[Pyoderma gangrenosum after orthopedic conservative treatment]. / Pyoderma gangrenosum après traitement conservateur orthopédique.

Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is a rare neutrophilic dermatosis. Half of the cases are associated with an immune dysfunction and are frequently triggered by pathergy such as a tissular aggression via surgery or burn wounds. A patient with ulcerative colitis presented a PG at the site of an iontophoresis patch for tendinopathy. Treatment in a specialized burn center, corticosteroid therapy and adapted local care contributed to a favourable evolution. PG remains a diagnosis of exclusion and inflammatory phenomena must be differentiated from infectious causes such as necrotizing fasciitis to initiate immunosuppressive treatment. Being rare and difficult to diagnose and to treat as well as associated with potentially severe sequelae, a multidisciplinary team is required for the management of PG.

Le Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) est une dermatose neutrophilique rare. Il est, dans la moitié des cas, associé à une maladie dysimmunitaire et il est fréquemment déclenché par un phénomène de pathergie, défini comme une agression tissulaire par une intervention chirurgicale ou encore une brûlure. Une patiente avec une rectocolite ulcéro-hémorragique a développé un PG sur le site d'application d'un patch d'ionophorèse pour une tendinopathie. Un traitement par une corticothérapie, un traitement immunosuppresseur local et des soins locaux adaptés ont permis une évolution favorable. Le PG reste un diagnostic d'exclusion et les phénomènes inflammatoires doivent être différenciés de phénomènes infectieux, comme la fasciite nécrosante, afin d'initier rapidement des immunosuppresseurs. Comme il s'agit d'une pathologie rare avec un diagnostic difficile, que des séquelles peuvent être catastrophiques et qu'un traitement immunosuppresseur complexe doit être instauré, une équipe pluridisciplinaire est requise pour la prise en charge de cette pathologie.

Iliotibial Band Origin Tendinopathy Is an Underrecognized Cause of Anterolateral Hip Pain: A Narrative Review and Clinical Commentary.

ABSTRACT: Hip pain is a common concern among athletes. With gluteal tendinopathy, femoroacetabular impingement, and osteoarthritis predominating sports medicine and musculoskeletal practices, less common etiologies may be overlooked. Complex pelvic anatomy and variable pain referral patterns may make identifying an accurate diagnosis challenging. Employing a systematic approach to evaluation and having a thorough understanding of hip region anatomy are essential. A potentially overlooked cause of anterolateral hip pain is iliotibial band origin tendinopathy. Patients often present with pain around the anterolateral hip and tenderness to palpation at the anterolateral iliac crest. While patients with iliotibial band origin tendinopathy usually respond to nonsurgical intervention, there is little literature to guide evaluation and treatment, highlighting a gap in the recognition of this condition. The purpose of this narrative review is to describe the anatomy of the proximal iliotibial band origin, outline the clinical diagnosis and imaging findings of ITBOT, and summarize current treatment options.

Potential Misinformation in the Official Disability Guidelines About the Diagnosis and Treatment of Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy.

OBJECTIVE: We selected statements in the Official Disability Guidelines that had the potential to reinforce misconceptions regarding symptoms from rotator cuff tendinopathy. These statements were revised and presented with the original statement to specialists. METHODS: Twelve statements regarding rotator cuff tendinopathy were identified as deviating from principles based on ethics, values, and the evidence regarding both pathophysiology and human illness behavior. One hundred fifteen upper extremity surgeons reviewed both original and revised versions of the statements and indicated their preference. RESULTS: We found that upper extremity surgeons preferred 3 revised statements, 4 Official Disability Guidelines statements, and 5 were rated as neutral between the 2 statements. CONCLUSIONS: Statements revised for evidence, ethics, and healthy mindset were not preferred by specialists, which may indicate limited awareness about how negative thoughts and distressing symptoms impact human illness.

Are we asking the right questions to people with Achilles tendinopathy? The best questions to distinguish mild versus severe disability to improve your clinical management.

OBJECTIVE: Determine the capacity of individual items on the Tendinopathy Severity Assessment - Achilles (TENDINS-A), Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS), and Victorian Institute of Sports Assessment - Achilles (VISA-A) to differentiate patients with mild and severe tendon-related disability in order to provide clinicians the best questions when they are consulting patients with Achilles tendinopathy. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. PARTICIPANTS: Seventy participants with Achilles tendinopathy (61.4% mid-portion only, 31.4% insertional only, 7.2% both). OUTCOME MEASURES: The discrimination index was determined for each TENDINS-A, FAOS, and VISA-A item to determine if items could discriminate between mild and severe disability. A Guttman analysis for polytomous items was conducted. RESULTS: All 62 tems from the TENDINS-A, FAOS, and VISA-A were ranked with the best items relating to pain with physical tendon loading, time for pain to settle following aggravating activities and time for the tendon to 'warm-up' following inactivity. CONCLUSIONS: Pain with loading the Achilles tendon, time for pain to settle following aggravating activity, as well as time taken for the tendon symptoms to subside after prolonged sitting or sleeping are the best questions indicative of the severity of disability in patients with Achilles tendinopathy. These questions can assist clinicians with assessing baseline severity and monitoring treatment response.

TENDINopathy Severity assessment-Achilles (TENDINS-A): evaluation of reliability and validity in accordance with COSMIN recommendations.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the construct validity (structural validity and hypothesis testing), reliability (test-retest reliability, measurement error and internal consistency) and minimal important change (MIC) of the 13-item TENDINopathy Severity assessment-Achilles (TENDINS-A). METHODS: Participants with Achilles pain completed an online survey including: demographics, TENDINS-A, Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS) and Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment-Achilles (VISA-A). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) assessed dimensionality. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) assessed structural validity (root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA); Comparative Fit Index (CFI); Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI); standardised root measure square (SRMS)). Correlations between TENDINS-A and the FAOS or VISA-A assessed hypothesis testing. Intraclass correlation (ICC) assessed test-retest reliability. Cronbach's alpha assessed internal consistency. SE of the measurement (SEM) assessed measurement error. A distribution-based approach assessed MIC. RESULTS: 79 participants (51% female) with a mean (SD) age=42.6 (13.0) years, height=175.0 (11.7) cm and body mass=82.0 (19.1) kg were included. EFA identified three meaningful factors, proposed as pain, symptoms and function. The best model identified using CFA for TENDINS-A had structural validity (RMSEA=0.101, CFI=0.959, TLI=0.947, SRMS=0.068), which included three factors (pain, symptoms and function), but excluded three items from the original TENDINS-A. TENDINS-A exhibited moderate positive correlation with FAOS (r=0.598, p<0.001) and a moderate negative correlation with VISA-A (r=-0.639, p<0.001). Reliability of the TENDINS-A was excellent (ICC=0.930; Cronbach's α=0.808; SEM=6.54 units), with an MIC of 12 units. CONCLUSIONS: Our evaluation of the revised 10-item TENDINS-A determined it has construct validity and excellent reliability, compared with the VISA-A and FAOS which lack content and construct validity. The TENDINS-A is recommended as the preferred patient-reported outcome measure to assess disability in people with Achilles tendinopathy.

Diagnosis and management of Achilles tendon ailments: the Scottish mist.

The diagnosis and management of Achilles tendon ailments continue to be widely discussed by the scientific community. Also, the nomenclature used to describe the tendinopathic lesion in patients changed over the last decades together with the evolution in the knowledge of the physiopathology of Achilles tendinopathy, and unfortunately, through ignorance and possibly laziness, confusion still abounds. To emerge from these foggy paths, some clarifications are still necessary. The present Editorial tries to clarify some of these issues.

Calcific Peritendinitis in the Gluteus Maximus Tendon.

BACKGROUND: Calcific tendinitis is classically a painful condition that most commonly affects the rotator cuff, but may infrequently involve other tendons. CASE REPORT: We discuss a 57-year-old man who presented to the emergency department with a 4-day history of right hip pain, described as the "worst pain in (his) life." The pain was first noticed at night and had progressively worsened. History, physical examination, and initial laboratory workup indicated an inflammatory vs. infectious process. Continued investigations with imaging techniques revealed the source of pain as calcific tendinitis involving the gluteus maximus tendon. WHY SHOULD AN EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN BE AWARE OF THIS?: Symptoms of musculoskeletal pain in the emergency department are ubiquitous. In the proper clinical context, the diagnosis of calcific tendinitis, although uncommon, should be considered once emergent conditions are ruled out. Proper imaging techniques will facilitate accurate diagnosis, expedited pain management, and proper outpatient follow-up.

Common Painful Foot and Ankle Conditions: A Review.

Importance: Morton neuroma, plantar fasciitis, and Achilles tendinopathy are foot and ankle conditions that are associated with pain and disability, but they can respond to nonoperative treatment. Observations: Morton neuroma, consisting of interdigital neuronal thickening and fibrosis, is characterized by burning pain in the ball of the foot and numbness or burning pain that may radiate to the affected toes (commonly the third and fourth toes). First-line nonoperative therapy consists of reducing activities that cause pain, orthotics, and interdigital corticosteroid injection; however, approximately 30% of patients may not respond to conservative treatment. Plantar fasciitis accounts for more than 1 million patient visits per year in the US and typically presents with plantar heel pain. Fifteen years after diagnosis, approximately 44% of patients continue to have pain. First-line nonoperative therapy includes stretching of the plantar fascia and foot orthotics, followed by extracorporeal shockwave therapy, corticosteroid injection, or platelet-rich plasma injection. Midportion Achilles tendinopathy presents with pain approximately 2 to 6 cm proximal to the Achilles insertion on the heel. The primary nonoperative treatment involves eccentric strengthening exercises, but extracorporeal shockwave therapy may be used. Conclusions and Relevance: Morton neuroma, plantar fasciitis, and Achilles tendinopathy are painful foot and ankle conditions. First-line therapies are activity restriction, orthotics, and corticosteroid injection for Morton neuroma; stretching and foot orthotics for plantar fasciitis; and eccentric strengthening exercises for Achilles tendinopathy.

Problems With Medium-Sized Joints: Ankle Conditions.

The ankle is the cause of many musculoskeletal injuries. Knowledge of ankle anatomy and physiology can provide an initial framework to help clinicians formulate a differential diagnosis. A thorough history should be obtained, with a focus on mechanism of injury and symptom duration to hone the differential diagnosis and physical examination. Specific diagnostic maneuvers allow for evaluation of individual structures and assessment of ankle stability. The Ottawa Ankle Rules can assess the need for x-rays and help rule out underlying fracture. Lateral and medial ankle sprains and Achilles tendinopathy are among the most common ankle conditions in the primary care setting. These sprains are managed with ankle protection with a splint, brace, or other device; the rest, ice, compression, and elevation (RICE) protocol; and a short course of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Management of Achilles tendon conditions typically consists of the RICE protocol, activity reduction, physical therapy or clinician-directed exercises, NSAIDs, and, in severe cases, short-term immobilization. For patients with stable ankle fractures, various orthoses can be used for immobilization. Orthopedic consultation should be sought for patients with unstable ankle fractures.

Pathways driving tendinopathy and enthesitis: siblings or distant cousins in musculoskeletal medicine?

Tendinopathy and enthesitis share clinical, anatomical, and molecular parallels. However, their relationship is complex, presenting challenges in diagnosis and treatment. The biomechanics underlying these pathologies, together with relative immune and stromal contributions to pathology, are characterised by crucial comparative elements. However, methodologies used to study enthesitis and tendinopathy have been divergent, which could account for discrepancies in how these conditions are perceived and treated. In this Review, we summarise key clinical parallels between these two common presentations in musculoskeletal medicine and address factors that currently preclude development of more effective therapeutics. Furthermore, we describe molecular similarities and disparities that govern pathological mechanisms in tendinopathy and enthesitis, thus informing translational studies and treatment strategies.

Navicular bone fracture and severe deep digital flexor tendinopathy after palmar digital neurectomy in two horses.

Background: Navicular syndrome is a common cause of forelimb lameness in horses. Beyond changes to the navicular bone itself, horses with a clinical diagnosis of navicular syndrome often have pathology associated with other components of the navicular apparatus, including the navicular bursa, deep digital flexor (DDF) tendon, collateral sesamoidean ligaments, and impar ligament. Palmar digital neurectomy (PDN) is often used as a salvage procedure for horses diagnosed with navicular syndrome that become unresponsive to medical management. There are many potential complications associated with PDN, some of which are debilitating. Case Description: This report describes two cases of navicular bone fracture with severe DDF tendinopathy and distal interphalangeal joint subluxation/hyperextension that occurred 12 and 19 weeks after bilateral forelimb PDN. Conclusion: These two cases highlight the importance of proper patient selection before PDN due to the high incidence of undiagnosed soft tissue pathology in conjunction with radiographic evidence of navicular syndrome. Advanced imaging of the digit is recommended to identify and characterize any soft tissue pathology associated with the navicular apparatus before pursuing PDN to avoid disease progression and catastrophic injury.

Tendinitis cálcica atraumática de tendón extensor común del dedo medio: un caso infrecuente de dolor metacarpofalángico / Atraumatic calcium tendonitis of common extensor tendon of the middle finger: a rare case of metacarpophalangeal pain

Calcific tendinitis is a pathology characterized by the deposits of periarticular hydroxyapatite. Its pathophysiology is not completely known. It is clinically characterized by important inflammatory changes with incapacitating pain. It most commonly affects the shoulder joint and it rarely affects the hand and wrist. Given the unusual nature of this localization, we present the clinical case of a woman who developed calcific tendinitis of the third metacarpophalangeal muscle. We present the clinical evolution of the case, the treatments carried out, and a review of the literature related to this unusual localization of calcific tendinitis.

Xantoma del tendón de aquiles bilateral: debut de xantomatosis cerebrotendinosa / Bilateral achilles tendon xanthoma: cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis debut

OBJETIVO Presentación de un inusual caso de xantomatosis cerebrotendinosa en un paciente de edad cuya primera manifestación fueron xantomas bilaterales del tendón de Aquiles. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS Mujer de 62 años, que presenta tumoraciones, que presenta tumoraciones sólidas y polilobuladas, en la cara posterior de ambos tendones de Aquiles de 8 años de evolución. El diagnóstico se realizó mediante el hallazgo de hiperlipidemia y estudio genético. Se realió la exóresis quirúrgica parcial de las tumoraciones. RESULTADOS A los 5 años de la cirugía del pie izquierdo y 4 años del pie derecho la paciente estaba asintomática. Presentaba una fuerza para la flexión plantar bilateral de 5/5, pudiendo caminar y subir escaleras sin molestias. Presentaba una escala AOFAS de 85 y 90 puntos en el pie izquierdo y derecho, respectivamente. No hubo recidivas. DISCUSIÓN Los xantomas son depósitos de colesterol en el tejido conectivo de la piel, tendones o fascia, como resultado de una hiperlipoproteinemia. La importancia del caso radica en su sospecha diagnóstica, ya que la xantomatosis cerebrotendinosa suele manifestarse en pacientes de menos de 30 años de edad y en los que se ha recomendado la resección radical de las tumoraciones, e incluso del tendón, debido a las frecuentes recidivas. CONCLUSIÓN En pacientes de mayor edad con lesiones que infiltran el tendón, se puede optar por un tratamiento menos agresivo con un buen resultado clínico.

OBJETIVE Presentation of an unusual case of cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis in an elderly patient whose first manifestation was bilateral Achilles tendon xanthomas. MATERIAL AND METHODS 62-year-old woman presenting solid and polylobed tumors on the posterior aspect of both Achilles tendons for eight years. The diagnosis was made by means of hyperlipidemia and a genetic study. Surgical partial excision of the tumors was performed. RESULTS Five years after surgery on the left foot and four years after the right foot, the patient was asymptomatic. Bilateral plantar flexion force was 5/5, The patient was able to walk and climb stairs without discomfort. AOFAS score was 85 and 90 on the left and right feet, respectively. There were no recurrences. DISCUSSION Xanthomatosis is a genetic alteration with deposits of cholesterol in connective tissue of the skin, tendons or fascia, because of hyperlipoproteinemia. The importance of the present case lies in its diagnostic suspicion, since cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis manifests usually in patients under 30 years of age and in whom radical resection of tumors, and even of the tendon, has been recommended due to frequent recurrences . CONCLUSION In older patients with tumors that infiltrate the tendon, a less aggressive treatment can be chosen with a good clinical result.

Load management in tendinopathy: Clinical progression for Achilles and patellar tendinopathy / Gestión de la carga en las tendinopatías: progresión clínica para tendinopatías de Aquiles y rotuliana

Achilles and patellar tendons are commonly affected by tendinopathy. Injury to these tendons can severely impact upon sports, recreational and everyday activities. Eccentric musculotendinous loading has become the dominant conservative intervention strategy for Achilles and patellar tendinopathy over the last two decades. Eccentric loading involves isolated, slow lengthening muscle contractions. Systematic reviews have evaluated the evidence for eccentric muscle loading in Achilles and patellar tendinopathy, concluding that outcomes are promising but high-quality evidence is lacking. Eccentric loading may not be effective for all patients (athletes and non-athletes) affected by tendinopathy. It is possible that in athletes, eccentric work is an inadequate load on the muscle and tendon. A rehabilitation program aiming to increase tendon load tolerance must obviously include strength exercises, but should also add speed and energy storage and release. The aim of this paper is to document a rehabilitation protocol for Achilles and patellar tendinopathy. It consists of simple and pragmatic exercises designed to incorporate progressive load to the tendon: isometric work, strength, functional strength, speed and jumping exercises to adapt the tendon to the ability to store and release energy. This article would be the first step for an upcoming multicentre randomized controlled trial to investigate its efficacy (AU)

Las tendinopatías de Aquiles y rotuliana son muy frecuentes. Las lesiones en estos tendones pueden afectar severamente a las actividades deportivas, recreativas y cotidianas. En las últimas 2 décadas, los ejercicios excéntricos se han convertido en la principal intervención conservadora para tratar las tendinopatías de Aquiles y rotuliana. Los ejercicios excéntricos no son efectivos en todos los pacientes afectados por tendinopatías (atletas y no atletas). Es posible que en atletas, la carga que genera el trabajo excéntrico sobre el músculo y el tendón sea insuficiente. Un programa de rehabilitación que tenga por objetivo aumentar la tolerancia del tendón a la carga debe, obviamente, incluir ejercicios de fuerza, pero también debe agregar ejercicios de velocidad y ejercicios que aumenten la capacidad para almacenar y liberar energía. Este trabajo muestra un protocolo de rehabilitación para las tendinopatías de Aquiles y rotuliana. Consiste en ejercicios simples y pragmáticos diseñados para incorporar carga progresiva al tendón: mediante trabajo isométrico, fuerza, fuerza funcional, velocidad y ejercicios pliométricos que aumenten en el tendón la capacidad de almacenar y liberar energía. Este trabajo es el primer paso para diseñar un ensayo clínico aleatorizado y multicéntrico que permita evaluar su eficacia (AU)

Tendinitis calcificante del músculo largo del cuello / Acute calcific tendinitis of the longus colli muscle

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Rotura distal del tendón de la porción larga del bíceps braquial. ¿Por qué está aumentado su incidencia? ¿Cuándo se debe reparar? / Rupture of the distal biceps tendon. Why is increasing its incidence? When it should be repaired?

Introducción y objetivos: La rotura del tendón distal del bíceps braquial es poco frecuente y representa sólo el 3% de todas las roturas de este tendón, aunque en la última década ha aumentado hasta un 10%. Son características en varones de edad media con predominio del brazo dominante. Se asocian factores de riesgo locales (alta demanda funcional) y sistémicos (tabaco, dislipemia, corticoides, anabolizantes, obesidad). Nuestro objetivo es analizar los factores de riesgos asociados a esta patología y evaluar los resultados tras la reparación quirúrgica de dicho tendón. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de 13 pacientes diagnosticados de rotura de bíceps distal en nuestro servicio desde mayo de 2012 hasta enero de 2014. Todos fueron tratados quirúrgicamente con reinserción anatómica con vía única (69,23% con técnica Endobutton y 30,77% con reanclaje mediante arpones. Se ha valorado los posibles factores de riego, movilidad articular, complicaciones precoces y tardías y satisfacción del paciente (escala de Karunakar). Su seguimiento clínico ha sido de al menos 6 meses. Resultados: Todos fueron varones con edad media de 42,69 años en brazo dominante en el 92,3%. El 76,92% realizaban deportes para ejercitar el bíceps y el 53,84% tomaba medicación por dislipemia. El resultado obtenido tras el tratamiento fue excelente estando satisfechos la totalidad de los pacientes Conclusiones y discusión: Los factores de riesgo conocidos hasta la fecha son el tabaco, dislipemia, corticoides, anabolizantes y obesidad que no justifican el aumento de la incidencia actual. La práctica deportiva habitual que implique tonificar y muscular el músculo braquial en pacientes con factores de riesgo aumenta la probabilidad de rotura del tendón distal de bíceps y su reinserción anatómica por vía anterior es una correcta opción terapéutica

Introduction and objectives: The breaking of the distal biceps tendon is rare and represents only 3% of all breakings of this tendon. However, for the last decade this percentage has increased up to 10%. They are characteristic of middle-aged men with a predominance of the dominant arm. Local risk factor (high functional demand) and systemic ones (smoking, dyslipidemia, steroids, analogies, obesity) are associated with this pathology. Our goal is to analyze the risk factors which are associated with this condition and evaluate the results after surgical repair of the tendon. Materials and methods: Retrospective study of 13 patients diagnosed with distal biceps tendon breaking in our hospital from May 2012 to January 2014. All patients were treated surgically with anatomic reattachment single trak (69,23 % with Endobutton’s technique and 30,77 % remembering using harpoons). There have been assessed factors such us potential risk factors, joint mobility, early and late complications and the patient’s degree of satisfaction (scale Karunakar). Their clinical follow-up was carried out for at least 6 months after the surgery. Result: All patients were male, with an average age of 42,69 years, the 92,3 % were in the dominant arm, 76,92 % of the patients usually exercised the biceps while training and 53,84 % were taking medication for dyslipidemia. The results obtained after the treatment were excellent, shawing that all patients were satisfied with it. Conclusion: The risk factors that are known so far such us smoking, dyslipidemia, steroids, anabolics and obesity do not justify the increase in the currents incidence rate. Regular exercise involving the biceps brachial muscle in patients with risk factors increases the probability of breaking the distal biceps tendon and anatomic reattachment anterior approach is a correct treatment option

Eficacia de los ejercicios excéntricos en tendinopatías rotulianas. Revisión bibliográfica / Effectiveness of eccentric exercise in patellar tendinopathy. Literature review

Introducción: La tendinopatía crónica rotuliana se describe por la aparición de dolor, inflamación y pérdida de la función del tendón rotuliano. Es una patología desarrollada por el uso excesivo en deportes que implican carreras, traumatismos repetitivos y saltos. Objetivos: Evidenciar la eficacia de los ejercicios excéntricos en las tendinopatías rotulianas, analizar algunos de los cambios fisiológicos que se dan en el tendón e intentar determinar un protocolo de ejercicios concreto. Materiales y métodos: Se ha realizado una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos Cochrane, ScienceDirect, Pubmed, PEDro. Se han encontrado 10 artículos donde se han comparado los ejercicios excéntricos con ondas de choque, ejercicios concéntricos, férula de noche y estiramientos, valorándose la mejora del dolor, la función y la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Resultados: Los ejercicios excéntricos han sido efectivos en el tratamiento de la tendinopatía rotuliana, en comparación con otras terapias como las ondas de choque, estiramientos, férulas de noche, etc. En algunos de éstos artículos se evidencia la eficacia de los ejercicios excéntricos, en otros deja abierta la posibilidad de seguir investigando en la existencia de combinación de varias terapias, pudiendo ser más efectiva y rápida la rehabilitación de esta lesión. Conclusión: Los ejercicios excéntricos son efectivos en la tendinopatía rotuliana, sin embargo no se ha demostrado que sean superiores a otros tratamientos aplicados actualmente. Por otro lado, no se ha podido determinar un protocolo concreto de aplicación de estos ejercicios

Introduction: Chronic patellar tendinopathy is described as the appearance of pain, inflammation and a loss of function of the patellar tendon. It is a pathology that develops through overuse in sports that involve racing, repetitive trauma and jumps. Objectives: Demonstrate the effectiveness of eccentric exercises on patellar tendinopathy, analysing some of the physiological changes that occur to the tendon and attempt to establish a protocol of specific exercises. Materials and methods: A literary search was performed of the Cochrane, ScienceDirect, Pubmed and PEDro databases. 10 articles were found that compared eccentric exercises with shockwaves, concentric exercises, a night-worn splint and stretches, grading improvements in pain, function and the quality of life of the patients. Results: The eccentric exercises were effective in treating patellar tendinopathy in comparison with other therapies such as shockwaves, stretches, night-worn splints, etc. In some of these articles evidence emerged regarding the effectiveness of eccentric exercises, in others the possibility was left open for continued research into the existence of a combination of various therapies, perhaps being the most effective and quick way of recovering from this injury. Conclusion: Eccentric exercises are effective in treating patellar tendinopathy; however, no evidence has shown that they are better than other currently applied treatments. On the other hand, no specific protocol for applying these exercises has been established

Test de Distensión en Rotación Externa Pasiva (TDREP): validación de una nueva prueba clínica para el diagnóstico precoz de la capsulitis adhesiva de hombro / Distension test in passive external rotation: Validation of a new clinical test for the early diagnosis of shoulder adhesive capsulitis

Objetivo. El propósito de este estudio es evaluar la validez interna de una prueba clínica descrita para el diagnóstico precoz de la capsulitis adhesiva de hombro: el Test de Distensión en Rotación Externa Pasiva (TDREP). Material y método. El TDREP se realiza con el paciente de pie, el brazo adducido y el codo flexionado a 90°. Desde esta posición, se inicia un movimiento suave de rotación externa pasiva, sosteniendo el brazo afectado con una mano del examinador en la muñeca y otra manteniendo el codo abducido hasta que se alcanza el punto máximo de rotación indolora. Desde este punto de máxima rotación externa con el brazo en aducción y sin dolor, se realiza un movimiento brusco de distensión, incrementando la rotación externa, causando dolor en el hombro si la prueba es positiva. Es test se realizó en un grupo de 155 pacientes con dolor de hombro de múltiples orígenes para analizar los valores predictivos, la sensibilidad, especificidad y razón de verosimilitud. Resultados. El TDREP mostró una sensibilidad de 100% (IC 95%, de 91,8 a 100%) y una especificidad del 90% (IC 95%, de 82,4 a 94,8%). El valor predictivo positivo fue de 0,62 y la razón de verosimilitud de 10,22 (IC 95%: 5,5 a 19,01). Los falsos positivos se encontraron solo en enfermos con tendinopatías del subescapular o con artrosis glenohumeral. Discusión. El TDREP tiene una alta sensibilidad para diagnosticar CA y cuando es negativo prácticamente la excluye. Los falsos positivos se pueden identificar fácilmente si existe una rotación externa sin limitación (tendinopatía subescapular) o con una radiografía simple de hombro (artrosis glenohumeral) (AU)

Objective. The aim of this study is to evaluate the internal validity of a clinical test for the early diagnosis of shoulder adhesive capsulitis, called the Distension Test in Passive External Rotation (DTPER). Material and method. The DTPER is performed with the patient standing up, the arm adducted, and the elbow bent at 90°. From this position, a smooth passive external rotation is started, the affected arm being supporting at the wrist with one hand of the examiner and the other maintaining the adducted elbow until the maximum painless point of the rotation is reached. From this point of maximum external rotation with the arm in adduction and with no pain, an abrupt distension movement is made, increasing the external rotation, causing pain in the shoulder if the test is positive. This term was performed on a group of patients with shoulder pain of many origins, in order to analyse the predictive values, sensitivity, specificity, and the likelihood ratio. Results. The DTPER showed a sensitivity of 100% (95% CI; 91.8 to 100%) and a specificity of 90% (95% CI; 82.4 to 94.8%). The positive predictive value was 0.62 and a likelihood ratio of 10.22 (95% CI; 5.5 to 19.01). False positives were only found in patients with subscapular tendinopathies or glenohumeral arthrosis. Discussion. The DTPER has a high sensitivity for the diagnosis of adhesive capsulitis, and is excluded when it is practically negative. False positives can easily be identified if there is external rotation with no limits (subscapular tendinopathy) or with a simple shoulder X-ray (glenohumeral arthrosis) (AU)

Alterações ultrassonográficas do ligamento patelar em jogadores de futebol assintomáticos / Echogenicity changes of patellar ligament in asymptomatic soccer players

Introdução: O ligamento patelar é a estrutura do joelho que liga a patela à tíbia. As lesões desta estrutura fazem parte de um grupo maior de doenças que causam o que os ortopedistas denominam como "dor anterior do joelho". Devido a isso, as lesões do ligamento patelar por trauma repetitivo receberam o nome genérico de "joelho do saltador". O objetivo geral do estudo foi avaliar o ligamento patelar de jogadores profissionais de futebol, assintomáticos, através da ultrassonografia. Métodos: A amostra foi de 52 jogadores profissionais de futebol que passaram pelo exame de ultrassonografia. Resultados: No total, 52 jogadores foram incluídos no estudo com idade média de 23 anos (DP±4,95), com um tempo de prática médio no esporte de 9,35 anos (DP±3,71). A média de tempo de prática esportiva dos jogadores que não tiveram lesão foi de 10,14 anos (DP±3,71), enquanto a média dos jogadores que tiveram lesão foi de 5 anos (DP±0,76). Dos jogadores que tiveram lesão, a maioria, 24,1%, era de defensores, enquanto apenas 4,3% eram atacantes. Conclusões: O tempo médio de treinamento nos jogadores que tiveram lesão foi menor do que naqueles que não tiveram nenhuma anomalia encontrada. Os defensores tiveram mais lesões que os atacantes (AU)

Introduction: The patellar ligament is the structure of the knee that connects the patella to the tibia. Lesions of this structure belong to a larger group of diseases that cause what orthopedists refer to as "knee anterior pain". Because of this, the patellar ligament injuries due to repetitive trauma received the generic name of "jumper's knee". The overall objective of the study was to evaluate the patellar ligament of asymptomatic professional soccer players through ultrasound. Methods: The sample consisted of 52 professional soccer players who underwent an ultrasound examination. Results: In total, 52 players were included in the study with an average age of 23 years (SD ± 4.95), with an average practice time of 9.35 years in the sport (SD ± 3.71). The average time of sports practice of players who had no injury was 10.14 years (SD ± 3.71), while the average in those who had injury was 5 years (SD ± 0.76). Of the players who had injury, most (24.1%) were defenders while only 4.3% were forwards. Conclusions: The average training time in players who had injury was smaller than in those who had no abnormality. Defenders had more injuries than forwards did (AU)