Identification of genes associated to ß -N oxalyl- L-α, ß-diaminopropionic acid and their role in mitigating salt stress in a low-neurotoxin cultivar of Lathyrus sativus.

Grass pea has the potential to become a miracle crop if the stigma attached to it as a toxic plant is ignored. In light of the following, we conducted transcriptome analyses on the high and low ODAP-containing cultivars i.e., Nirmal and Bidhan respectively in both normal and salt stress conditions. In this study, genes that work upstream and downstream to ß-ODAP have been found. Among these genes, AAO3 and ACL5 were related to ABA and polyamine biosynthesis, showing the relevance of ABA and polyamines in boosting the ß-ODAP content in Nirmal. Elevated ß-ODAP levels in salt stress-treated Bidhan may have evolved tolerance by positively regulating the expression of genes involved in phenylpropanoid and jasmonic acid biosynthesis. Although the concentration of ß-ODAP in Bidhan increased under salt stress, it was lower than in stress-treated Nirmal. Despite this, the expression of stress-related genes that work downstream to ß-ODAP was found higher in stress-treated Bidhan. This could be because stress-treated Nirmal has lower GSH, proline, and higher H2O2, resulting in the development of severe oxidative stress. Overall, our research not only identified new genes linked with ß-ODAP, but also revealed the molecular mechanism by which a low ß-ODAP-containing cultivar developed tolerance against salinity stress.

Unveiling Lathyrus aphaca L. as a Newly Identified Host for Begomovirus Infection: A Comprehensive Study.

The Begomovirus genus of the family Geminiviridae comprises the largest group of geminiviruses. Begomoviruses are transmitted by the whitefly complex (Bemisia tabaci) and infect dicotyledonous plants in tropical and subtropical regions. The list of begomoviruses is continuously increasing as a result of improvements in the methods for identification, especially from weed plants, which are considered a source of new viruses and reservoirs of economically important viruses but are often neglected during diversity studies. Lathyrus aphaca L. weed plants (yellow-flowered pea) with varicose veins and discoloration of the leaves were found. Amplified genomic DNA through rolling circular amplification was subjected to PCR analysis for the detection of the viral genome and associated DNA-satellites (alphasatellites and betasatellites). A full-length sequence (2.8 kb) of a monopartite begomovirus clone was determined; however, we could not find any associated DNA satellites. The amplified full-length clone of Rose leaf curl virus (RoLCuV) reserved all the characteristics and features of an Old World (OW) monopartite begomovirus. Furthermore, it is the first time it has been reported from a new weed host, yellow-flowered pea. Rolling circle amplification and polymerase chain reaction analysis of associated DNA satellites, alphasatellite, and betasatellite, were frequently accomplished but unable to amplify from the begomovirus-infected samples, indicating the presence of only monopartite Old World begomovirus. It is observed that RoLCuV has the capability to infect different hosts individually without the assistance of any DNA satellite component. Recombination in viruses is also a source of begomovirus infection in different hosts.

Lathyrus sativus Resistance Against the Existing and Emerging Pathogens Erysiphe pisi and E. trifolii: A Case of Commonalities or Total Discrepancy?

Powdery mildew on Lathyrus sativus (grass pea) is commonly caused by Erysiphe pisi, the causal agent of pea powdery mildew. E. trifolii could also pose an additional threat to grass pea, as it does to pea (Pisum sativum). In order to understand the potential threat and the availability of resistance sources, the response to both pathogens was analyzed on a worldwide germplasm collection of 189 grass pea accessions. Infection type and disease severity (DS) of grass pea accessions, independently inoculated with E. pisi and E. trifolii, were evaluated under controlled conditions. A wide range of responses were detected, with the previously uncharacterized partial resistance to E. trifolii in grass pea detected less frequently and uncorrelated with partial resistance against E. pisi. To test for the lack of correlation at the genetic level, an exploratory association mapping study was undertaken by statistically combining grass pea collection DS scores against both pathogens, with 5,651 previously screened genotype-by-sequencing-based single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). Mostly different genetic regions in grass pea were identified as being associated with the response to E. trifolii and E. pisi, anticipating an independent genetic basis that requires further validation in larger germplasm collections, with higher SNP densities. This study proposes common and unique partial resistance components against two different powdery mildews, implying the need for complementary approaches to introduce resistance to both pathogens into new grass pea varieties. The identified sources of resistance and predicted genomic targets will assist in breeding for resistance to multiple powdery mildews.

Genomics and biochemical analyses reveal a metabolon key to ß-L-ODAP biosynthesis in Lathyrus sativus.

Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) is a rich source of protein cultivated as an insurance crop in Ethiopia, Eritrea, India, Bangladesh, and Nepal. Its resilience to both drought and flooding makes it a promising crop for ensuring food security in a changing climate. The lack of genetic resources and the crop's association with the disease neurolathyrism have limited the cultivation of grass pea. Here, we present an annotated, long read-based assembly of the 6.5 Gbp L. sativus genome. Using this genome sequence, we have elucidated the biosynthetic pathway leading to the formation of the neurotoxin, ß-L-oxalyl-2,3-diaminopropionic acid (ß-L-ODAP). The final reaction of the pathway depends on an interaction between L. sativus acyl-activating enzyme 3 (LsAAE3) and a BAHD-acyltransferase (LsBOS) that form a metabolon activated by CoA to produce ß-L-ODAP. This provides valuable insight into the best approaches for developing varieties which produce substantially less toxin.

Genome sequencing and assembly of Lathyrus sativus - a nutrient-rich hardy legume crop.

Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus) is a cool-season legume crop tolerant to drought, salinity, waterlogging, insects, and other biotic stresses. Despite these beneficial traits, this crop is not cultivated widely due to the accumulation of a neurotoxin - ß-N-oxalyl-L-α, ß-diaminopropionic acid (ß-ODAP) in the seeds and its association with neurolathyrism. In this study, we sequenced and assembled the genome of Lathyrus sativus cultivar Pusa-24, an elite Indian cultivar extensively used in breeding programs. The assembled genome of Lathyrus was 3.80 Gb in length, with a scaffold N50 of 421.39 Mb. BUSCO assessment indicated that 98.3% of highly conserved Viridiplantae genes were present in the assembly. A total of 3.17 Gb (83.31%) of repetitive sequences and 50,106 protein-coding genes were identified in the Lathyrus assembly. The Lathyrus genome assembly reported here thus provides a much-needed and robust foundation for various genetic and genomic studies in this vital legume crop.

Draft genome of the aardaker (Lathyrus tuberosus L.), a tuberous legume.

OBJECTIVES: Lathyrus tuberosus is a nitrogen-fixing member of the Fabaceae which forms protein-rich tubers. To aid future domestication programs for this legume plant and facilitate evolutionary studies of tuber formation, we have generated a draft genome assembly based on Pacific Biosciences sequence reads. DATA DESCRIPTION: Genomic DNA from L. tuberosus was sequenced with PacBio's HiFi sequencing chemistry generating 12.8 million sequence reads with an average read length of 14 kb (approximately 180 Gb of sequence data). The reads were assembled to give a draft genome of 6.8 Gb in 1353 contigs with an N50 contig length of 11.1 Mb. The GC content of the genome assembly was 38.3%. BUSCO analysis of the genome assembly indicated a genome completeness of at least 96%. The genome sequence will be a valuable resource, for example, in assessing genomic consequences of domestication efforts and developing marker sets for breeding programs. The L. tuberosus genome will also aid in the analysis of the evolutionary history of plants within the nitrogen-fixing Fabaceae family and in understanding the molecular basis of tuber evolution.

Suspension cell secretome of the grain legume Lathyrus sativus (grasspea) reveals roles in plant development and defense responses.

Plant secretomics has been especially important in understanding the molecular basis of plant development, stress resistance and biomarker discovery. In addition to sharing a similar role in maintaining cell metabolism and biogenesis with the animal secretome, plant-secreted proteins actively participate in signaling events crucial for cellular homeostasis during stress adaptation. However, investigation of the plant secretome remains largely overlooked, particularly in pulse crops, demanding urgent attention. To better understand the complexity of the secretome, we developed a reference map of a stress-resilient orphan legume, Lathyrus sativus (grasspea), which can be utilized as a potential proteomic resource. Secretome analysis of L. sativus led to the identification of 741 nonredundant proteins belonging to a myriad of functional classes, including antimicrobial, antioxidative and redox potential. Computational prediction of the secretome revealed that ∼29% of constituents are predicted to follow unconventional protein secretion (UPS) routes. We conducted additional in planta analysis to determine the localization of two secreted proteins, recognized as cell surface residents. Sequence-based homology comparison revealed that L. sativus shares ∼40% of the constituents reported thus far from in vitro and in planta secretome analysis in model and crop species. Significantly, we identified 571 unique proteins secreted from L. sativus involved in cell-to-cell communication, organ development, kinase-mediated signaling, and stress perception, among other critical roles. Conclusively, the grasspea secretome participates in putative crosstalk between genetic circuits that regulate developmental processes and stress resilience.

Towards establishment of a plant-based model to assess the novel anti-cancerous lead molecule(s): An in silico, in vivo and in vitro assessment of some potential anti-cancerous drugs on Lathyrus sativus L.

The drug development process is one of the important aspects of medical biology. The classical lead identification strategy in the way of drug development based on animal cell is time-consuming, expensive and involving ethical issues. The following study aims to develop a novel plant-based screening of drugs. Study shows the efficacy of certain anti-cancerous drugs (Pemetrexed, 5-Fluorouracil, Methotrexate, Topotecan and Etoposide) on a plant-based (Lathyrus sativus L.) system. Two important characteristics of cancer cells were observed in the colchicine-treated polyploid cell and the callus, where the chromosome numbers were unusual and the division of cells were uncontrolled respectively. With increasing concentration, the drugs significantly reduced the mitotic index, ploidy level and callus growth. Increasing Pemetrexed concentration decreased the plant DHFR activity. A decrease in total RNA content was observed in 5-FU and Methotrexate with increasing concentrations of the drugs. Etoposide and Topotecan inhibited plant topoisomerase II and topoisomerase I activities, which was justified through plasmid nicking and comet assay, respectively. Molecular and biochemical study revealed similar results to the animal system. The in silico study had been done, and the structural similarity of drug binding domains of L. sativus and human beings had also been established. The binding site of the selected drugs to the domains of plant target proteins was also determined. Experimental results are significant in terms of the efficacy of known anti-cancerous drugs on the plant-based system. The proposed assay system is a cost-effective, convenient and less time-consuming process for primary screening of anti-cancerous lead molecules.

Contrasting ß-ODAP content correlates with stress gene expression in Lathyrus cultivars.

Lathyrus sativus, commonly known as grass pea, is a nutrient-rich pulse crop with remarkable climate-resilient attributes. However, wide use of this nutritious crop is not adopted owing to the presence of a non-protein amino acid ß-N-oxalyl-l-α,ß-diaminopropionic acid (ß-ODAP), which is neurotoxic if consumed in large quantities. We conducted a de novo transcriptomic profiling of two ODAP contrasting cultivars, Pusa-24 and its somaclonal variant Ratan, to understand the genetic changes leading to and associated with ß-ODAP levels. Differential gene expression analysis showed that a variety of genes are downregulated in low ß-ODAP cultivar Ratan and include genes involved in biotic/abiotic stress tolerance, redox metabolism, hormonal metabolism, and sucrose, and starch metabolism. Several genes related to chromatin remodeling are differentially expressed in cultivar Ratan. ß-ODAP biosynthetic genes in these cultivars showed differential upregulation upon stress. ODAP content of these cultivars varied differentially upon stress and development. Physiological experiments indicate reduced relative water content and perturbed abscisic acid levels in the low ODAP cultivar. Altogether, our results suggest that the low ODAP cultivar may have a reduced stress tolerance. The dataset provides insight into the biological role of ODAP and will be helpful for hypothesis-driven experiments to understand ODAP biosynthesis and regulation.

Genetic diversity of Lathyrus sp collected from different geographical regions.

BACKGROUND: The demand for grass peas (Lathyrus sativus L.) had increased as high nutritional safe food, but most of the accessions of South Asia and Africa had low grain harvest. Therefore, this study had been undertaken to collect grass pea germplasm for boosting yields and quality improvement. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this study, 400 accessions of grass pea from different geographical regions had characterized by using 56 Simple Sequences Repeat (SSRs) markers. In total 253 alleles were detected, the maximum and minimum polymorphic information content (PIC) indices were 0.70 and 0.34 found in markers G17922 and G18078, correspondingly. The germplasm was split into two main and one sub-group by cluster assay, by SSR assay, and three populations by model-based population structure analysis (Pop1, Pop2 and admixed). Neighbors joining tree assay showed the tested germplasm highly diverse in structure. Three-dimensional principal components analysis (PCA) and two dimensional principles coordinate analysis (PCoA) exhibited two main and one admixed group (P1, P2 and P1P2). In addition, FST population value of pairwise mean and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed high population structure across all pairs of populations on an average 0.1710 advocating all population structure categories varied significantly. The average predictable heterozygosity distant was 0.4472-0.4542 in same cluster for the individuals. CONCLUSION: Discovery from this study revealed SSR markers based polymorphic bands showed in the diversified grasspea germplasm which might be utilized as genetic resource of a breeding scheme and prospective uses for mapping analyses of recombinant inbred lines (RIL).

The MLO1 powdery mildew susceptibility gene in Lathyrus species: The power of high-density linkage maps in comparative mapping and synteny analysis.

Powdery mildews are major diseases for a range of crops. The loss of function of specific Mildew Locus O (MLO) genes has long been associated with pre-haustorial plant resistance to powdery mildew and has proven to be durable in several species. Erysiphe pisi is the major causal agent of powdery mildew in pea (Pisum sativum L.) and in the closely related Lathyrus sativus L. and Lathyrus cicera L. PsMLO1 has been extensively studied in pea. However, no MLO gene family members have been isolated and characterized in Lathyrus species so far. In this study, MLO1 genes were isolated and characterized in L. sativus and L. cicera genotypes with varied levels of partial resistance against powdery mildew. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed that Lathyrus MLO1 belongs to Clade V, like all dicot MLO proteins associated with powdery mildew susceptibility. A L. sativus recombinant inbred line population (RIL) was genotyped by sequencing to develop a high-density L. sativus genetic linkage map. DNA sequence polymorphisms between the analyzed genotypes allowed the location of MLO1 in the newly developed L. sativus RIL genetic linkage map. Subsequent comparative mapping between L. sativus and L. cicera genetic maps and P. sativum, Lens culinaris Medik., and Medicago truncatula Gaertn. reference genomes revealed important aspects of the conservation of the MLO1 locus position and of the overall chromosomal rearrangements occurring during legume evolution, with relevance to legume disease resistance breeding programs.

ß-Cyanoalanine Synthase Regulates the Accumulation of ß-ODAP via Interaction with Serine Acetyltransferase in Lathyrus sativus.

ß-N-Oxalyl-l-α,ß-diaminopropionic acid (ß-ODAP), found in Lathyrus sativus at first, causes a neurological disease, lathyrism, when over ingested in an unbalanced diet. Our previous research suggested that ß-ODAP biosynthesis is related to sulfur metabolism. In this study, ß-cyanoalanine synthase (ß-CAS) was confirmed to be responsible for ß-ODAP biosynthesis via in vitro enzymatic analysis. LsCAS was found to be pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)-dependent via spectroscopic analysis and dual functional via enzymatic activity analysis. Generation of a M135T/M235S/S239T triple mutant of LsCAS, which are the key sites to control the ratio of CAS/cysteine synthase (CS) activity, switches reaction chemistry to that of a CS. LsCAS interactions were further screened and verified via Y2H, BiFC and pull-down assay. It was suggested that LsSAT2 interacts and forms a cysteine regulatory complex (CRC) with LsCAS in mitochondria, which improves LsSAT while reduces LsCAS activities to affect ß-ODAP content positively. These results provide new insights into the molecular regulation of ß-ODAP content in L. sativus.

Partial Resistance Against Erysiphe pisi and E. trifolii Under Different Genetic Control in Lathyrus cicera: Outcomes from a Linkage Mapping Approach.

Powdery mildew infections are among the most severe foliar biotrophic fungal diseases in grain legumes. Several accessions of Lathyrus cicera (chickling pea) show levels of partial resistance to Erysiphe pisi, the causal agent of pea powdery mildew, and to E. trifolii, a powdery mildew pathogen recently confirmed to infect pea and Lathyrus spp. Nevertheless, the underlying L. cicera resistance mechanisms against powdery mildews are poorly understood. To unveil the genetic control of resistance against powdery mildews in L. cicera, a recombinant inbred line population segregating for response to both species was used in resistance linkage analysis. An improved L. cicera genetic linkage map was used in this analysis. The new higher-density linkage map contains 1,468 polymorphic loci mapped on seven major and two minor linkage groups, covering a total of 712.4 cM. The percentage of the leaf area affected by either E. pisi or E. trifolii was recorded in independent screenings of the recombinant inbred line population, identifying a continuous range of resistance-susceptibility responses. Distinct quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for partial resistance against each pathogen were identified, suggesting different genetic bases are involved in the response to E. pisi and E. trifolii in L. cicera. Moreover, through comparative mapping of L. cicera QTL regions with the pea reference genome, candidate genes and pathways involved in resistance against powdery mildews were identified. This study extended the previously available genetic and genomic tools in Lathyrus species, providing clues about diverse powdery mildew resistance mechanisms useful for future resistance breeding of L. cicera and related species.

Functional Characterization of Terpene Synthases Accounting for the Volatilized-Terpene Heterogeneity in Lathyrus odoratus Cultivar Flowers.

Lathyrus odoratus (sweet pea) is an ornamental plant with exceptional floral scent, previously used as an experimental organism in the early development of Mendelian genetics. However, its terpene synthases (TPSs), which act as metabolic gatekeepers in the biosynthesis of volatile terpenoids, remain to be characterized. Auto-Headspace Solid-phase Microextraction/Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of floral volatile terpene constituents from seven sweet pea cultivars identified α-bergamotene, linalool, (-)-α-cubebene, geraniol, ß-caryophyllene and ß-sesquiphellandrene as the dominant compounds. RNA sequencing was performed to profile the transcriptome of L. odoratus flowers. Bioinformatic analysis identified eight TPS genes (acronymed as LoTPS) that were successfully cloned, heterologously expressed and functionally analyzed. LoTPS4 and LoTPS7, belonging to the TPS-b clade, biochemically catalyzed the formation of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. LoTPS3 and LoTPS8, placed in the TPS-a clade, also generated monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, while LoTPS12 belonging to the TPS-g clade showed linalool/nerolidol synthase activity. Notably, biochemical assays of the recombinant LoTPS proteins revealed their catalytic promiscuity, and the enzymatic products were basically consistent with major volatile compounds released from sweet pea flowers. The data from our study lay the foundation for the chemical ecology, molecular genetics and biotechnological improvement of sweet pea and other legumes (Fabaceae).

Characterization of repeat arrays in ultra-long nanopore reads reveals frequent origin of satellite DNA from retrotransposon-derived tandem repeats.

Amplification of monomer sequences into long contiguous arrays is the main feature distinguishing satellite DNA from other tandem repeats, yet it is also the main obstacle in its investigation because these arrays are in principle difficult to assemble. Here we explore an alternative, assembly-free approach that utilizes ultra-long Oxford Nanopore reads to infer the length distribution of satellite repeat arrays, their association with other repeats and the prevailing sequence periodicities. Using the satellite DNA-rich legume plant Lathyrus sativus as a model, we demonstrated this approach by analyzing 11 major satellite repeats using a set of nanopore reads ranging from 30 to over 200 kb in length and representing 0.73× genome coverage. We found surprising differences between the analyzed repeats because only two of them were predominantly organized in long arrays typical for satellite DNA. The remaining nine satellites were found to be derived from short tandem arrays located within LTR-retrotransposons that occasionally expanded in length. While the corresponding LTR-retrotransposons were dispersed across the genome, this array expansion occurred mainly in the primary constrictions of the L. sativus chromosomes, which suggests that these genome regions are favourable for satellite DNA accumulation.

Genotyping of Low β -ODAP Grass Pea (Lathyrus sativus L. ) Germplasm with EST-SSR Markers

Abstract Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) is an important protein source in arid regions as both human and animal food. Despite its significance, the use of grass pea is limited by the presence of β-N-oxalyl-L-a,b-diaminopropionic acid (β-ODAP) which can cause neurological disorders. Breeding studies in grass pea have therefore focused on developing high-yielding varieties with low β-ODAP content. However, the narrow range of genetic diversity and the restricted genomic tools in grass pea have slowed progress in such breeding. The present investigation was conducted to explore the genetic diversity of low β-ODAP germplasm consisting of 22 accessions with 31 EST-SSR markers. The molecular analyses revealed a total of 133 alleles ranging from 142 to 330 bp with a mean number of alleles per locus of 4.29. The mean polymorphic information content (PIC) value was calculated as 0.49, and the EST-SSRs in loci S5, S6 and S116 were of the most informative PICs. A dendrogram based on Nei's genetic distance matrix revealed that breeding lines were grouped in two main clusters. Genetic distances were higher between GP6/GP11, GP4/GP11 and GP5/GP8 accessions which could be further used in crop improvement studies for developing wider genetic diversity.

Linking a rapid throughput plate-assay with high-sensitivity stable-isotope label LCMS quantification permits the identification and characterisation of low ß-L-ODAP grass pea lines.

BACKGROUND: Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus) is an underutilised crop with high tolerance to drought and flooding stress and potential for maintaining food and nutritional security in the face of climate change. The presence of the neurotoxin ß-L-oxalyl-2,3-diaminopropionic acid (ß-L-ODAP) in tissues of the plant has limited its adoption as a staple crop. To assist in the detection of material with very low neurotoxin toxin levels, we have developed two novel methods to assay ODAP. The first, a version of a widely used spectrophotometric assay, modified for increased throughput, permits rapid screening of large populations of germplasm for low toxin lines and the second is a novel, mass spectrometric procedure to detect very small quantities of ODAP for research purposes and characterisation of new varieties. RESULTS: A plate assay, based on an established spectrophotometric method enabling high-throughput ODAP measurements, is described. In addition, we describe a novel liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS)-based method for ß-L-ODAP-quantification. This method utilises an internal standard (di-13C-labelled ß-L-ODAP) allowing accurate quantification of ß-L-ODAP in grass pea tissue samples. The synthesis of this standard is also described. The two methods are compared; the spectrophotometric assay lacked sensitivity and detected ODAP-like absorbance in chickpea and pea whereas the LCMS method did not detect any ß-L-ODAP in these species. The LCMS method was also used to quantify ß-L-ODAP accurately in different tissues of grass pea. CONCLUSIONS: The plate-based spectrophotometric assay allows quantification of total ODAP in large numbers of samples, but its low sensitivity and inability to differentiate α- and ß-L-ODAP limit its usefulness for accurate quantification in low-ODAP samples. Coupled to the use of a stable isotope internal standard with LCMS that allows accurate quantification of ß-L-ODAP in grass pea samples with high sensitivity, these methods permit the identification and characterisation of grass pea lines with a very low ODAP content. The LCMS method is offered as a new 'gold standard' for ß-L-ODAP quantification, especially for the validation of existing and novel low- and/or zero-ß-L-ODAP genotypes.

Lathyrus sativus Originating from Different Geographical Regions Reveals Striking Differences in Kunitz and Bowman-Birk Inhibitor Activities.

Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) is an important legume commonly grown in arid and semi-arid regions. This protein-rich legume performs well even under harsh environmental conditions and is considered to be a strategic famine food in developing countries. Unfortunately, its potential usage is greatly limited as a result of the presence of antinutritional factors, including the neuroexcitatory amino acid ß-N-oxalyl-l-α,ß-diaminopropionic acid (ß-ODAP) and protease inhibitors. ß-ODAP is responsible for a neurodegenerative syndrome that results in the paralysis of lower limbs, while protease inhibitors affect protein digestibility, resulting in reduced growth. Concerted research efforts have led to development of grass pea cultivars with reduced ß-ODAP content. In contrast, very little information is available on the protease inhibitors of L. sativus. In this study, we have conducted biochemical characterization of 51 L. sativus accessions originating from different geographical regions. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analyses of seed globulins and prolamins revealed striking similarity in their protein profile, although geographic-specific variations in profiles was also evident. Measurement of Bowman-Birk chymotrypsin inhibitor (BBi) and Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTi) activities in accessions revealed striking differences among them. Amino acid sequence alignment of grass pea BBi and KTi revealed significant homology to protease inhibitors from several legumes. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated high-level expression of BBi and KTi in dry seeds and weak expression in other organs. Our study demonstrates substantial variation in BBi and KTi among grass pea accessions that could be exploited in breeding programs for the development of grass pea lines that are devoid of these antinutritional factors.

Transcriptome profiling illustrates expression signatures of dehydration tolerance in developing grasspea seedlings.

MAIN CONCLUSION: This study highlights dehydration-mediated temporal changes in physicochemical, transcriptome and metabolome profiles indicating altered gene expression and metabolic shifts, underlying endurance and adaptation to stress tolerance in the marginalized crop, grasspea. Grasspea, often regarded as an orphan legume, is recognized to be fairly tolerant to water-deficit stress. In the present study, 3-week-old grasspea seedlings were subjected to dehydration by withholding water over a period of 144 h. While there were no detectable phenotypic changes in the seedlings till 48 h, the symptoms appeared during 72 h and aggravated upon prolonged dehydration. The physiological responses to water-deficit stress during 72-96 h displayed a decrease in pigments, disruption in membrane integrity and osmotic imbalance. We evaluated the temporal effects of dehydration at the transcriptome and metabolome levels. In total, 5201 genes of various functional classes including transcription factors, cytoplasmic enzymes and structural cell wall proteins, among others, were found to be dehydration-responsive. Further, metabolome profiling revealed 59 dehydration-responsive metabolites including sugar alcohols and amino acids. Despite the lack of genome information of grasspea, the time course of physicochemical and molecular responses suggest a synchronized dehydration response. The cross-species comparison of the transcriptomes and metabolomes with other legumes provides evidence for marked molecular diversity. We propose a hypothetical model that highlights novel biomarkers and explain their relevance in dehydration-response, which would facilitate targeted breeding and aid in commencing crop improvement efforts.

Tissue specific expression and in-silico characterization of a putative cysteine synthase gene from Lathyrus sativus L.

Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) is a worldwide popular pulse crop especially for its protein rich seeds with least production cost. However, the use of the crop became controversial due to the presence of non-protein amino acid, ß-N-oxalyl-L-α, ß-diaminopropionic acid (ß-ODAP) in its seed and leaf, which is known as the principle neurotoxin to cause neurolathyrism (a motor neurodegenerative disease of humans and animals) during prolonged consumption as regular diet. Till date, the knowledge on ß-ODAP biosynthesis in Lathyrus sp. is limited only to a small part of the complex bio-chemical steps involved including a few known sulfur-containing enzymes (viz. cysteine synthase, ODAP synthase etc.). In Lathyrus sativus, biosynthesis of ß-ODAP varies differentially in a tissue-specific manner as well as in response to several environmental stresses viz. zinc deficiency, iron over-exposure, moisture stress etc. In the present study, a novel cysteine synthase gene (LsCSase) from Lathyrus sativus L was identified and characterized through bioinformatics approaches. The bioinformatic analysis revealed that LsCSase showed maximum similarity with the O-acetyl serine (thiol) lyase of Medicago truncatula with respect to several significant sequence-specific conserved motifs (cysK, CBS like, ADH_zinc_N, PALP), sub-cellular localization (chloroplast or cytoplasm) etc., similar to other members of cysteine synthase protein family. Moreover, the tissue-specific regulation of the LsCSase as well as its transcriptional activation under certain previously reported stressed conditions (low Zn+2-high Fe+2, PEG induced osmotic stress) were also documented through quantitative real-time PCR analyses, suggesting a possible link between the LsCSase gene activation and ß-ODAP biosynthesis to manage external stresses in grass pea. This preliminary study offers a probable way towards the development of less toxic consumer-safe grass pea by down-regulation or deactivation of such gene/s (cysteine synthase) through genetic manipulations.