Time trend analysis and impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on mammography and Papanicolaou test coverage in Brazilian state capitals.

BACKGROUND: Breast and cervical cancer are major public health issues globally. The reduction in incidence and mortality rates of these cancers is linked to effective prevention, early detection, and appropriate treatment measures. This study aims to analyze the temporal trends in the prevalence of mammography and Papanicolaou test coverage among women living in Brazilian state capitals between 2007 and 2023, and to compare the coverage of these tests before and during the Covid-19 pandemic. METHODS: A time series study was conducted using data from the Surveillance System for Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey from 2007 to 2023. The variables analyzed included mammography and Papanicolaou test coverage according to education level, age group, race/skin color, regions, and Brazilian capitals. The Prais-Winsten regression model was used to analyze the time series, and Student's t-test was employed to compare the prevalence rates between 2019 and 2023. RESULTS: Between 2007 and 2023, mammography coverage showed a stationary trend (71.1% in 2007 and 73.1% in 2023; p-value = 0.75) with a declining trend observed among women with 12 years or more of education (APC= -0.52% 95%CI -1.01%; -0.02%). Papanicolaou test coverage for all women aged between 25 and 64 exhibited a downward trend from 82% in 2007 to 76.8% in 2023 (APC= -0.45% 95%CI -0.76%; -0.13%). This decline was also noticed among those with 9 years or more of education; in the 25 to 44 age group; among women with white and mixed race; and in the Northeast, Central-West, Southeast, and South regions. When comparing coverage before and during Covid-19 pandemic, a reduction was noted for both tests. CONCLUSIONS: Over the years, there has been stability in mammography coverage and a decline in Papanicolaou test. The COVID-19 pandemic negatively impacted the number of these tests carried out among women, highlighting the importance of actions aimed at increasing coverage, especially among the most vulnerable groups.

Controversias sobre el tamizaje de cáncer mamario con mamografía / Controversies about breast cancer screening with mammography

Al igual en otras partes del mundo, en Argentina la mortalidad específica por cáncer mamario disminuyó de forma sostenida entre 1996 y 2017. Es probable que en la actualidad la mamografía sea la herramienta más importante para detectar precozmente, evaluar y llevar un seguimiento de las personas con esta patología. Sin embargo existe mucha controversia acerca de los beneficios del tamizaje poblacional y de la realización de diagnósticos precoces de cáncer de mama. El propósito de esta revisión narrativa es brindar una mirada contraintuitiva, cuestionadora de los beneficios de esta práctica,ponderando también sus riesgos, escasamente visibilizados por las estrategias comunicacionales concordantes con el modelo deprevenir es mejor que curar y la lucha contra la historia natural del cáncer. (AU)

As in other parts of the world, in Argentina, breast cancer specific mortality declined steadily between 1996 and 2017. Mammography is currently the most important tool for early detection, evaluation and follow-up of people suffering fromthis disease. However, there is a controversy about the benefits of population screening and early diagnosis of breastcancer. The aim of this narrative review is to provide a counterintuitive, questioning view of the benefits of this practice, also weighing its risks, poorly visible through communication strategies consistent with the model of prevention is betterthan cureand the fight against the natural history of cancer. (AU)

Temporal changes in breast cancer screening coverage provided under the Brazilian National Health Service between 2008 and 2017.

BACKGROUND: In Brazil, 70% of the population depends on the public healthcare system. Since early detection is considered crucial, this study aimed to evaluate temporal changes in breast cancer screening coverage provided under the Brazilian National Health Service (SUS) according to the different regions of the country between 2008 and 2017. METHODS: This ecological study analyzed data on breast cancer screening within the SUS for women aged 50-69 years. Coverage was calculated from the ratio between the number of screening tests conducted and the expected number for the target population. Joinpoint regression analysis was used to calculate annual percent changes (APC) in coverage. RESULTS: Around 19 million mammograms were performed in 50-69-year old women within the SUS between 2008 and 2016. The estimated APC indicates that breast cancer screening coverage increased by 14.5% annually in Brazil between 2008 and 2012 (p < 0.01), with figures stabilizing between 2012 and 2017 as shown by an APC of - 0.4% (p = 0.3). In the five geographic regions of the country, the APC initially increased, then stabilized in the north, northeast and southeast and decreased in the south and Midwest. Of the 26 states, coverage increased in seven and remained stable in six. In the other 13, there was an initial increase followed by stabilization in 11, and a reduction in coverage in two. In the Federal District, coverage remained stable throughout the study period. CONCLUSION: Evaluation of the temporal changes in breast cancer screening coverage provided under the Brazilian National Health Service revealed an initial increase, confirming that public policies were effective, although insufficient to ensure organized screening. There appears to be a lack of uniformity between the different regions and states and this situation is highlighted in the final 5-year period, with the APC reflecting stabilization of breast cancer screening coverage.

Trends in risk and protective factors for non-communicable diseases in the population with health insurance in Brazil from 2008 to 2015. / Tendências de fatores de risco e proteção de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis na população com planos de saúde no Brasil de 2008 a 2015.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze trends in risk and protective factors for non-communicable diseases (NCD) and access to preventive tests in the population with health insurance in Brazilian state capitals between 2008 and 2015. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study that analyzed data collected from the Surveillance of Risk and Protective Factors for non-communicable diseases (NCD) Telephone Survey (Sistema Nacional de Vigilância de Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico - Vigitel) on adults aged 18 years and older. We analyzed trends in NCD indicators among health insurance users in approximately 30 thousand interviews done between 2008 and 2015. We used the simple linear regression model to calculate the trends. RESULTS: Health insurance users showed an increase in the prevalence of protective factors such as fruit and vegetable consumption, and physical activity in leisure time. Also, there was a decrease in risk factors such as smoking and soft drink consumption, increase in mammography coverage, and a drop in smoking prevalence. However, overweight, obesity, and diabetes increased. CONCLUSION: There are differences according to gender, and, in general, women accumulate more protective factors and men, more risk factors.

OBJETIVO: Analisar as tendências de fatores de risco e proteção de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) e do acesso a exames preventivos na população com planos de saúde nas capitais brasileiras entre 2008 e 2015. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de estudo transversal, analisando dados coletados do Sistema Nacional de Vigilância de Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico (Vigitel), de adultos com 18 anos e mais. Foram analisadas tendências de indicadores de DCNT entre os usuários de planos de saúde, em cerca de 30 mil entrevistas a cada ano, entre 2008 e 2015. Utilizou-se o modelo de regressão linear simples para o cálculo das tendências. RESULTADOS: Usuários de planos de saúde apresentaram aumento das prevalências de fatores de proteção como o consumo de frutas e legumes e atividade física no lazer; houve redução de fatores de risco como tabagismo, consumo de refrigerantes, aumento na cobertura de mamografia e declínio na prevalência do tabagismo. Entretanto, ocorreu aumento do excesso de peso, obesidade e diabetes. CONCLUSÃO: Existem diferenças segundo sexo, e em geral as mulheres acumulam mais fatores de proteção e homens, mais fatores de risco.

Guidelines for early detection of breast cancer in Brazil. III - Challenges for implementation. / Diretrizes para detecção precoce do câncer de mama no Brasil. III - Desafios à implementação.

The objective of the current article is to present the main challenges for the implementation of the new recommendations for early detection of breast cancer in Brazil, and to reflect on the barriers and the strategies to overcome them. The implementation of evidence-based guidelines is a global challenge, and traditional strategies based only on disseminating their recommendations have proven insufficient for changing prevailing clinical practice. A major challenge for adherence to the new guidelines for early detection of breast cancer in Brazil is the current pattern in the use of mammographic screening in the country, which very often includes young women and a short interval between tests. Such practice, harmful to the population's health, is reinforced by the logic of defensive medicine and the dissemination of erroneous information that overestimates the benefits of screening and underestimates or even omits its harms. In addition, there is a lack of policies and measures focused on early diagnosis of symptomatic cases. To overcome these barriers, changes in the regulation of care, financing, and implementation of shared decision-making in primary care are essential. Audit and feedback, academic detailing, and the incorporation of decision aids are some of the strategies that can facilitate implementation of the new recommendations.

O objetivo do presente artigo é apresentar os principais desafios à implementação das novas recomendações para a detecção precoce do câncer de mama no Brasil, bem como refletir sobre as barreiras e estratégias para a sua superação. A implementação de diretrizes baseadas em evidências é um desafio em todo o mundo, e estratégias tradicionais baseadas apenas na disseminação de seu texto são comprovadamente insuficientes para gerar mudanças na prática clínica vigente. Um grande desafio à adesão às novas diretrizes para a detecção precoce do câncer de mama no Brasil é o atual padrão de uso do rastreamento mamográfico no país, que acaba incluindo muito frequentemente mulheres jovens e intervalo curto entre os exames. Essa prática danosa à saúde da população é reforçada pela lógica da medicina defensiva e pela difusão de informações equivocadas, que superestimam os benefícios do rastreamento e subestimam ou mesmo omitem seus riscos. Além disso, há carência de políticas e ações voltadas para o diagnóstico precoce de casos sintomáticos. Para superar essas barreiras, mudanças relacionadas à regulação da assistência, financiamento e a implantação do processo de decisão compartilhada na atenção primária são essenciais. Auditoria-feedback, detalhamento acadêmico e incorporação de ferramentas de suporte à decisão são algumas das estratégias que podem facilitar o processo de implementação das novas recomendações.

El objetivo del presente artículo es presentar los principales desafíos para la implementación de las nuevas recomendaciones en la detección precoz del cáncer de mama en Brasil, así como reflexionar sobre las barreras y estrategias para su superación. La implementación de directrices, basadas en evidencias, es un desafío en todo el mundo, y las estrategias tradicionales basadas sólo en la propagación de las mismas son comprobadamente insuficientes para generar cambios en la práctica clínica vigente. Un gran desafío para la adhesión a las nuevas directrices para la detección precoz del cáncer de mama en Brasil es el actual patrón de uso del rastreo mamográfico en el país, que incluye a menudo a mujeres jóvenes e intervalo corto entre los exámenes. Esta práctica perjudicial para la salud de la población es reforzada por la lógica de la medicina defensiva y por la difusión de información equivocada, que sobrestiman los beneficios del rastreo y subestiman o incluso omiten sus riesgos. Asimismo, existe una carencia de políticas y acciones dirigidas al diagnóstico precoz de casos sintomáticos. Para superar estas barreras, son imprescindibles cambios relacionados con la regulación de la asistencia, financiación y la implantación del proceso de decisión compartida en la atención primaria. Algunas de las estrategias que pueden facilitar el proceso de implementación de las nuevas recomendaciones son: auditoría con retroalimentación, detalle académico e incorporación de herramientas de apoyo a la decisión son algunas de las estrategias que pueden facilitar el proceso de implementación de las nuevas recomendaciones.

Tendências de fatores de risco e proteção de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis na população com planos de saúde no Brasil de 2008 a 2015 / Trends in risk and protective factors for non-communicable diseases in the population with health insurance in Brazil from 2008 to 2015

RESUMO: Objetivo: Analisar as tendências de fatores de risco e proteção de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) e do acesso a exames preventivos na população com planos de saúde nas capitais brasileiras entre 2008 e 2015. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo transversal, analisando dados coletados do Sistema Nacional de Vigilância de Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico (Vigitel), de adultos com 18 anos e mais. Foram analisadas tendências de indicadores de DCNT entre os usuários de planos de saúde, em cerca de 30 mil entrevistas a cada ano, entre 2008 e 2015. Utilizou-se o modelo de regressão linear simples para o cálculo das tendências. Resultados: Usuários de planos de saúde apresentaram aumento das prevalências de fatores de proteção como o consumo de frutas e legumes e atividade física no lazer; houve redução de fatores de risco como tabagismo, consumo de refrigerantes, aumento na cobertura de mamografia e declínio na prevalência do tabagismo. Entretanto, ocorreu aumento do excesso de peso, obesidade e diabetes. Conclusão: Existem diferenças segundo sexo, e em geral as mulheres acumulam mais fatores de proteção e homens, mais fatores de risco.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To analyze trends in risk and protective factors for non-communicable diseases (NCD) and access to preventive tests in the population with health insurance in Brazilian state capitals between 2008 and 2015. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study that analyzed data collected from the Surveillance of Risk and Protective Factors for non-communicable diseases (NCD) Telephone Survey (Sistema Nacional de Vigilância de Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico - Vigitel) on adults aged 18 years and older. We analyzed trends in NCD indicators among health insurance users in approximately 30 thousand interviews done between 2008 and 2015. We used the simple linear regression model to calculate the trends. Results: Health insurance users showed an increase in the prevalence of protective factors such as fruit and vegetable consumption, and physical activity in leisure time. Also, there was a decrease in risk factors such as smoking and soft drink consumption, increase in mammography coverage, and a drop in smoking prevalence. However, overweight, obesity, and diabetes increased. Conclusion: There are differences according to gender, and, in general, women accumulate more protective factors and men, more risk factors.

Diretrizes para detecção precoce do câncer de mama no Brasil. III - Desafios à implementação / Directrices para la detección precoz del cáncer de mama en Brasil. III - Desafíos a la implementación / Guidelines for early detection of breast cancer in Brazil. III - Challenges for implementation

O objetivo do presente artigo é apresentar os principais desafios à implementação das novas recomendações para a detecção precoce do câncer de mama no Brasil, bem como refletir sobre as barreiras e estratégias para a sua superação. A implementação de diretrizes baseadas em evidências é um desafio em todo o mundo, e estratégias tradicionais baseadas apenas na disseminação de seu texto são comprovadamente insuficientes para gerar mudanças na prática clínica vigente. Um grande desafio à adesão às novas diretrizes para a detecção precoce do câncer de mama no Brasil é o atual padrão de uso do rastreamento mamográfico no país, que acaba incluindo muito frequentemente mulheres jovens e intervalo curto entre os exames. Essa prática danosa à saúde da população é reforçada pela lógica da medicina defensiva e pela difusão de informações equivocadas, que superestimam os benefícios do rastreamento e subestimam ou mesmo omitem seus riscos. Além disso, há carência de políticas e ações voltadas para o diagnóstico precoce de casos sintomáticos. Para superar essas barreiras, mudanças relacionadas à regulação da assistência, financiamento e a implantação do processo de decisão compartilhada na atenção primária são essenciais. Auditoria-feedback, detalhamento acadêmico e incorporação de ferramentas de suporte à decisão são algumas das estratégias que podem facilitar o processo de implementação das novas recomendações.

El objetivo del presente artículo es presentar los principales desafíos para la implementación de las nuevas recomendaciones en la detección precoz del cáncer de mama en Brasil, así como reflexionar sobre las barreras y estrategias para su superación. La implementación de directrices, basadas en evidencias, es un desafío en todo el mundo, y las estrategias tradicionales basadas sólo en la propagación de las mismas son comprobadamente insuficientes para generar cambios en la práctica clínica vigente. Un gran desafío para la adhesión a las nuevas directrices para la detección precoz del cáncer de mama en Brasil es el actual patrón de uso del rastreo mamográfico en el país, que incluye a menudo a mujeres jóvenes e intervalo corto entre los exámenes. Esta práctica perjudicial para la salud de la población es reforzada por la lógica de la medicina defensiva y por la difusión de información equivocada, que sobrestiman los beneficios del rastreo y subestiman o incluso omiten sus riesgos. Asimismo, existe una carencia de políticas y acciones dirigidas al diagnóstico precoz de casos sintomáticos. Para superar estas barreras, son imprescindibles cambios relacionados con la regulación de la asistencia, financiación y la implantación del proceso de decisión compartida en la atención primaria. Algunas de las estrategias que pueden facilitar el proceso de implementación de las nuevas recomendaciones son: auditoría con retroalimentación, detalle académico e incorporación de herramientas de apoyo a la decisión son algunas de las estrategias que pueden facilitar el proceso de implementación de las nuevas recomendaciones.

The objective of the current article is to present the main challenges for the implementation of the new recommendations for early detection of breast cancer in Brazil, and to reflect on the barriers and the strategies to overcome them. The implementation of evidence-based guidelines is a global challenge, and traditional strategies based only on disseminating their recommendations have proven insufficient for changing prevailing clinical practice. A major challenge for adherence to the new guidelines for early detection of breast cancer in Brazil is the current pattern in the use of mammographic screening in the country, which very often includes young women and a short interval between tests. Such practice, harmful to the population's health, is reinforced by the logic of defensive medicine and the dissemination of erroneous information that overestimates the benefits of screening and underestimates or even omits its harms. In addition, there is a lack of policies and measures focused on early diagnosis of symptomatic cases. To overcome these barriers, changes in the regulation of care, financing, and implementation of shared decision-making in primary care are essential. Audit and feedback, academic detailing, and the incorporation of decision aids are some of the strategies that can facilitate implementation of the new recommendations.

Lasting Effects of the Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program on Breast Cancer Detection and Outcomes, Ohio, 2000-2009.

INTRODUCTION: The National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program (BCCP) in Ohio provides screening and treatment services for uninsured low-income women aged 40 to 64. Because participation in the BCCP might engender greater self-efficacy for cancer screening, we hypothesized that breast cancer and survival outcomes would be better in BCCP participants who become age-eligible to transition to Medicare than in their low-income non-BCCP counterparts. METHODS: Linking data from the 2000 through 2009 Ohio Cancer Incidence Surveillance System with the BCCP database, Medicare files, Ohio death certificates (through 2010), and the US Census, we identified Medicare beneficiaries who were aged 66 to 74 and diagnosed with incident invasive breast cancer. We compared the following outcomes between BCCP women (n = 93) and low-income non-BCCP women (n = 420): receipt of screening mammography in previous year, advanced-stage disease at diagnosis, timely and standard care, all-cause survival, and cancer survival. We conducted multivariable logistic regression and survival analysis to examine the association between BCCP status and each of the outcomes, adjusting for patient covariates. RESULTS: Women who participated in the BCCP were nearly twice as likely as low-income non-BCCP women to have undergone screening mammography in the previous year (adjusted odds ratio, 1.77; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-3.09). No significant differences were detected in any other outcomes. CONCLUSION: With the exception of screening mammography, the differences in outcomes were not significant, possibly because of the small size of the study population. Future analysis should be directed toward identifying the factors that explain these findings.

Eliminating health disparities in women's health in Puerto Rico.

INTRODUCTION: Hispanic women in Puerto Rico share health concerns that affect women generally, and suffer disproportionately from some health concerns relative to non-Hispanic women. The University of Puerto Rico Women's Health Center contributes to the promotion of women's health by developing sustainable preventive services, designing programs according to women's needs, and creating awareness of sex/gender differences in health and disease. INITIATIVES: A longitudinal breast cancer early detection clinic was developed and a community screening campaign was coordinated. Focus groups were conducted. A course on sex/gender considerations in research was developed and offered. OUTCOMES: Access to early detection of breast cancer was provided through an annual on-campus clinic and a community screening campaign. A breast cancer support group resulted from focus group recommendations. Health professionals from diverse disciplines participated in a course on sex/gender considerations in research. CONCLUSIONS: Synergistic efforts towards eliminating disparities in women's health from an academic perspective provide a valuable tool for the promotion of health among Hispanic women living in Puerto Rico.

Eficacia de la mamografía como método de screening para el diagnóstico del cáncer de mama: [revisión] / Effectiveness of mammography as a screening method for breast cancer diagnostic: [review]

Las recientes controversias respecto de las recomendaciones para el screening del cáncer de mama han creado incertidumbre en la comunidad médica y en la población general.Este artículo revisa las recomendaciones actuales para detección de cáncer de mama de varias organizaciones y los datos científicos que respaldan estos lineamientos, además de enfatizar algunas de las controversias y las razones que fundamentan los diferentes puntos de vista. Su propósito es ofrecerle al médico recomendaciones basadas en evidencias, para brindar consejo y asesoramiento a las mujeres que se encuentran en un riesgo promedio de cáncer de mama.

Eficacia de la mamografía como método de screening para el diagnóstico del cáncer de mama: [revisión] / Effectiveness of mammography as a screening method for breast cancer diagnostic: [review]

Las recientes controversias respecto de las recomendaciones para el screening del cáncer de mama han creado incertidumbre en la comunidad médica y en la población general.Este artículo revisa las recomendaciones actuales para detección de cáncer de mama de varias organizaciones y los datos científicos que respaldan estos lineamientos, además de enfatizar algunas de las controversias y las razones que fundamentan los diferentes puntos de vista. Su propósito es ofrecerle al médico recomendaciones basadas en evidencias, para brindar consejo y asesoramiento a las mujeres que se encuentran en un riesgo promedio de cáncer de mama.(AU)

Eficacia de la mamografía como método de screening para el diagnóstico del cáncer de mama: [revisión] / Effectiveness of mammography as a screening method for breast cancer diagnostic: [review]

Las recientes controversias respecto de las recomendaciones para el screening del cáncer de mama han creado incertidumbre en la comunidad médica y en la población general.Este artículo revisa las recomendaciones actuales para detección de cáncer de mama de varias organizaciones y los datos científicos que respaldan estos lineamientos, además de enfatizar algunas de las controversias y las razones que fundamentan los diferentes puntos de vista. Su propósito es ofrecerle al médico recomendaciones basadas en evidencias, para brindar consejo y asesoramiento a las mujeres que se encuentran en un riesgo promedio de cáncer de mama.(AU)

[Breast cancer screening: have there been any changes during the last decade? A study in a Spanish unit].

BACKGROUND: Breast screening programs in Spain cover almost 100% of population. The objective of the present study was to analyze if there have been any changes during the last decade in our breast screening unit (Unidad de Prevención del Cáncer de Mama de Castellón) that can also be extrapolated to other breast screening units. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective and descriptive analysis reviewing patients seen in our breast screening unit between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2009. Patients with a final diagnosis of carcinoma, year of diagnosis, age, histological type, infiltration, surgical procedure and tumor extension were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 311 breast cancers were diagnosed among 90,010 women who were seen at our breast screening unit. Mean age of the patients was 56 years. A progressive increase of the target population was seen (24,004 persons in 2000 and 31,950 in 2009). Histological type, percentage of infiltrative tumors and lymph node involvement did not show significant differences by year. Differences were observed for tumor size (pT category of TNM classification) and breast conservation surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Tumor stage in cancers diagnosed in breast screening units progressively decreased when the program was being implemented. There is a maximum level among which tumor characteristics remain constant. Changes in screening programs can modify these characteristics.

Mamografia: exame único, tecnologias diversas / Mammography: one method, multiple technologies

A mamografia é o melhor método de detecção precoce do câncer de mama, apresentando sensibilidade em torno de 90 porcento. A estrutura radiográfica complexa da mama e a natureza sutil das lesões iniciais impõem ao radiologista a necessidade de constante aferição do desempenho do equipamento utilizado, adequado processamento da imagem, correto posicionamento mamográfico, além da experiência profissional e conhecimento da doença mamária. No entanto, a mamografia convencional tem importantes limitações relacionadas à forma de aquisição e armazenamento da imagem e às características próprias dos tecidos mamários. A imaginologia, nestes últimos anos, tem experimentado a transição do método analógico para o digital. Apesar dos diversos pontos em comum das duas técnicas, existem diferenças fundamentais em como as imagens são adquiridas, gravadas, processadas e salvas. Para entender essas diferenças, é preciso conhecer os princípios de detecção de cada método. Serão apresentadas as diferentes formas de aquisição das imagens, com diferentes tecnologias para a realização da mamografia, assim como suas vantagens e limitações. A mamografia digital vem aos poucos ganhando espaço e no momento é comprovadamente um método melhor na investigação do câncer de mama em determinados grupos de mulheres. Porém, não se pode esquecer que a mamografia analógica é um método extremamente eficiente para o rastreamento da população em geral, sendo, na realidade brasileira, o método mais acessível.

Mammography is the best exam for early breast cancer detection, showing 90 percent sensitivity. The complex structure of the breast and the subtle nature of initial lesions demand constant equipment inspection, image processing and correct positioning, plus experience and knowledge of mammary pathology. However, conventional mammography has limitations related to the acquisition and storage of images and to the gland itself. Imaginology has evolved from analogical to digital in the past few years. Despite of both techniques similarities, we find basics diferences in acquisition, storage and archiving. In order to understand these differences, it is necessary to know the detection principles of each method. Different technologies and acquisitions methods will be discussed in this article as well as their advantages and limitations. Digital mammography use is increasing and today it is considered the best method to detect breast cancer for some groups. Nevertheless, we should not forget that in our reality, analogical mammography is the most accessible, besides being extremely efficient for population screening.

A device for quality evaluation of operational parameters in mammography X-ray tubes / Um dispositivo para avaliação de qualidade de parâmetros operacionais em tubos de raios X mamográficos

Esse trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento de um sistema para medição de importantes parâmetros operacionais de equipamentos mamográficos, como kVp, corrente de tubo, tempo de exposição, dose e camada semi-redutora (CSR) em qualquer posição do campo. Esse sistema baseia-se num dispositivo com sensor semicondutor de Si, posicionado sob o tubo de raios X (sobre a mesinha do equipamento,por exemplo), que detecta os fótons e produz uma correnteelétrica proporcional à intensidade do feixe. Esse sinal é enviado a uma placa digitalizadora acoplada a um notebook no qual um software realiza sua leitura e tratamento. A medição da kVp se baseia na relação entre dois sinais, um filtrado e outro não (referência) a partir do mesmo sensor. Esse sinal é obtido detectando-se a saída do sensor sobre o qual gira uma cunha de alumínio circular durante uma exposição de raios X. Com uma única exposição, o software permite determinar os parâmetros pela análise desse sinal. Além disso, a CSR em qualquer posição do campo pode ser determinada a partir de um procedimento de simulação computacional desenvolvido previamente. Curvas de calibração são armazenadas para queo software compare a leitura real do sensor com os dados armazenados para determinar a precisão de operação do tubo sob investigação. Testes de desenvolvimento com uma unidade Trex Medical Contour 2000 mostraram que a resposta do sistema é concordante com dispositivos calibrados usados para verificar os parâmetros. Uma vantagem desse sistema é a possibilidade de armazenar umagrande quantidade de informações requisitadas por programas de controle de qualidade.

This work describes the development of a system designed to measure important operational parameters of mammography equipment, as kVp, tube current, exposure time, dose and half-value layer (HVL) in any field location. This system is based on a device with a Si semiconductor sensor, placed under the X-ray tube (over the unit table, for example), which detects the X-ray photons...