Synergic Surface Modifications of PbS Quantum Dots by Sodium Acetate in Solid-State Ligand Exchange toward Short-Wave Infrared Photodetectors.

PbS quantum dots (QDs) are promising for short-wave infrared (SWIR) photodetection and imaging. Solid-state ligand exchange (SSLE) is a low-fabrication-threshold QD solid fabrication method. However, QD treatment by SSLE remains challenging in seeking refined surface passivation to achieve the desired device performance. This work investigates using NaAc in the ligand exchange process to enhance the film morphology and electronic coupling configuration of QD solids. By implementing various film and photodetector device characterization studies, we confirm that adding NaAc with a prominent adding ratio of 20 wt % NaAc with tetrabutylammonium iodide (TBAI) in the SSLE leads to an improved film morphology, reduced surface roughness, and decreased trap states in the QD solid films. Moreover, compared to the devices without NaAc treatment, those fabricated with NaAc-treated QD solids exhibit an enhanced performance, including lower dark current density (<100 nA/cm2), faster response speed, higher responsivity, detectivity, and external quantum efficiency (EQE reaching 25%). The discoveries can be insightful in developing efficient, low-cost, and low-fabrication-threshold QD SWIR detection and imager applications.

Arsenic trioxide and p97 inhibitor synergize against acute myeloid leukemia by targeting nascent polypeptides and activating the ZAKα-JNK pathway.

Arsenic trioxide (ATO) has exhibited remarkable efficacy in treating acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), primarily through promoting the degradation of the PML-RARα fusion protein. However, ATO alone fails to confer any survival benefit to non-APL acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients and exhibits limited efficacy when used in combination with other agents. Here, we explored the general toxicity mechanisms of ATO in APL and potential drugs that could be combined with ATO to exhibit synergistic lethal effects on other AML. We demonstrated that PML-RARα degradation and ROS upregulation were insufficient to cause APL cell death. Based on the protein synthesis of different AML cells and their sensitivity to ATO, we established a correlation between ATO-induced cell death and protein synthesis. Our findings indicated that ATO induced cell death by damaging nascent polypeptides and causing ribosome stalling, accompanied by the activation of the ZAKα-JNK pathway. Furthermore, ATO-induced stress activated the GCN2-ATF4 pathway, and ribosome-associated quality control cleared damaged proteins with the assistance of p97. Importantly, our data revealed that inhibiting p97 enhanced the effectiveness of ATO in killing AML cells. These explorations paved the way for identifying optimal synthetic lethal drugs to enhance ATO treatment on non-APL AML.

Remote neurostimulation through an endogenous ion channel using a near-infrared light-activatable nanoagonist.

The development of noninvasive approaches to precisely control neural activity in mammals is highly desirable. Here, we used the ion channel transient receptor potential ankyrin-repeat 1 (TRPA1) as a proof of principle, demonstrating remote near-infrared (NIR) activation of endogenous neuronal channels in mice through an engineered nanoagonist. This achievement enables specific neurostimulation in nongenetically modified mice. Initially, target-based screening identified flavins as photopharmacological agonists, allowing for the photoactivation of TRPA1 in sensory neurons upon ultraviolet A/blue light illumination. Subsequently, upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) were customized with an emission spectrum aligned to flavin absorption and conjugated with flavin adenine dinucleotide, creating a nanoagonist capable of NIR activation of TRPA1. Following the intrathecal injection of the nanoagonist, noninvasive NIR stimulation allows precise bidirectional control of nociception in mice through remote activation of spinal TRPA1. This study demonstrates a noninvasive NIR neurostimulation method with the potential for adaptation to various endogenous ion channels and neural processes by combining photochemical toolboxes with customized UCNPs.

Hourly emission amounts and concentration of water-soluble ions in primary particles from residential coal burning in rural northern China.

Residential coal burning (RCB) stands as an important contributor to ambient pollutants in China. For the effective execution of air pollution control policies, it is essential to maintain precise emission inventories of RCB. The absence of hourly emission factors (EFs) combined with the inaccuracies in the spatial-temporal distribution of activity data, constrained the quality of residential coal combustion emission inventories, thereby impeding the estimation of air pollutant emissions. This study revised the hourly EFs for PM2.5 and water-soluble ions (WSIs) emitted from RCB in China. The hourly emission inventories for PM2.5 and WSIs derived from RCB illustrate the diurnal fluctuations in emission patterns. This study found that the emissions of PM2.5, NH4+, Cl-, and SO42- showed similar emission features with emission of 106.8 Gg, 1417.6, 356.8, and 5868.5 ton in erupt period. The results provide basic data for evaluating RCB emission reduction policies, simulating particles, and preventing air pollution in both sub-regions and time periods. The spatial emission and simulated concentration distribution of PM2.5 and WSIs indicated that emission hotspot shifted from North China Plain (NCP) to Northeast region in China. The emissions in China were well-controlled in '2+26' region (R28) priority region, with hotspots decreasing by 99.6% in BTH region. The RCB became the dominant contributor to ambient PM2.5 with a ratio in the range of 16.2∼23.7% in non-priority region.

One-carbon metabolism supports s-adenosylmethionine and m6A methylation to control the osteogenesis of BMSCs and bone formation.

The skeleton is a metabolically active organ undergoing continuous remodeling initiated by bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs). Recent research has demonstrated that BMSCs adapt the metabolic pathways to drive the osteogenic differentiation and bone formation, but the mechanism involved remains largely elusive. Here, using a comprehensive targeted metabolome and transcriptome profiling, we revealed that one-carbon metabolism was promoted following osteogenic induction of BMSCs. Methotrexate (MTX), an inhibitor of one-carbon metabolism that blocks S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) generation, led to decreased N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation level and inhibited osteogenic capacity. Increasing intracellular SAM generation through betaine addition rescued the suppressed m6A content and osteogenesis in MTX-treated cells. Using S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) to inhibit the m6A level, the osteogenic activity of BMSCs was consequently impeded. We also demonstrated that the pro-osteogenic effect of m6A methylation mediated by one-carbon metabolism could be attributed to HIF-1α and glycolysis pathway. This was supported by the findings that dimethyloxalyl glycine (DMOG) rescued the osteogenic potential in MTX-treated and SAH-treated cells by upregulating HIF-1α and key glycolytic enzymes expression. Importantly, betaine supplementation attenuated MTX-induced m6A methylation decrease and bone loss via promoting the abundance of SAM in rat. Collectively, these results revealed that one-carbon metabolite SAM was a potential promoter in BMSC osteogenesis via the augmentation of m6A methylation, and the cross talk between metabolic reprogramming, epigenetic modification, and transcriptional regulation of BMSCs might provide strategies for bone regeneration.

The bone is a self-renewing tissue that continues to reshape throughout life. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are essential for bone homeostasis as they are capable of osteogenic differentiation. Recent evidence suggests that BMSCs drive the osteogenic differentiation through metabolic reprogramming, but the mechanism remains unclear. In this paper, we explored the metabolic alteration following osteogenic induction of BMSCs and found that one-carbon metabolism was obviously promoted in this process. The underlining mechanisms of the osteogenic potential driven by one-carbon metabolism seem to be its contribution on N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation and consequent glycolysis level by providing methyl donor. We demonstrated that one-carbon metabolism-mediated m6A methylation was a potential promoter in BMSC osteogenesis, and metabolic-epigenetic coupling might provide novel therapeutic targets for bone regeneration.

The Effect of Comparative Direction and Comparative Gap on Self-Deception.

Purpose: Self-deception refers to an individual holding inflated beliefs about their abilities, plays a crucial role in human behavior and decision-making. Individuals may inflate their abilities when subject to comparisons with others. This study examined the impact of social comparison on self-deception through the implementation of two behavioral experiments. Methods: In Experiment 1, we recruited a sample of 152 undergraduate students. Participants were falsely informed that they performed better (downward comparison) and worse (upward comparison) than average on a game. Subsequently, their level of self-deception was assessed by asking them to predict their performance in a future game, with more inflated predictions indicating greater self-deception. In Experiment 2, we gathered 126 undergraduate students to broaden the current study. This experiment examined the combined effects of comparison direction and comparison gap on self-deceptive behavior. Results: The findings showed that self-deception was more common in circumstances of upward comparison than in downward comparison or no comparison (Experiment 1). Furthermore, Individuals were more inclined to participate in self-deception when encountering a notable performance gap relative to others, particularly in scenarios involving upward social comparison (Experiment 2). Conclusion: The findings suggested that when confronted with threatening social comparative information, people tended to use self-deception to protect themselves. Members of the large gap group experienced strong feelings of unfairness and negative emotions, which led to self-protective behaviors and a greater likelihood of self-deception.

A self-bonding conductive electrode triggered by water-induced structure reconfiguration.

This study presents a self-bonding conductive electrode triggered by water-induced structure reconfiguration. Water wetting causes the swelling and mobility of cotton-derived cellulose nanofibers in the conductive electrode, and the formation of hydrogen bonds, which enables the conductive electrode to heal damage, bond separated pieces, and directly bond on diverse substrates.

Design, synthesis and biological activity of α-nitrile substituted guaiazulene-based chalcone derivatives.

In present study, seventeen α-nitrile substituted guaiazulene-based chalcone derivatives including twelve new were designed, synthesized, and assayed for antiviral, cytotoxicity and signal pathway activities. All derivatives showed potential antiviral activity towards influenza virus or herpes simplex virus (HSV), 7 g with the substitution of nitro group showed strong effects towards H1N1 virus at 30 µM with inhibitory rate of 66.0%, 7o with thiophene exhibited potent anti HSV-1 activities with inhibitory rate of 65.8%. Moreover, several compounds exhibited inhibitory effects on tumor cells and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF1) signaling pathways. These results showed that α-nitrile substituted guaiazulene-based chalcones offered a promising framework for the further development of new highly efficient drugs.

Ferroptosis: the balance between death and survival in colorectal cancer.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common malignant tumor associated with high morbidity and mortality. Despite an increase in early screening and treatment options, people with CRC still have a poor prognosis and a low 5-year survival rate. Therefore, mining more therapeutic targets and developing means of early diagnosis and determining prognosis are now imperative in the clinical treatment of CRC. Ferroptosis is a recently identified type of regulated cell death (RCD) characterized, which is identified by the accumulation of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, thereby causing membrane damage and cell death. Recent studies have shown that ferroptosis is associated with tumors, including CRC, and can be involved in CRC progression; however, the underlying mechanisms are complex and heterogeneous and have not been thoroughly summarized. Therefore, this study reviewed the roles of ferroptosis in CRC progression to target ferroptosis-related factors for CRC treatment. The significance of ferroptosis-related biomarkers and genes in the early diagnosis and prognosis of CRC was also investigated. Furthermore, the limitations of ferroptosis studies in the current treatment of CRC, as well as future research perspectives, are discussed.

The first complete chloroplast genome of Cyclamen persicum and its phylogenetic position within Primulaceae.

Cyclamen persicum Mill., 1768, is a perennial herb of Primulaceae and is native to the Mediterranean region. In this study, we sequenced the chloroplast genome of Cyclamen persicum. Its complete chloroplast contained 151,911 nucleotides, including a large single-copy (LSC) region with a length of 83,191 bp, a small single-copy (SSC) region with a length of 17,922 bp, and a pair of reverse repeat IR regions (25,399 bp). The C. persicum chloroplast genome encoded 112 unique genes, including 78 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and four rRNA genes. The GC content of the entire genome was 37.25%, lower than that of many angiosperm plastome. The phylogenetic result indicated that C. persicum exhibited the closest relationship with Cyclamen rohlfsianum, and provided new information for the phylogeny relationship of genus Cyclamen.

Experimental Study on the Flexural Performance of Steel-Polyvinyl Alcohol Hybrid Fiber-Reinforced Concrete.

This paper explores the impact of steel-PVA hybrid fibers (S-PVA HF) on the flexural performance of panel concrete via three-point bending tests. Crack development in the concrete is analyzed through Digital Image Correlation (DIC) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) experiments, unveiling the underlying mechanisms. The evolution of cracks in concrete is quantitatively analyzed based on fractal theory, and a predictive model for flexural strength (PMFS) is established. The results show that the S-PVA HF exhibits a synergistic effect in enhancing and toughening the concrete at multi-scale. The crack area of steel-PVA hybrid fiber concrete (S-PVA HFRC) is linearly correlated with deflection (δ), and it further reduces the crack development rate and crack area compared to steel fiber-reinforced concrete (SFRC). The S-PVA HF improves the proportional ultimate strength (fL) and residual flexural strength (fR,j) of concrete, and the optimal flexural performance of concrete is achieved when the steel fiber dosage is 1.0% and the PVA fiber dosage is 0.2%. The established PMFS of hybrid fiber-reinforced concrete (HFRC) can effectively predict the flexural strength of concrete.

Experimental Research on Crack Resistance of Steel-Polyvinyl Alcohol Hybrid Fiber-Reinforced Concrete.

This paper investigates the effects of steel fiber and PVA fiber hybrid blending on the compressive strength (fcc), splitting tensile strength (fts), compression energy (W1.0), and shrinkage properties of concrete. It also establishes a multi-factor crack resistance index evaluation model based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to comprehensively evaluate the crack resistance of concrete. The results show that the steel-PVA hybrid fiber (S-PVA HF) further enhances fcc, fts, the compression energy, and the shrinkage suppression properties of the concrete. The crack resistance of the steel-PVA hybrid fiber concrete (S-PVA HFRC) is the best when the proportion of steel fiber is 1.0% and that of the PVA fiber is 0.2%, and it increases up to 143% compared to the baseline concrete. The established concrete crack resistance evaluation model has a certain reliability.

Improve the efficiency and accuracy of ophthalmologists' clinical decision-making based on AI technology.

BACKGROUND: As global aging intensifies, the prevalence of ocular fundus diseases continues to rise. In China, the tense doctor-patient ratio poses numerous challenges for the early diagnosis and treatment of ocular fundus diseases. To reduce the high risk of missed or misdiagnosed cases, avoid irreversible visual impairment for patients, and ensure good visual prognosis for patients with ocular fundus diseases, it is particularly important to enhance the growth and diagnostic capabilities of junior doctors. This study aims to leverage the value of electronic medical record data to developing a diagnostic intelligent decision support platform. This platform aims to assist junior doctors in diagnosing ocular fundus diseases quickly and accurately, expedite their professional growth, and prevent delays in patient treatment. An empirical evaluation will assess the platform's effectiveness in enhancing doctors' diagnostic efficiency and accuracy. METHODS: In this study, eight Chinese Named Entity Recognition (NER) models were compared, and the SoftLexicon-Glove-Word2vec model, achieving a high F1 score of 93.02%, was selected as the optimal recognition tool. This model was then used to extract key information from electronic medical records (EMRs) and generate feature variables based on diagnostic rule templates. Subsequently, an XGBoost algorithm was employed to construct an intelligent decision support platform for diagnosing ocular fundus diseases. The effectiveness of the platform in improving diagnostic efficiency and accuracy was evaluated through a controlled experiment comparing experienced and junior doctors. RESULTS: The use of the diagnostic intelligent decision support platform resulted in significant improvements in both diagnostic efficiency and accuracy for both experienced and junior doctors (P < 0.05). Notably, the gap in diagnostic speed and precision between junior doctors and experienced doctors narrowed considerably when the platform was used. Although the platform also provided some benefits to experienced doctors, the improvement was less pronounced compared to junior doctors. CONCLUSION: The diagnostic intelligent decision support platform established in this study, based on the XGBoost algorithm and NER, effectively enhances the diagnostic efficiency and accuracy of junior doctors in ocular fundus diseases. This has significant implications for optimizing clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Machine learning-based prediction of cadmium pollution in topsoil and identification of critical driving factors in a mining area.

Mining activities have resulted in a substantial accumulation of cadmium (Cd) in agricultural soils, particularly in southern China. Long-term Cd exposure can cause plant growth inhibition and various diseases. Rapid identification of the extent of soil Cd pollution and its driving factors are essential for soil management and risk assessment. However, traditional geostatistical methods are difficult to simulate the complex nonlinear relationships between soil Cd and potential features. In this study, sequential extraction and hotspot analyses indicated that Cd accumulation increased significantly near mining sites and exhibited high mobility. The concentration of Cd was estimated using three machine learning models based on 3169 topsoil samples, seven quantitative variables (soil pH, Fe, Ca, Mn, TOC, Al/Si and ba value) and three quantitative variables (soil parent rock, terrain and soil type). The random forest model achieved marginally better performance than the other models, with an R2 of 0.78. Importance analysis revealed that soil pH and Ca and Mn contents were the most significant factors affecting Cd accumulation and migration. Conversely, due to the essence of controlling Cd migration being soil property, soil type, terrain, and soil parent materials had little impact on the spatial distribution of soil Cd under the influence of mining activities. Our results provide a better understanding of the geochemical behavior of soil Cd in mining areas, which could be helpful for environmental management departments in controlling the diffusion of Cd pollution and capturing key targets for soil remediation.

Unified calibration of D-dimer can improve the uniformity of different detection systems.

Background: D-dimer at a low level is important evidence for excluding the onset and progression of thrombosis. It is readily detectable and yields rapid results, although significant variability exists among different detection systems. Our study aims to enhance the consistency across various detection systems. Methods: Twelve detection systems were included in our study. We sought to address this inconsistency by using various calibrators (two supplied by manufacturers and two comprising pooled human plasma diluted with different diluents) to standardize D-dimer measurements. We categorized the data into three groups according to D-dimer concentration levels: low (≤0.5 mg/L), medium (>0.5 mg/L - <3 mg/L), and high (≥3 mg/L). We then analyzed the data focusing on range, consistency, comparability, negative coincidence rate, and false negative rate. Results: Calibrating with pooled human plasma led to narrower result ranges in the low and medium groups (P < 0.05). In the low group, consistency improved from weak to strong (ICC 0.4-0.7, P﹤0.05), while it remained excellent in the other groups and overall (ICCï¹¥0.75, P﹤0.05). The percentage of pairwise comparability increased in both the low and high groups. Additionally, there was an increase in the negative coincidence rate. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that uniform calibration of D-dimer can significantly enhance the consistency of results across different detection systems.

Precise Construction of Chiral Plasmonic Nanoparticles for Enantioselective Discrimination.

Chiral plasmonic nanostructures exhibit potential in the advanced manufacturing industry, due to their fascinating characteristics. However, the limitation of existing fabrication methods as difficulty to precisely manipulate chiral nanostructures at the nanoscale restricts their application and optimization of performance. In this work, we report a simple and robust route for the precise construction of chiral Au nanoparticles (NPs), employing star-like block copolymers with well-defined structures as chiral templates. The globular unimolecular micelles as nanoreactors enabled control over the size, shape, and chirality of in situ grown nanocrystals. Utilizing the chiral anisotropy property of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), the enantioselective discrimination on various substrates was accomplished with an enhancement factor over 9.3 × 106. NPs with a smaller size exhibited strengthened Raman enhancement and chiral recognition. Furthermore, these chiral unimolecular-micelle-based templates with high efficiency and strong controllability could pave the way for tailor-made chiral nanomaterials.

Understanding the mechanism of gully erosion in the alpine region through an interpretable machine learning approach.

In the alpine region, climate warming has led to the retreat of glaciers, snow cover, and permafrost. This has intensified water cycling, soil erosion, and increased the occurrence of natural disasters in the alpine region. This study investigated the Lhasa River Basin in the southern Tibetan Plateau, serving as a representative case study of a typical alpine basin, with a specific focus on gully erosion. Based on field investigations and interpretation using high-resolution satellite remote sensing images, the Random Forest (RF) algorithm was applied to evaluate gully erosion susceptibility on watershed level. The Shapley Additive Interpretation method was then used to interpret the RF model and gain deeper insights into the influencing variables of gully erosion. The results showed that the RF model achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUC) accuracy of 0.99 and 0.98 for the training and testing datasets, respectively, indicating an outstanding performance of the model. The resulting susceptibility map based on the RF model shows that areas with moderate and higher levels of gully erosion susceptibility are covering 50 % of the basin. The model interpretation results indicated that elevation, slope, permafrost, rainstorm, silt loam topsoil, human activity, stream power, and vegetation were the explaining variables with the highest importance for gully erosion occurrence. Different variables are characterized by specific thresholds promoting gully erosion such as: i) elevations higher than 4950 m, ii) slopes steeper than 13.5°, iii) extreme rainstorms longer than 11 days per year, iv) silt loam topsoil, v) presence of permafrost, vi) stream power index higher than 1.2, and vii) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) lower than 0.25. Our findings provide the scientific basis to improve soil erosion control in such highly vulnerable alpine area.

Mechanical loading on cell-free polymer composite scaffold enhances in situ regeneration of fully functional Achilles tendon in a rabbit model.

Traditional tendon engineering using cell-loaded scaffold has limited application potential due to the need of autologous cells. We hypothesize that potent mechanical loading can efficiently induce in situ Achilles tendon regeneration in a rabbit model by using a cell-free porous composite scaffold. In this study, melt-spinning was used to fabricate PGA (polyglycolic acid) and PLA (polylactic acid) filament fibers as well as non-woven PGA fibers. The PLA/PGA (4:2) filament fibers were further braided into a hybrid yarn，which was knitted into a PLA/PGA tubular mesh with potent mechanical property for sustaining natural tendon strain. The results showed that a complete cross-section of Achilles tendon created a model of full mechanical loading on the bridging scaffold, which could efficiently induce in situ tendon regeneration by promoting host cell infiltration, matrix production and tissue remodeling. Histologically, mechanical loading assisted in forming parallel aligned collagen fibers and tenocytes in a fashion similar to those of native tendon. Transmission electron microscope further demonstrated that mechanical strain induced collagen fibril development by increasing fibril diameter and forming bipolar structure, which resulted in enhanced mechanical properties. Interestingly, the synergistic effect between mechanical loading and hyaluronic acid modification was also observed on the induced tenogenic differentiation of infiltrated host fibroblasts. In conclusion, potent mechanical loading is the key inductive microenvironment for in situ tendon regeneration for this polymer-based composite scaffold with proper matrix modification, which may serve as a universal scaffold product for tendon regeneration.

The impact of social comparison on self-deception: An event-related potentials study.

Self-deception refers to an individual holding inflated beliefs about their abilities, and it plays a crucial role in human behavior and decision-making. The present study employed event-related potentials (ERPs) technique to explore the neural responses to the impacts of social comparison direction and comparison gap on self-deceptive behavior. They were instructed to predict their performance in the forward-looking paradigm. Behavioral responses and neural reactions during the decision-making process were documented. The behavioral results indicated that, in contrast to the downward comparison condition, participants engaged in upward comparison exhibited more occurrences of self-deception. However, within the context of upward comparison, participants demonstrated a higher frequency of self-deception in the large gap condition compared with the small gap condition. The ERP results showed that induced self-deception under conditions with a large comparative gap between participants and their paired counterparts stimulated larger P300 and smaller N400 amplitude than under conditions with a small gap. However, when participants were in the upward comparison situation, the late positive potential (LPP) amplitude induced by self-deception behavior in the condition of a large comparison gap between participants and paired opponents was larger than that in the condition of a small comparison gap. These results indicated that individuals in the large gap group feel strong unfairness and negative emotions. More importantly, the self-deception induced by the large gap group in the upward comparison situation used fewer cognitive resources than the small gap condition, whereas the individuals in the downward comparison situation did not show the difference in cognitive resources.

Multi-perspective evaluation on spent lithium iron phosphate recycling process: For next-generation technology option.

The recycling of spent lithium iron phosphate batteries has recently become a focus topic. Consequently, evaluating different spent lithium iron phosphate recycling processes becomes necessary for industrial development. Here, based on multiple perspectives of environment, economy and technology, four typical spent lithium iron phosphate recovery processes (Hydro-A: hydrometallurgical total leaching recovery process; Hydro-B(H2O2/O2): hydrometallurgical selective lithium extraction process; Pyro: Pyrometallurgical recovery process; Direct: Direct regeneration process) were compared comprehensively. The comprehensive evaluation study uses environment, economy and technology as evaluation indicators, and uses the entropy weight method and analytic hierarchy process to couple the comprehensive indicator weights. Results show that the comprehensive evaluation values of Hydro-A, Hydro-B (H2O2), Hydro-B (O2), Pyro and Direct are 0.347, 0.421, 0.442, 0.099 and 0.857, respectively. Therefore, the technological maturity of Direct should be further improved to enable early industrialization. On this basis, this study conducted a quantitative evaluation of the spent lithium iron phosphate recycling process by comprehensively considering environmental, economic and technical factors, providing further guidance for the formulation of recycling processes.