RESUMEN
La gestante con varicela en el primer trimestre puede trasmitir la infección a la descendencia, en cuyo caso hay riesgo de aborto o de muerte fetal o de secuelas permanentes en el producto de la gestación. El objetivo de esta comunicación es actualizar a los perinatólogos, neonatólogos y epidemiológicos en la atención al neonato expuesto o infectado por el virus de la varicela zoster en el contexto nacional. La infección por el virus en el periodo neonatal puede ser grave y fatal en prematuros extremos, en pretérminos hijos de madres sin exposición previa al virus y en recién nacidos cuyas madres hayan iniciado el exantema cinco días antes del parto o hasta dos días posteriores a este. La varicela es prevenible por vacuna y en los países desarrollados, existe una gammaglobulina específica contra el virus de la varicela zoster para ser aplicada en expuestos a este virus con alto riesgo de presentar formas graves de la enfermedad. En el contexto nacional, la infección por el virus de la varicela, es frecuente y la inmunización activa y pasiva no está disponible, por lo que es necesario estar actualizado en la atención de los grupos vulnerables de padecer esta infección(AU)
The pregnant woman with varicella in the first quarter of pregnancy can transmit the infection to the fetus, in which case there is a risk of miscarriage or fetal death or permanent sequelae in the product of the gestation. The aim of this communication is to upgrade perinatologists, neonatologists and epidemiologists in the management of the neonate exposed or infected by the varicella-zoster virus in the national context. The infection by the virus in the neonatal period can be serious and fatal in extremely premature neonates, in preterm children of mothers without previous exposure to the virus and in newborns whose mothers have showned exanthem five days before delivery or up to two days after this. Varicella is preventable by vaccination and in developed countries there is a specific gammaglobulin against the varicella-zoster virus to be applied in patients exposed to this virus with high risk of presenting severe forms of the disease. In the national context, the infection by the varicella virus is frequent and active and passive immunization is not available, so it is necessary to be updated in the handling of vulnerable groups to this infection(AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Embarazo , Recién Nacido , Primer Trimestre del Embarazo , Herpesvirus Humano 3 , Herpesvirus Humano 3/clasificación , Atención Perinatal/métodos , Perinatología/educación , Epidemiología/educación , Neonatólogos/educaciónRESUMEN
A 49-year-old kidney transplant recipient, presented with a skin rash, and interstitial infiltrates three weeks after receiving a live attenuated varicella-zoster vaccine. Varicella-zoster Oka-vaccine strain was detected in plasma by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing analysis targeting open reading frame 62 (ORF 62). She was treated successfully with intravenous acyclovir. Our case report supports the current contraindication of live attenuated varicella-zoster vaccine in the solid-organ transplant recipients. Recombinant subunit varicella-zoster vaccine may be the vaccine of choice in these patients; nevertheless, further information is required to establish its safety, efficacy, and optimal timing.
Asunto(s)
Vacuna contra la Varicela/efectos adversos , Varicela/diagnóstico , Varicela/etiología , Herpesvirus Humano 3/aislamiento & purificación , Trasplante de Riñón , Receptores de Trasplantes , Aciclovir/administración & dosificación , Antivirales/administración & dosificación , Varicela/tratamiento farmacológico , Varicela/patología , Vacuna contra la Varicela/administración & dosificación , Femenino , Herpesvirus Humano 3/clasificación , Herpesvirus Humano 3/genética , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Plasma/virología , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Despite childhood universal VZV immunization was introduced in 2015, there are no data on VZV clade distribution in Spain. OBJECTIVES: To characterize the varicella-zoster virus strains circulating in Spain between 1997 and 2016. STUDY DESIGN: In this retrospective study, we determined the VZV clades in 294 patients with different pathologies (mainly encephalitis, zoster and varicella) by sequencing three fragments within ORF 22, ORF 21 and ORF 50 and, subsequently analyzing 7 relevant SNPs. RESULTS: Among these 294 patients, 132(44.9%) patients were infected by clade 1, 42(14.3%) patients by clade 3, 19(6.5%) by clade 5, 29(9.9%) by clade VI and 3(1%) by clade 4. Four patients (1.4%) were infected by clade 2 vOKA strains, who received one dose of live-attenuated varicella vaccine. Putative recombinant clade 1/3 was identified in 6 cases (2.0%). Results obtained from partial sequences were assigned to clade 1 or 3 in 56(19%) patients and clade 5 or VI in 3(1.0%) patients. In the multivariate analysis, encephalitis was independently associated with clades 1 and 3 and age >14y.o. (P = 0.035 and P = 0.021, respectively). Additionally, Madrid had significant fewer cases of encephalitis compared with the rest of regions analyzed (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Higher prevalence of clades 1 and 3 and their relation with encephalitis and age >14y.o. suggest earlier introduction of this clades in Spain. Putative interclade 1 and 3 recombinants are circulating in patients with encephalitis, herpes zoster and varicella. Several cases were related to vOKA vaccination but vaccine strains do not seem to circulate in the general population.
Asunto(s)
Genoma Viral , Herpesvirus Humano 3/genética , Recombinación Genética , Infección por el Virus de la Varicela-Zóster/epidemiología , Infección por el Virus de la Varicela-Zóster/virología , Adulto , Anciano , ADN Viral/genética , Femenino , Genotipo , Vacuna contra el Herpes Zóster , Herpesvirus Humano 3/clasificación , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Filogenia , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Estudios Retrospectivos , España/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Genetic tools for molecular typing of varicella zoster virus (VZV) have been used to understand the spread of virus, to differentiate wild-type and vaccine strains, and to understand the natural history of VZV infection in its cognate host. Molecular genetics has identified 7 clades of VZV (1-6 and 9), with 2 more mooted. Differences between the vOka vaccine strain and wild-type VZVs have been used to distinguish the cause of postimmunization events and to provide insight into the natural history of VZV infections. Importantly molecular genetics has shown that reinfection with establishment of latency by the reinfecting strain is common, that dual infections with different viruses can occur, and that reactivation of the superinfecting genotype can both occur. Whole-genome sequencing of the vOka vaccine has been used to show that vesicles form from a single virion, that latency is established within a few days of inoculation, and that all vaccine strains are capable of establishing latency and reactivating. Novel molecular tools have characterized the transcripts expressed during latent infection in vitro.
Asunto(s)
Herpesvirus Humano 3/genética , Herpesvirus Humano 3/fisiología , Infección por el Virus de la Varicela-Zóster/virología , Activación Viral/fisiología , Latencia del Virus/fisiología , Genotipo , Herpesvirus Humano 3/clasificación , Herpesvirus Humano 3/patogenicidad , Humanos , Epidemiología Molecular/métodos , Activación Viral/genética , Latencia del Virus/genéticaRESUMEN
Background: Varicella zoster virus (VZV) may cause encephalitis, both with and without rash. Here we investigate whether viruses recovered from the central nervous system (CNS; encephalitis or meningitis) differ genetically from those recovered from non-CNS samples. Methods: Enrichment-based deep sequencing of 45 VZV genomes from cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), plasma, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and vesicles was carried out with samples collected from 34 patients with and without VZV infection of the CNS. Results: Viral sequences from multiple sites in the same patient were identical at the consensus level. Virus from vesicle fluid and CSF in cases of meningitis showed low-level diversity. By contrast, plasma, BAL, and encephalitis had higher numbers of variant alleles. Two CSF-encephalitis samples had high genetic diversity, with variant frequency patterns typical of mixed infections with different clades. Conclusions: Low viral genetic diversity in vesicle fluid is compatible with previous observations that VZV skin lesions arise from single or low numbers of virions. A similar result was observed in VZV from cases of VZV meningitis, a generally self-limiting infection. CSF from cases of encephalitis had higher diversity with evidence for mixed clade infections in 2 cases. We hypothesize that reactivation from multiple neurons may contribute to the pathogenesis of VZV encephalitis.
Asunto(s)
ADN Viral/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Encefalitis por Varicela Zóster/virología , Herpesvirus Humano 3/clasificación , Herpesvirus Humano 3/genética , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Niño , Preescolar , Estudios de Cohortes , Coinfección/virología , Vesículas Citoplasmáticas/virología , Variación Genética , Genoma Viral/genética , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Carga Viral , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
As early as 1943, the German physician Helmut Ruska visualized the virus of varicella and zoster (at that time, he was not completely certain whether the virus was the same) by the newly developed electron microscope; he is regarded as the discoverer of this virus. Here, we present a translation of his classical paper into the English language. In our introduction and commentary to his paper, we discuss the significance of Helmut Ruska's work for the development of virology, his distinction between the varicella, zoster, and herpes virus group on one hand and poxviruses on the other, as well as the development of imaging techniques which have refined or substituted for electron microscopy of viruses and virus-infected cells.
Asunto(s)
Varicela/virología , Herpes Zóster/virología , Herpesvirus Humano 3/clasificación , Herpesvirus Humano 3/ultraestructura , HumanosRESUMEN
El Síndrome de Ramsay Hunt o Herpes Zóster Ótico, se define por la asociación de parálisis facial periférica con la presencia de erupción eritemato-vesicular en el oído externo, por el virus de la Varicela-Herpes Zóster. Objetivo: Establecer la evolución de la reactivación del virus de la varicela en personas mayores de 90 años. Presentación del Caso clínico: paciente femenina de 91 años, con antecedente de artritis reumatoide e hipertensión arterial no controlada; inicia con erupción maculo papular en hemicara izquierda que evoluciona a vesículas, acompañada de fiebre y mal estado general; concomitante presenta otalgia. Es ingresada por el servicio de Medicina Interna al Hospital Escuela Universitario donde se instaura tratamiento: Aciclovir 500mg intravenoso cada 8 horas, Pregabalina 1 cápsula vía oral cada 12 horas y Prednisona 50mg vía oral cada día, con buena respuesta terapéutica; se da de alta con mejoría de sus síntomas y resolución de lesiones faciales. Conclusión: Para la aparición del síndrome de Ramsay Hunt II en esta paciente, el principal factor de riesgo fue la edad; su evolución fue favorable y sin secuelas al instaurarse el tratamiento en forma oportuna...(AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Femenino , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Aciclovir/farmacocinética , Parálisis de Bell , Herpes Zóster Ótico , Herpesvirus Humano 3/clasificación , Erupción Variceliforme de Kaposi/complicacionesRESUMEN
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection (chickenpox) results in latency and subsequent reactivation manifests as shingles. Effective attenuated vaccines (vOka) are available for prevention of both illnesses. In this study, an amplicon-based sequencing method capable of differentiating between VZV wild-type (wt) strains and vOka vaccine is described. A total of 44 vesicular fluid specimens collected from 43 patients (16 from China and 27 from the UK) with either chickenpox or shingles were investigated, of which 10 had received previous vaccination. Four sets of polymerase chain reactions were set up simultaneously with primers amplifying regions encompassing four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), '69349-106262-107252-108111'. Nucleotide sequences were generated by Sanger sequencing. All samples except one had a wt SNP profile of 'A-T-T-T'. The sample collected from a patient who received vaccine 7-10 days ago, along with VZV vaccine preparations, Zostavax and Baike-varicella gave a SNP profile 'G-C-C-C'. The results show that this method can distinguish vaccine-derived virus from wt viruses from main four clades, (clades 1-4) and should be of utility worldwide.
Asunto(s)
Vacuna contra la Varicela/genética , Herpesvirus Humano 3/genética , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Varicela/virología , Vacuna contra la Varicela/clasificación , Niño , Preescolar , China , Inglaterra , Femenino , Herpes Zóster/virología , Herpesvirus Humano 3/clasificación , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Escocia , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Vacunas Atenuadas/clasificación , Vacunas Atenuadas/genética , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is a causative agent of chickenpox in primary infection and shingles after its reactivation from latency. Complete or almost-complete genomic DNA sequences for various VZV strains have been reported. Recently, clinical VZV strains were isolated from Korean patients whose genome was sequenced using high-throughput sequencing technology. In this study, we analyzed single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of VZV strains to genetically characterize Korean clinical isolates. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that three Korean strains, YC01, YC02, and YC03, were linked to clade 2. Comprehensive SNP analysis identified 86 sites specific for the 5 VZV clades. VZV strains isolated from Korea did not form a phylogenetic cluster. Rather, YC02 and YC03 clustered strongly with Chinese strain 84-7 within clade 2, more specifically cluster 2a. Signature sequences for the cluster 2a were identified and found to play an important role in the separation of cluster 2a strains from other clade 2 strains, as shown in substitution studies. Further genetic analysis with additional strains isolated from Japan, China, and other Asian countries would provide a novel insight into the significance of two distinct subclades within clade 2.
Asunto(s)
Variación Genética , Herpesvirus Humano 3/clasificación , Herpesvirus Humano 3/genética , Genoma Viral , Herpesvirus Humano 3/aislamiento & purificación , Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento , Humanos , Corea (Geográfico) , Filogenia , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Análisis de Secuencia de ADNRESUMEN
We report whole-genome sequences (WGSs) for four varicella-zoster virus (VZV) samples from a shingles study conducted by Kaiser Permanente of Southern California. Comparative genomics and phylogenetic analysis of all published VZV WGSs revealed that strain KY037798 is in clade IX, which shall henceforth be designated clade 9. Previously published single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP)-based genotyping schemes fail to discriminate between clades 6 and VIII and employ positions that are not clade-specific. We provide an updated list of clade-specific positions that supersedes the list determined at the 2008 VZV nomenclature meeting. Finally, we propose a new targeted genotyping scheme that will discriminate the circulating VZV clades with at least a twofold redundancy. Genotyping strategies using a limited set of targeted SNPs will continue to provide an efficient 'first pass' method for VZV strain surveillance as vaccination programmes for varicella and zoster influence the dynamics of VZV transmission.
Asunto(s)
Variación Genética , Genómica/métodos , Genotipo , Técnicas de Genotipaje/métodos , Herpesvirus Humano 3/clasificación , Herpesvirus Humano 3/genética , Filogenia , California , Genoma Viral , Herpes Zóster/virología , Humanos , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Análisis de Secuencia de ADNRESUMEN
This study was performed to differentiate vaccine-type strains from wild-type strains and determine the genotype of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) in 51 Korean children. A sequencing analysis of ORF 62 identified two cases of herpes zoster caused by the vaccine-type virus, without a previous history of varicella, 22 months and 5 months after VZV vaccination. The wild-type strain was identified in the remaining children. A genotype analysis of ORF 22 amino acids revealed genotype J in all children except one. Genotype E was identified in an infant with varicella imported from Egypt.
Asunto(s)
Herpes Zóster/virología , Herpesvirus Humano 3/genética , Vacunas Virales/efectos adversos , Adolescente , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Herpesvirus Humano 3/clasificación , Herpesvirus Humano 3/inmunología , Herpesvirus Humano 3/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Sistemas de Lectura Abierta , Seúl , Vacunación , Proteínas Virales/genética , Proteínas Virales/inmunología , Vacunas Virales/administración & dosificación , Vacunas Virales/genética , Vacunas Virales/inmunología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Recombination in alphaherpesviruses was first described more than sixty years ago. Since then, different techniques have been used to detect recombination in natural (field) and experimental settings. Over the last ten years, next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies and bioinformatic analyses have greatly increased the accuracy of recombination detection, particularly in field settings, thus contributing greatly to the study of natural alphaherpesvirus recombination in both human and veterinary medicine. Such studies have highlighted the important role that natural recombination plays in the evolution of many alphaherpesviruses. These studies have also shown that recombination can be a safety concern for attenuated alphaherpesvirus vaccines, particularly in veterinary medicine where such vaccines are used extensively, but also potentially in human medicine where attenuated varicella zoster virus vaccines are in use. This review focuses on the contributions that NGS and sequence analysis have made over the last ten years to our understanding of recombination in mammalian and avian alphaherpesviruses, with particular focus on attenuated live vaccine use.
Asunto(s)
Genoma Viral , Infecciones por Herpesviridae/epidemiología , Infecciones por Herpesviridae/virología , Virus Reordenados/genética , Recombinación Genética , Animales , Evolución Biológica , Aves/virología , Infecciones por Herpesviridae/inmunología , Infecciones por Herpesviridae/prevención & control , Herpesvirus Gallináceo 1/clasificación , Herpesvirus Gallináceo 1/genética , Herpesvirus Humano 1/clasificación , Herpesvirus Humano 1/genética , Herpesvirus Suido 1/clasificación , Herpesvirus Suido 1/genética , Herpesvirus Humano 2/clasificación , Herpesvirus Humano 2/genética , Herpesvirus Humano 3/clasificación , Herpesvirus Humano 3/genética , Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento , Humanos , Mardivirus/clasificación , Mardivirus/genética , Virus Reordenados/clasificación , Vacunas Virales/administración & dosificación , Vacunas Virales/genética , Vacunas Virales/inmunologíaRESUMEN
A method of one-stage rapid detection and differentiation of epidemiologically important variola virus (VARV), monkeypox virus (MPXV), and varicella-zoster virus (VZV) utilizing multiplex real-time TaqMan PCR assay was developed. Four hybridization probes with various fluorescent dyes and the corresponding fluorescence quenchers were simultaneously used for the assay. The hybridization probes specific for the VARV sequence contained FAM/BHQ1 as a dye/quencher pair; MPXV-specific, JOE/BHQ1; VZV-specific, TAMRA/BHQ2; and internal control-specific, Cy5/BHQ3. The specificity and sensitivity of the developed method were assessed by analyzing DNA of 32 strains belonging to orthopoxvirus and herpesvirus species.
Asunto(s)
Herpesvirus Humano 3/aislamiento & purificación , Monkeypox virus/aislamiento & purificación , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa Multiplex/métodos , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa/métodos , Virus de la Viruela/aislamiento & purificación , Virología/métodos , Herpesvirus Humano 3/clasificación , Herpesvirus Humano 3/genética , Monkeypox virus/clasificación , Monkeypox virus/genética , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Virus de la Viruela/clasificación , Virus de la Viruela/genéticaRESUMEN
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is a causative agent for chickenpox and zoster. Live attenuated vaccines have been developed based on Oka and MAV/06 strains. In order to understand the molecular mechanisms of attenuation, complete genome sequences of vaccine and wild-type strains were compared and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was analyzed. ORF22 and ORF62 contained the highest number of SNPs. The detailed analysis of the SNPs suggested 24 potential vaccine-specific sites. All the mutational events found in vaccine-specific sites were transitional, and most of them were substitution of AT to GC pair. Interestingly, 18 of the vaccine-specific sites of the vaccine strains appeared to be genetically heterogeneous. The probability of a single genome of vaccine strain to contain all 24 vaccine-type sequences was calculated to be less than 4%. The average codon adaptation index (CAI) value of the vaccine strains was significantly lower than the CAI value of the clinical strains.
Asunto(s)
Vacuna contra la Varicela/inmunología , Epítopos/genética , Epítopos/inmunología , Genoma Viral , Herpesvirus Humano 3/genética , Herpesvirus Humano 3/inmunología , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Adaptación Biológica , Sustitución de Aminoácidos , Varicela/inmunología , Varicela/prevención & control , Codón , Herpesvirus Humano 3/clasificación , Humanos , Mutación INDEL , Mutación , Sistemas de Lectura Abierta , Análisis de Secuencia de ADNAsunto(s)
Varicela/diagnóstico , Fibrosis Quística/complicaciones , Herpesvirus Humano 3/aislamiento & purificación , Piel/patología , Varicela/inmunología , Niño , ADN Viral/genética , ADN Viral/aislamiento & purificación , Femenino , Genotipo , Herpesvirus Humano 3/clasificación , Herpesvirus Humano 3/genética , Humanos , Piel/virologíaRESUMEN
To determine the predominant genotype of the varicella-zoster virus (VZV) in suburban Shanghai Municipal Province, specimens were collected from the lesions of 95 outpatients clinically diagnosed with varicella or herpes zoster. Of these, 69 patients (72.6%) were positive for VZV DNA. The 69 isolates were all genotyped as the genotype J1/clade 2. Based on sequencing of the 447 bp sequence in ORF22, 66 isolates were identified as genotype J/clade 2 strains and three were identified as type M2/clade 4 strains. To confirm the classification of these three strains, we determined the presence of 27 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and found that isolates 1270/1450 shared seven SNPs that differed from those of clade 2, in which three SNPs were unique to clade 3 and another three were unique to clade 4. Isolate 1456 had two markers of clade 4 that differed from clade 2. The phylogenetic tree showed that our isolates clustered primarily with clade 2 and that the three M2/J1 strains clustered between clades 2 and 4. It is likely that isolates 1270/1450/1446 may represent a new subclade of either clade 2 or 4, or some recombinant events. In addition, our isolates were WT strains. We also observed significant inter-strain variations.
Asunto(s)
Herpes Zóster/virología , Herpesvirus Humano 3/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Secuencia de Bases , Niño , Preescolar , China/epidemiología , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Genotipo , Herpes Zóster/epidemiología , Herpesvirus Humano 3/clasificación , Herpesvirus Humano 3/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Sistemas de Lectura Abierta , Filogenia , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Accompanying varicella vaccination in children in Germany recommended with one (2004) and two (2009) doses, sentinel surveillance of varicella with a sample (nâ¼900) of private physicians was established in 2005. Physicians reported monthly aggregated data on all varicella cases and case-based on vaccinated patients, of whom skin lesion samples were laboratory investigated to identify varicella-zoster virus (VZV). We analyzed the impact of vaccination frequency on the number of cases and on laboratory results within the sentinel. METHODS: Swabs were obtained with a Teflon tip and sent together with a case-based questionnaire to the reference laboratory. VZV wild-type and vaccine-type was identified by polymerase chain-reaction (PCR) and pyrosequencing methods. Case-based data and laboratory results were analyzed descriptively. RESULTS: From April 2005 to March 2014, of all monthly reported cases (n=111,456) 4789 were vaccinated and eligible for further analysis. No differences were found between laboratory investigated and not investigated cases (1017 vs. 3772) except that the proportion of cases vaccinated twice was higher in lab-cases (29.4% vs. 16.1%). PCR remained negative in 69.6% (197/283) of breakthrough-cases vaccinated twice, in comparison to 22.7% (147/649) breakthrough-cases vaccinated once. VZV was confirmed in 500 (81) patients with breakthrough varicella after one (two) vaccination(s); identification of VZV wild-type, vaccine-type, or no further differentiation was possible in 485 (72), 5 (6), and 10 (3) cases, respectively. CONCLUSION: Varicella breakthrough disease is rare in Germany and suspected clinical cases require laboratory confirmation. The lower confirmation rate of VZV after two vaccine doses suggests a better protection compared to one dose.
Asunto(s)
Varicela/epidemiología , Varicela/inmunología , Varicela/historia , Vacuna contra la Varicela/inmunología , Femenino , Alemania/epidemiología , Herpesvirus Humano 3/clasificación , Herpesvirus Humano 3/genética , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Vigilancia de la Población , VacunaciónAsunto(s)
Herpes Zóster/epidemiología , Gripe Humana/epidemiología , Visita a Consultorio Médico/estadística & datos numéricos , Infecciones por Picornaviridae/epidemiología , Infecciones por Respirovirus/epidemiología , Australia/epidemiología , Herpes Zóster/diagnóstico , Herpes Zóster/virología , Herpesvirus Humano 3/clasificación , Herpesvirus Humano 3/genética , Herpesvirus Humano 3/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Subtipo H1N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/clasificación , Subtipo H1N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/genética , Subtipo H1N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/aislamiento & purificación , Virus de la Influenza B/clasificación , Virus de la Influenza B/genética , Virus de la Influenza B/aislamiento & purificación , Gripe Humana/diagnóstico , Gripe Humana/virología , Mucosa Nasal/virología , Virus de la Parainfluenza 1 Humana/clasificación , Virus de la Parainfluenza 1 Humana/genética , Virus de la Parainfluenza 1 Humana/aislamiento & purificación , Virus de la Parainfluenza 2 Humana/clasificación , Virus de la Parainfluenza 2 Humana/genética , Virus de la Parainfluenza 2 Humana/aislamiento & purificación , Virus de la Parainfluenza 3 Humana/clasificación , Virus de la Parainfluenza 3 Humana/genética , Virus de la Parainfluenza 3 Humana/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por Picornaviridae/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Picornaviridae/virología , Infecciones por Respirovirus/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Respirovirus/virología , Rhinovirus/clasificación , Rhinovirus/genética , Rhinovirus/aislamiento & purificación , Vigilancia de GuardiaRESUMEN
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), herpes simplex virus one (HSV-1) and herpes simplex virus two (HSV-2) represent three out of the eight known human herpesviruses and belong to the subfamily of α-herpesviruses. These viruses are present worldwide and humans are their sole host and reservoir. After the primary infection, these viruses persist in the body throughout life. The period of latency may be interrupted by reactivation of infection due to various factors. Each virus can induce a wide spectrum of diseases. The primary infection is typical for children and otherwise healthy individuals are often asymptomatic. It is mainly immunocompromised patients who are at risk of developing severe disease or complications when infected by these viruses. However, even in otherwise healthy individuals an infection by a-herpesviruses can run a severe course and lead to death.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Herpesviridae/virología , Herpesvirus Humano 1/aislamiento & purificación , Herpesvirus Humano 2/aislamiento & purificación , Herpesvirus Humano 3/aislamiento & purificación , República Checa/epidemiología , Femenino , Infecciones por Herpesviridae/epidemiología , Herpesvirus Humano 1/clasificación , Herpesvirus Humano 1/genética , Herpesvirus Humano 2/clasificación , Herpesvirus Humano 2/genética , Herpesvirus Humano 3/clasificación , Herpesvirus Humano 3/genética , Humanos , Huésped Inmunocomprometido , MasculinoRESUMEN
UNLABELLED: Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), a double-stranded DNA alphaherpesvirus, is associated with seasonal outbreaks of varicella in nonimmunized populations. Little is known about whether these outbreaks are associated with a single or multiple viral genotypes and whether new mutations rapidly accumulate during transmission. Here, we take advantage of a well-characterized population cohort in Guinea-Bissau and produce a unique set of 23 full-length genome sequences, collected over 7 months from eight households. Comparative sequence analysis reveals that four distinct genotypes cocirculated among the population, three of which were present during the first week of the outbreak, although no patients were coinfected, which indicates that exposure to infectious virus from multiple sources is common during VZV outbreaks. Transmission of VZV was associated with length polymorphisms in the R1 repeat region and the origin of DNA replication. In two cases, these were associated with the formation of distinct lineages and point to the possible coevolution of these loci, despite the lack of any known functional link in VZV or related herpesviruses. We show that these and all other sequenced clade 5 viruses possess a distinct R1 repeat motif that increases the acidity of an ORF11p protein domain and postulate that this has either arisen or been lost following divergence of the major clades. Thus, sequencing of whole VZV genomes collected during an outbreak has provided novel insights into VZV biology, transmission patterns, and (recent) natural history. IMPORTANCE: VZV is a highly infectious virus and the causative agent of chickenpox and shingles, the latter being particularly associated with the risk of painful complications. Seasonal outbreaks of chickenpox are very common among young children, yet little is known about the dynamics of the virus during person-to-person to transmission or whether multiple distinct viruses seed and/or cocirculate during an outbreak. In this study, we have sequenced chickenpox viruses from an outbreak in Guinea-Bissau that are supported by detailed epidemiological data. Our data show that multiple different virus strains seeded and were maintained throughout the 6-month outbreak period and that viruses transmitted between individuals accumulated new mutations in specific genomic regions. Of particular interest is the potential coevolution of two distinct parts of the genomes and our calculations of the rate of viral mutation, both of which increase our understanding of how VZV evolves over short periods of time in human populations.