Amylase concentration and activity in the amniotic fluid of fetal rats with retinoic acid induced myelomeningocele.

BACKGROUND: In utero neurologic injury in myelomeningocele (MMC) occurs via a two-hit process: failed neural tube closure followed by neurodegeneration in utero. Meconium in the amniotic fluid contains pancreatic digestive enzymes and is neurotoxic in rat models of MMC. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to demonstrate the neurotoxicity of α-amylase and to compare the enzyme concentration and activity in the amniotic fluid of rats with retinoic acid induced MMC to a healthy control population. STUDY DESIGN: Timed pregnant Sprague Dawley rats were gavage fed all-trans retinoic acid (60 mg/kg) in olive oil on gestational day E10 to induce a MMC defect. Control rats received olive oil. Amniotic fluid was collected on embryonic days E15, E17, E19, and E21. The amniotic fluid amylase concentration and relative activity were measured at each gestational age, and levels were compared between the MMC and control groups using Wilcoxon Rank Sum and Kruskal-Wallis tests. In a subset of dams sacrificed on E10.5, neuroepithelial cells were isolated from control embryos and exposed to α-amylase in increasing concentrations. Percentage of cell survival was assessed with CellProfiler software. RESULTS: Amniotic fluid amylase activity for embryonic days E15, E17, E19, and E21 was determined for MMC and control pups. Amylase activity increased significantly from E15 to E21 in both control (p = 3.0 × 10-5) and MMC (p = 1.5 × 10-5) groups. Relative amylase activity was significantly increased in MMC pups compared to controls on E19 (247,792.8 versus 106,263.6; p = .0019) and E21 (772,645.8 versus 481,975.3; p = .021); no difference was detected on E15 (36,646.8 versus 40,179.3; p = .645) or E17 (121,617.5 versus 71,750; p = 1.000). In vitro, amylase demonstrated dose-dependent toxicity to fetal rat neuroepithelial cells. CONCLUSION: Amylase concentration and activity level were higher in the amniotic fluid of rats with retinoic acid induced MMC compared to controls with advancing gestational age. As amylase is toxic to neural epithelial cells, the higher activity of this digestive enzyme in fetuses with MMC may be a contributor to neural tube damage in utero. Future research should focus on amylase and other digestive enzymes in human MMC, as they may serve as potential targets of in utero therapy.

The frequency and clinical significance of intra-amniotic inflammation in twin pregnancies with preterm labor and intact membranes.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to evaluate the frequency and clinical significance of intra-amniotic inflammation in twin pregnancies with preterm labor and intact membranes. STUDY DESIGN: Amniotic fluid (AF) was retrieved from both sacs in 90 twin gestations with preterm labor and intact membranes (gestational age between 20 and 34 6/7 weeks). Preterm labor was defined as the presence of painful regular uterine contractions, with a frequency of at least 2 every 10 min, requiring hospitalization. Fluid was cultured and assayed for matrix metalloproteinase-8. Intra-amniotic inflammation was defined as an AF matrix metalloproteinase-8 concentration >23 ng/mL. RESULTS: The prevalence of intra-amniotic inflammation for at least 1 amniotic sac was 39% (35/90), while that of proven intra-amniotic infection for at least one amniotic sac was 10% (9/90). Intra-amniotic inflammation without proven microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity was found in 29% (26/90) of the cases. Intra-amniotic inflammation was present in both amniotic sacs for 22 cases, in the presenting amniotic sac for 12 cases, and in the non-presenting amniotic sac for one case. Women with intra-amniotic inflammation observed in at least one amniotic sac and a negative AF culture for microorganisms had a significantly higher rate of adverse pregnancy outcome than those with a negative AF culture and without intra-amniotic inflammation (lower gestational age at birth, shorter amniocentesis-to-delivery interval, and significant neonatal morbidity). Importantly, there was no significant difference in pregnancy outcome between women with intra-amniotic inflammation and a negative AF culture and those with a positive AF culture. CONCLUSION: Intra-amniotic inflammation is present in 39% of twin pregnancies with preterm labor and intact membranes and is a risk factor for impending preterm delivery and adverse outcome, regardless of the presence or absence of bacteria detected using cultivation techniques.

Utility of amniotic fluid chitotriosidase in the prenatal diagnosis of lysosomal storage disorders.

OBJECTIVE: Plasma chitotriosidase is a documented biomarker for certain lysosomal storage disorders. However, its clinical utility for prenatal samples is not elucidated yet. METHODS: We have established Reference intervals for amniotic fluid chitotriosidase using control amniotic fluids (n = 47) and compared the activity with amniotic fluids affected by lysosomal storage disorders (n = 25). RESULTS: The reference interval established was 0-6.76 nmol/h/ml. The amniotic fluids affected with LSDs exhibited elevation of chitotriosidase. The area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic curve for affected vs. healthy was 0.987 indicating 98.6% accuracy of chitotriosidase in identifying pregnancies affected with LSDs. Among the different LSDs, Gaucher (202.00 ±â€¯35.27 nmol/h/ml) and Niemann-pick A/B (60.33 ±â€¯21.59 nmol/h/ml) showed very high levels of chitotriosidase. CONCLUSION: Amniotic fluid chitotriosidase has the potential to serve as a diagnostic marker for lysosomal storage disorders, more specifically for Gaucher and Niemann-Pick A/B.

[Features of redox processes in the amniotic fluid at placental insufficiency]. / Osobennosti okislitel'no-vosstanovitel'nykh protsessov v okoloplodnykh vodakh pri platsentarnoi nedostatochnosti.

Activity of prooxidant enzymes (NADPH-oxidase and xanthine oxidase), antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase), enzymes of the glutathione-dependent systems, as well as antioxidant vitamins (retinol and a-tocopherol), lipid peroxidation products (LPP) (conjugated dienes and Schiff bases), and peroxide chemiluminescence were studied in the amniotic fluid at different periods of physiological pregnancy and placental insufficiency (PI). It was found that at PI the activity of NADPH-oxidase, xanthine oxidase increased and the activity of SOD, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione transferase and the content of fat-soluble vitamins decreased. The direct and inverse correlation between the studied pro- and antioxidant parameters and the content of LPP products, was found ro be different in the II and III trimesters of gestation. The revealed differences obviously reflect metabolic impairments in the fetoplacental complex, and the activity and level of the paremeters of redox processes can be used as tests for pre- and postnatal disorders.

Human amnion-derived mesenchymal stem cells induced osteogenesis and angiogenesis in human adipose-derived stem cells via ERK1/2 MAPK signaling pathway.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have shown great potential in treating bone deficiency. Human adipose-derived stem cells (HASCs) are multipotent progenitor cells with multi-lineage differentiation potential. Human amnion-derived mesenchymal stem cells (HAMSCs) are capable of promoting osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. In this study, we investigated the effect of HAMSCs on HASCs by a transwell co-culture system. HAMSCs promoted proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, angiogenic potential and adiponectin (APN) secretion of HASCs. Moreover, the positive effect of HAMSCs was significantly inhibited by U0126, a highly selective inhibitor of extracellular signaling-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. These observations suggested that HAMSCs induced bone regeneration in HASCs via ERK1/2 MAPK signaling pathway. [BMB Reports 2018; 51(4): 194-199].

Expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and its substrate level in patients with premature rupture of membranes.

In this study, 30 case of patients with full-term premature membrane rupture and another 30 cases of full-term delivered subject without premature rupture of membranes (PROM) were selected to explore the relationship between premature membrane rupture with matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) and its substrate level. Results showed the plasma zinc, MMP-9 in serum and amniotic fluid increased in patients with PROM; their type IV collagen in serum and foetal membrane decreased. Increased Zinc ion concentration results in increased concentration of MMP-9, a zinc-dependent enzyme; the degradation of type IV collagen by MMP-9 might be the potential mechanism of premature rupture of membranes in full-term pregnant women.

Twenty-four percent of patients with clinical chorioamnionitis in preterm gestations have no evidence of either culture-proven intraamniotic infection or intraamniotic inflammation.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies on clinical chorioamnionitis at term suggest that some patients with this diagnosis have neither intraamniotic infection nor intraamniotic inflammation. A false-positive diagnosis of clinical chorioamnionitis in preterm gestation may lead to unwarranted preterm delivery. OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine the frequency of intraamniotic inflammation and microbiologically proven amniotic fluid infection in patients with preterm clinical chorioamnionitis. STUDY DESIGN: Amniocentesis was performed in singleton pregnant women with preterm clinical chorioamnionitis (<36 weeks of gestation). Amniotic fluid was cultured for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and genital mycoplasmas and assayed for matrix metalloproteinase-8 concentration. Microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity was defined as a positive amniotic fluid culture; intraamniotic inflammation was defined as an elevated amniotic fluid matrix metalloproteinase-8 concentration of >23 ng/mL. Nonparametric and survival techniques were used for analysis. RESULTS: Among patients with preterm clinical chorioamnionitis, 24% (12/50) had neither microbiologic evidence of intraamniotic infection nor intraamniotic inflammation. Microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity was present in 34% (18/53) and intraamniotic inflammation in 76% (38/50) of patients. The most common microorganisms isolated from the amniotic cavity were the Ureaplasma species. Finally, patients without microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity or intraamniotic inflammation had significantly lower rates of adverse outcomes (including lower gestational age at delivery, a shorter amniocentesis-to-delivery interval, acute histologic chorioamnionitis, acute funisitis, and significant neonatal morbidity) than those with microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity and/or intraamniotic inflammation. CONCLUSION: Among patients with preterm clinical chorioamnionitis, 24% had no evidence of either intraamniotic infection or intraamniotic inflammation, and 66% had negative amniotic fluid cultures, using standard microbiologic techniques. These observations call for a reexamination of the criteria used to diagnose preterm clinical chorioamnionitis.

Amniotic Fluid Infection in Preterm Pregnancies with Intact Membranes.

Introduction. Intra-amniotic infection (IAI) is a major cause of preterm labor and adverse neonatal outcome. We evaluated amniotic fluid (AF) proteolytic cascade forming biomarkers in relation to microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (MIAC) and IAI in preterm pregnancies with intact membranes. Material and Methods. Amniocentesis was made to 73 women with singleton pregnancies; 27 with suspected IAI; and 46 controls. AF biomarkers were divided into three cascades: Cascade 1: matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8), MMP-9, myeloperoxidase (MPO), and interleukin-6; Cascade 2: neutrophil elastase (HNE), elafin, and MMP-9; Cascade 3: MMP-2, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1), MMP-8/TIMP-1 molar ratio, and C-reactive protein (CRP). MMP-8 was measured by an immunoenzymometric assay and the others were measured by ELISA. Standard biochemical methods, molecular microbiology, and culture techniques were used. Results. MMP-8, MMP-9, MPO, elafin, and TIMP-1 concentrations were higher in IAI suspected cases compared to controls and also in IAI suspected cases with MIAC compared to those without MIAC when adjusted by gestational age at amniocentesis. All biomarkers except elafin and MMP-2 had the sensitivity of 100% with thresholds based on ROC-curve. Odd ratios of biomarkers for MIAC were 1.2-38 and 95% confidential intervals 1.0-353.6. Conclusions. Neutrophil based AF biomarkers were associated with IAI and MIAC.

Is there any role of prolidase enzyme activity in the etiology of preeclampsia?

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a relationship between preeclampsia and prolidase enzyme activity. METHODS: A prospective cohort study of 41 pregnant women diagnosed with preeclampsia and 31 healthy pregnant women as control group was selected at Harran University Hospital Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. The prolidase enzyme activity was analyzed in maternal and umbilical cord plasma, amniotic fluid and placental and umbilical cord tissues by Chinard method in addition to maternal serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) and serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT). RESULTS: A significant relationship was found between plasma prolidase activity (635 ± 83 U/L) (p = 0.007), umbilical cord plasma prolidase activity (610 ± 90 U/L) (p = 0.013), amniotic fluid prolidase activity (558 ± 100 U/L) (p = 0.001), umbilical cord tissue prolidase activity (4248 ± 1675 U/gr protein) (p = 0.013) and placental tissue prolidase activity (2116 ± 601 U/gr protein) (p = 0.001) in preeclamptic group when compared to healthy pregnant women. CONCLUSION: There is a strong correlation between prolidase enzyme activity and preeclampsia. Prolidase enzyme activity may play a role in preeclampsia.

Comparison of amniotic fluid matrix metalloproteinase-8 and cathelicidin in the diagnosis of intra-amniotic infection.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of amniotic fluid (AF) matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) and cathelicidin concentrations with microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (MIAC) in pregnancies with preterm prelabor rupture of the membranes or intact membranes. STUDY DESIGN: Amniocentesis was performed in 54 singleton pregnancies between 22+0 and 34+2 gestational weeks with suspected intra-amniotic infection. AF-MMP-8 was analysed by immunoassay and AF-cathelicidin by commercial ELISA. Standard biochemical methods, molecular microbiology and culture techniques were used. RESULTS: MIAC was present in 18 (33%) women. The cutoff value for the diagnosis of MIAC was 41.5 ng ml-1 for AF-MMP-8, and 11.6 ng ml-1 for AF-cathelicidin. With these cutoff values AF-MMP-8 had a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 69%, positive predictive value of 62% and negative predictive value of 100% for MIAC. The corresponding values for AF-cathelicidin were 89, 81, 70 and 94%. CONCLUSION: The performance of AF-cathelicidin in the prediction of MIAC is comparable to AF-MMP-8.

Effect of high-dose fluoride on antioxidant enzyme activities of amniotic Fluid in rats.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of high-dose fluoride on antioxidant enzyme activities of amniotic fluid and fluoride of serum in rats. METHODS: The experimental study was conducted from January 8, 2008, to December 14, 2010, at the Suleyman Demirel University Experimental Animals Laboratory and the Medical Biochemistry Department Research Laboratory, Isparta, Turkey. Impregnated Wistar albino rats were divided into two equal groups. Group I had controls, while Group II rats were exposed to high-dose fluoride. Group I was given drinking water mixed with 0.1 mg/kg/b.w./day of natrium fluoride, while group II was given drinking water mixed with 10 mg/kg/b.w./day of natrium fluoride for 18 days. At the end of 18 days, amniotic fluid and blood samples were collected from control and experimental groups of pregnancy. Superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase activities and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances as antioxidant enzymes in amniotic fluid and levels of fluoride in serum samples were investigated. RESULTS: There were 14 rats, with 7(50%) in each group. Foetal weight in group II significantly decreased compared to the control group (p< 0.05). Antioxidant enzyme activities in amniotic fluid were significantly higher in group II than group I (p< 0.05) although thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in amniotic fluid and serum fluoride levels were significantly lower in group II than group I (p< 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Fluoride that created oxidative stress inhibited lipid peroxidation and apparently increased the antioxidant defence system.

Amniotic fluid levels of phospholipase A2 in fetal rats with retinoic acid induced myelomeningocele: the potential "second hit" in neurologic damage.

OBJECTIVES: There is growing evidence of ongoing, in utero neurological damage in fetuses with myelomeningocele (MMC). Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) has known neurotoxic properties and is predominantly present in its secretory isoform (sPLA2) in meconium, the passage of which is increased in MMC fetuses. The objective of this study was to determine if amniotic fluid (AF) levels of PLA2 are elevated in a rat model of MMC. METHODS: Timed pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were gavage fed 60 mg/kg/bodyweight retinoic acid (RA) in olive oil at embryonic day 10 (E10). Amniocentesis was performed at multiple gestational time points on MMC fetuses, RA-exposed fetuses without MMC and control fetuses. AF PLA2 levels were analyzed by a fluorescent enzyme activity assay. PLA2 isoforms were determined by measuring activity in the presence of specific inhibitors. RESULTS: There was no difference in AF PLA2 activity between groups on E15. PLA2 activity was significantly increased in MMC fetuses on E17, E19 and E21 (p < 0.001). Secretory PLA2 primarily accounted for the overall greater activity. CONCLUSIONS: PLA2 levels are elevated in the AF of fetal rats with MMC and may contribute to ongoing neural injury. This pathway may be a useful drug target to limit ongoing damage and better preserve neurologic function.

Gastric fluid versus amniotic fluid analysis for the identification of intra-amniotic infection due to Ureaplasma species.

OBJECTIVE: Early neonatal sepsis is often due to intra-amniotic infection. The stomach of the neonate contains fluid swallowed before and during delivery. The presence of bacteria as well as neutrophils detected by culture or Gram stain of the gastric fluid during the first day of life is suggestive of exposure to bacteria or inflammation. We undertook this study to determine the relationship between gastric fluid analysis and amniotic fluid obtained by transabdominal amniocentesis in the detection of Ureaplasma species, the most frequent microorganisms responsible for intra-amniotic infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study population consisted of 100 singleton pregnant women who delivered preterm neonates (<35 weeks) within 7 days of amniocentesis. Gastric fluid of newborns was obtained by nasogastric intubation on the day of birth. Amniotic fluid and gastric fluid were cultured for genital Mycoplasmas, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for Ureaplasma species was performed. Intra-amniotic inflammation was defined as an elevated amniotic fluid matrix metalloproteinase-8 concentration (>23 ng/mL). RESULTS: (1) Ureaplasma species were detected by culture or PCR in 18% (18/100) of amniotic fluid samples and in 5% (5/100) of gastric fluid samples; (2) among the amniotic fluid cases positive for Ureaplasma species, these microorganisms were identified in 27.8% (5/18) of gastric fluid samples; (3) none of the cases negative for Ureaplasma species in the amniotic fluid were found to be positive for these microorganisms in the gastric fluid; (4) patients with amniotic fluid positive for Ureaplasma species but with gastric fluid negative for these microorganisms had a significantly higher rate of intra-amniotic inflammation, acute histologic chorioamnionitis, and neonatal death than those with both amniotic fluid and gastric fluid negative for Ureaplasma species; and (5) no significant differences were observed in the rate of intra-amniotic inflammation, acute histologic chorioamnionitis, and neonatal death between patients with amniotic fluid positive for Ureaplasma species but with gastric fluid negative for these microorganisms and those with both amniotic fluid and gastric fluid positive for Ureaplasma species. CONCLUSIONS: Gastric fluid analysis has 100% specificity in the identification of intra-amniotic infection with Ureaplasma species. However, the detection of Ureaplasma species by culture or PCR in the gastric fluid of neonates at birth did not identify these microorganisms in two-thirds of cases with microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity. Thus, amniotic fluid analysis is superior to that of gastric fluid in the identification of intra-amniotic infection.

Nonvisualization of the Fetal Gallbladder: Can Levels of Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase in Amniotic Fluid Predict Fetal Prognosis?

OBJECTIVE: In cases of nonvisualization of the fetal gallbladder (NVFGB), we investigated whether amniotic fluid levels of gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP) can distinguish normal development or benign gallbladder agenesis from severe anomaly such as biliary atresia. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study of pregnancies in which the gallbladder was not visualized in the second-trimester fetal anatomy scan. Levels of GGTP in amniotic fluid were analyzed prior to 22 weeks of gestation by amniocentesis. Data were collected regarding other fetal malformations, fetal karyotype, and screening results for cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene mutations. RESULTS: Of 32 cases of NVFGB, 27 (84%) had normal GGTP levels and a normal CFTR gene screening, and 1 of them had an abnormal karyotype. Three of the 5 cases with low GGTP were diagnosed with extrahepatic biliary atresia, proven by histopathological examination following termination of pregnancy. The fourth case had hepatic vasculature abnormality and the fifth isolated gallbladder agenesis. In 22 of 32 cases (68.7%), the gallbladder was detected either later in pregnancy or after delivery. CONCLUSION: The findings support low levels of GGTP in amniotic fluid, combined with NVFGB, as a sign of severe disease, mainly biliary atresia. Normal GGTP levels, concomitant with isolated NVFGB, carry a good prognosis.

Aplasia cutis congenita in a setting of fetus papyraceus associated with small fetal abdominal circumference and high alpha-fetoprotein and amniotic acetylcholinesterase.

Fetus papyraceus is the fetal death of one or more fetuses in a multiparous pregnancy. The surviving infants can experience extensive aplasia cutis in an H-shaped distribution over the flanks and abdomen as a consequence of the loss of their fetal sibling. We report the case of a monochorionic, diamniotic pregnancy complicated by a single fetal death at 13 weeks of gestational age. Aplasia cutis of the surviving twin was suggested in utero by three criteria: high amniotic and maternal alpha-fetoprotein, detectable acetylcholinesterase, and small abdominal circumference on prenatal ultrasound. This constellation of findings in the setting of fetus papyraceus can be an indicator of aplasia cutis in the surviving fetus.

The levels of the neutrophil elastase in the amniotic fluid of pregnant women whose infants develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

OBJECTIVE: To clarify the association between amniotic neutrophil elastase levels and the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). METHODS: The database between July 2001 and December 2012 was reviewed for women with amniocentesis on admission for amniotic fluid neutrophil elastase levels and with singleton deliveries between 22 + 0 and 31 + 6 weeks of gestation. Following deliveries, placentas were examined for histologic chorioamnionitis. The peripheral blood of the neonates was analyzed for acute phase reactants. RESULTS: Among 294 infants, no, mild, moderate or severe BPD was observed in 126, 89, 40 and 39 infants, respectively. The medians of gestational age on admission, at premature rupture of membranes and at delivery were significantly smaller in BPD (+) when compared with BPD (-) (p < 0.001). The median level of amniotic neutrophil elastase on admission was significantly greater in BPD (+) than that in BPD (-). Histologic chorioamnionitis and funisitis were both detected more frequently in BPD (+) patients than in BPD (-) patients. In a logistic regression model, the only variable that affected an increased chance of BPD was the gestational age at delivery (odds ratio, 0.58; 95% confidence interval, 0.36-0.92; p = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS: The level of amniotic neutrophil elastase cannot be a definitive risk factor for BPD.

The assessment of the relationship between amniotic fluid matrix metalloproteinase-9 and zinc levels with adverse obstetric outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between the amniotic fluid MMP-9 and zinc levels during 16-19th gestational weeks and perinatal outcomes. METHOD: One hundred and seventeen singleton pregnancies that underwent genetic amniocentesis from January 2005 through November 2009 were evaluated. Subjects were divided into two main groups: a control group (group 1) (n: 74), and an adverse obstetric outcomes group (group 2) (n: 43). Group 2 consisted of the following: preterm birth group, gestational hypertension and preeclampsia group, gestational diabetes group, fetal growth restriction group, macrosomia group, and pregnancy loss group. MMP-9 and zinc (Zn) values in the amniocentesis materials sampled between the 16th and 19th gestational weeks were analyzed retrospectively in terms of perinatal outcomes. Any significant difference among the groups was assessed by unpaired samples t test and the Mann-Whitney U test. Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05. RESULTS: A comparison among groups showed no significant difference in terms of Zn results between the group 1 and 2 (p = 0.879). MMP-9 levels were significantly lower in both the preterm birth group (p = 0.043) and group 1 (p = 0.015). CONCLUSION: We found that the amniotic fluid MMP-9 levels of patients who delivered preterm were significantly lower between the 16th and 19th gestational weeks.

Protease concentration in amniotic fluid at term and early childhood respiratory symptoms.

OBJECTIVE: Asthma is a common chronic disease associated with altered proteolytic activity. The present study tested the hypothesis that altered protease concentration in amniotic fluid (AF), an index of airway fluid at birth, precedes early cough and wheeze. METHODS: AF was collected and analysed for the following: matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) -2, -8 and -9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP) -1 and 2, plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1. Infant were followed up at ages 1, 2 and 3 years. RESULTS: Samples of AF were obtained in 92 infants. There were inconsistent and relatively small differences in some analytes between those individuals with and without symptoms at ages one and two years. PAI-1 concentrations were reduced in association with cough at age 1 year (p = 0.035). Reduced MMP-8:TIMP-2 ratio was associated with wheeze at age 2 years (p = 0.038). There were no associations between AF analytes and symptoms at 3 years of age. CONCLUSION: There is heterogeneity in concentrations of proteases and their inhibitors in airways at birth but in this exploratory study, there was no consistent evidence that protease concentration at birth was important to later respiratory symptoms.

A fetal and an intra-amniotic inflammatory response is more severe in preterm labor than in preterm PROM in the context of funisitis: unexpected observation in human gestations.

OBJECTIVE: Although intra-amniotic(IA) infection is present in both preterm labor and intact membranes(PTL) and preterm premature rupture of membranes(preterm-PROM), it is more common in preterm-PROM than in PTL. Microorganisms and their products in the amniotic-cavity can elicit an inflammatory-response in fetus as well as in amniotic-cavity in the progression of acute histologic chorioamnionitis(acute-HCA). A fundamental question is whether a fetal and an IA inflammatory-response is more severe in preterm-PROM than in PTL, in the same-context of acute-HCA with or without fetal-involvement. The purpose of current-study was to answer this-question. STUDYDESIGN: Study population consisted of 213 singleton preterm-gestations(<34 weeks) delivered within 4 days of amniocentesis due to PTL(120 cases) or preterm-PROM(93 cases). The intensity of fetal and IA inflammatory-responses was compared between PTL and preterm-PROM, according to placental inflammatory conditions:1)placenta without inflammatory-lesion;2)acute-HCA without funisitis;3)acute-HCA with funisitis. IA inflammatory response was assessed by amniotic-fluid(AF) matrix metalloproteinase-8(MMP-8), and fetal inflammatory response(FIR) by umbilical-cord plasma(UCP) C-reactive protein(CRP) at birth. RESULTS: 1) Patients with preterm-PROM had higher rates of IA infection, acute-HCA, and acute-HCA with funisitis than those with PTL did(p<.01 for each);2) there were no significant differences in the intensity of fetal and IA inflammatory-responses and the rate of cervical dilatation≥3 cm or 4 cm between patients with PTL and those with preterm-PROM in the context of both placenta without inflammatory-lesion and acute-HCA without funisitis(p>.05 for each);3) however, acute-HCA with funisitis was associated with a significantly higher median AF MMP-8 and UCP CRP concentration and higher rate of cervical dilatation≥3 cm or 4 cm in PTL than in preterm-PROM(AF MMP-8, 675 ng/mlvs.417 ng/ml; UCP CRP, 969 ng/mlvs.397 ng/ml;each for p<.05), despite less common IA infection in PTL than in preterm-PROM(29%vs.57%;p<.05). CONCLUSIONS: A fetal and an IA inflammatory-response is more severe in PTL than in preterm-PROM in the context of funisitis, despite less common IA infection. This unexpected observation may indicate the fundamental difference in the pathogenesis between PTL and preterm-PROM.