nuevos dispositivos, se realiza un estudio descriptivo longitudinal prospectivo de los accidentes notificados a lo largo de 6 meses (2010-2011). Se incluyen 378 accidentes, el 86% afectó a mujeres, siendo la tasa de incidencia en enfermería de 14,3 y entre facultativos de 3,1 (accidentes por mil). Las agujas subcutáneas fueron las más implicadas (25,7%). En el 6,6% de los accidentes se había inactivado intencionadamente su mecanismo de seguridad y solo un 2,6% podría imputarse a un fallo del dispositivo. Entre los factores externos que han podido contribuir destacan "apremio de tiempo/ritmo de trabajo elevado" (46,5%) y "realizar la maniobra con posturas incómodas" (31,5%). Las intervenciones para prevenir Accidentes Biológicos deben ser específicas para cada categoría profesional y área de trabajo. Se debe seguir apostando por la introducción de Dispositivos de Seguridad, identificar los factores contribuyentes e implementar acciones individualizadas que minimicen los riesgos (AU)

Since the implementation in 2006 of security procedures and a surveillance system of biological accidents in Madrid public health services, an increase of percutaneus accidents related to the use of safety devices has been observed. With the purpose of studying the external factors to the production of accidents with these new devices, there is realized a prospective, longitudinal and descriptive study of the accidents happened throughout six months (2010-2011). 378 accidents are included, 86% happened in women, the incidence rate being 14.3 accidents per thousand in nurses, and 3.1 in doctors. Subcutaneous needles were the most implied (25.7%). In 6.6% of accidents, the safety mechanisms had been intentionally deactivated, and only 2.6% could be attributed to device failure. External contributing factors include "time pressure/ high work rate" (46.5%) and "to realize the process in inconvenient positions" (31.5%). The interventions to prevent Biological Accidents must be specific in each professional category and area of work. It is necessary to continue with the introduction of Safety devices, to identify factors that are related and to implement individualized actions that minimize the risks (AU)

Assessment of biosafety precautions in Khartoum state diagnostic laboratories, Sudan.

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to evaluate the biosafety precautions that applied by diagnostic laboratories in Khartoum state, 2009. METHODS: A total number of 190 laboratories were surveyed about their compliance with standard biosafety precautions. These laboratories included 51 (27%) laboratories from government, 75 (39%) from private sectors and 64 (34%) laboratories belong to organization providing health care services. RESULTS: The study found that 32 (16.8%) of laboratories appointed biosafety officers. Only, ten (5.2%) participated in training about response to fire emergency, and 28 (14.7%) reported the laboratory accident occurred during work. 45 (23.7%) laboratories had a written standard operation procedures (SOPs), and 35 (18.4%) had written procedures for the lean-up of spills. Moreover, biosafety cabinet was found in 11 (5.8%) laboratories, autoclave in 28 (14.7%) and incinerator in only two (1.1%) laboratories. Sharp disposable containers were found in 84 (44.2%). Fire alarm system was found in 2 (1.1%) laboratories, fire extinguisher in 39 (20.5%) laboratories, and fire emergency exit found in 14 (7.4%) laboratories. Furthermore, 19 (10%) laboratories had a hepatitis B virus vaccination programme, 5 (6.2%) applied BCG vaccine, and 2 (1.1%0) vaccinated the staff against influenza. CONCLUSION: The study concluded that the standards biosafety precautions adopted by the diagnostic laboratories in Khartoum state was very low. Further, the laboratory personnel awareness towards biosafety principles implementation was very low too.