RESUMEN
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive sulfur species (RSS), metal ions, and nitrogen species (RNS) play important roles in a variety of biological processes, such as a signal transduction, inflammation, and neurodegenerative damage. These species, while essential for certain functions, can also induce stress-related diseases. The interrelation between ROS, RSS, Metal ions and RNS underscores the importance of quantifying their concentrations in live cells, tissues, and organisms. The review emphasizes the use of small-molecule-based fluorescent/chemodosimeter probes to effectively measure and map the species' distribution with high temporal and spatial precision, paying particular attention to in vitro and in vivo environments. These probes are recognized as valuable tools contributing to breakthroughs in modern redox biology. The review specifically addresses the relationship of HOCl/ClOâ¾ (hypochlorous acid/Hypochlorite) with other reactive species. (Dual sensing probes).
Asunto(s)
Colorantes Fluorescentes , Ácido Hipocloroso , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno , Ácido Hipocloroso/análisis , Ácido Hipocloroso/química , Colorantes Fluorescentes/química , Humanos , Animales , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/análisis , Especies de Nitrógeno Reactivo/análisis , Especies de Nitrógeno Reactivo/química , Especies de Nitrógeno Reactivo/metabolismoRESUMEN
Fertilizer-intensive agriculture leads to emissions of reactive nitrogen (Nr), posing threats to climate via nitrous oxide (N2O) and to air quality and human health via nitric oxide (NO) and ammonia (NH3) that form ozone and particulate matter (PM) downwind. Adding nitrification inhibitors (NIs) to fertilizers can mitigate N2O and NO emissions but may stimulate NH3 emissions. Quantifying the net effects of these trade-offs requires spatially resolving changes in emissions and associated impacts. We introduce an assessment framework to quantify such trade-off effects. It deploys an agroecosystem model with enhanced capabilities to predict emissions of Nr with or without the use of NIs, and a social cost of greenhouse gas to monetize the impacts of N2O on climate. The framework also incorporates reduced-complexity air quality and health models to monetize associated impacts of NO and NH3 emissions on human health downwind via ozone and PM. Evaluation of our model against available field measurements showed that it captured the direction of emission changes but underestimated reductions in N2O and overestimated increases in NH3 emissions. The model estimated that, averaged over applicable U.S. agricultural soils, NIs could reduce N2O and NO emissions by an average of 11% and 16%, respectively, while stimulating NH3 emissions by 87%. Impacts are largest in regions with moderate soil temperatures and occur mostly within two to three months of N fertilizer and NI application. An alternative estimate of NI-induced emission changes was obtained by multiplying the baseline emissions from the agroecosystem model by the reported relative changes in Nr emissions suggested from a global meta-analysis: -44% for N2O, -24% for NO and +20% for NH3. Monetized assessments indicate that on an annual scale, NI-induced harms from increased NH3 emissions outweigh (8.5-33.8 times) the benefits of reducing NO and N2O emissions in all agricultural regions, according to model-based estimates. Even under meta-analysis-based estimates, NI-induced damages exceed benefits by a factor of 1.1-4. Our study highlights the importance of considering multiple pollutants when assessing NIs, and underscores the need to mitigate NH3 emissions. Further field studies are needed to evaluate the robustness of multi-pollutant assessments.
Asunto(s)
Agricultura , Fertilizantes , Nitrificación , Óxido Nitroso , Fertilizantes/análisis , Óxido Nitroso/análisis , Contaminantes Atmosféricos/análisis , Ozono/análisis , Amoníaco/análisis , Especies de Nitrógeno Reactivo/análisis , Nitrógeno/análisis , Contaminación del Aire/análisisRESUMEN
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and reactive sulfur species (RSS) serve as vital mediators essential for preserving intracellular redox homeostasis within the human body, thereby possessing significant implications across physiological and pathological domains. Nevertheless, deviations from normal levels of ROS, RNS, and RSS disturb redox homeostasis, leading to detrimental consequences that compromise bodily integrity. This disruption is closely linked to the onset of various human diseases, thereby posing a substantial threat to human health and survival. Small-molecule fluorescent probes exhibit considerable potential as analytical instruments for the monitoring of ROS, RNS, and RSS due to their exceptional sensitivity and selectivity, operational simplicity, non-invasiveness, localization capabilities, and ability to facilitate in situ optical signal generation for real-time dynamic analyte monitoring. Due to their distinctive transition from their spirocyclic form (non-fluorescent) to their ring-opened form (fluorescent), along with their exceptional light stability, broad wavelength range, high fluorescence quantum yield, and high extinction coefficient, rhodamine fluorophores have been extensively employed in the development of fluorescent probes. This review primarily concentrates on the investigation of fluorescent probes utilizing rhodamine dyes for ROS, RNS, and RSS detection from the perspective of different response groups since 2016. The scope of this review encompasses the design of probe structures, elucidation of response mechanisms, and exploration of biological applications.
Asunto(s)
Colorantes Fluorescentes , Especies de Nitrógeno Reactivo , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno , Rodaminas , Colorantes Fluorescentes/química , Rodaminas/química , Especies de Nitrógeno Reactivo/análisis , Humanos , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/análisis , Imagen Óptica , Animales , Azufre/química , Azufre/análisisRESUMEN
AIMS: To provide an alternative to ultra violet light and vapourized hydrogen peroxide to enhance decontamination of surfaces as part of the response to the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS AND RESULTS: We developed an indirect method for in situ delivery of cold plasma and evaluated the anti-viral activity of plasma-activated mist (PAM) using bacteriophages phi6, MS2, and phiX174, surrogates for SARS-CoV-2. Exposure to ambient air atmospheric pressure derived PAM caused a 1.71 log10 PFU ml-1 reduction in phi6 titer within 5 min and a 7.4 log10 PFU ml-1 reduction after 10 min when the the PAM source was at 5 and 10 cm. With MS2 and phiX174, a 3.1 and 1.26 log10 PFU ml-1 reduction was achieved, respectively, after 30 min. The rate of killing was increased with longer exposure times but decreased when the PAM source was further away. Trace amounts of reactive species, hydrogen peroxide and nitrite were produced in the PAM, and the anti-viral activity was probably attributable to these and their secondary reactive species. CONCLUSIONS: PAM exhibits virucidal activity against surrogate viruses for COVID-19, which is time and distance from the plasma source dependent.
Asunto(s)
Bacteriófagos , Desinfección , Peróxido de Hidrógeno , Nitritos , Gases em Plasma , Bacteriófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Bacteriófagos/fisiología , COVID-19/virología , Desinfectantes/química , Desinfección/métodos , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/farmacología , Nitritos/farmacología , Gases em Plasma/farmacología , Especies de Nitrógeno Reactivo/análisis , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/análisis , SARS-CoV-2/fisiología , Agua/química , Microbiología del AireRESUMEN
Reactive nitrogen species (Nr), defined here as all N-containing compounds except N2 and N2O, have been shown to be important drivers for indoor air quality. Key Nr species include NOx (NO + NO2), HONO and NH3, which are known to have detrimental health effects. In addition, other Nr species that are not traditionally measured may be important chemical actors for indoor transformations (e.g. amines). Cooking and cleaning are significant sources of Nr, whose emission will vary depending on the type of activity and materials used. Here we present a novel instrument that measures the total gas-phase reactive nitrogen (tNr) budget and key species NOx, HONO, and NH3 to demonstrate its suitability for indoor air quality applications. The tNr levels were measured using a custom-built heated platinum (Pt) catalytic furnace to convert all Nr species to NOx, called the tNr oven. The measurement approach was validated through a series of control experiments, such that quantitative measurement and speciation of the total Nr budget are demonstrated. The optimum operating conditions of the tNr oven were found to be 800 °C with a sampling flow rate of 630 cubic centimetres per minute (ccm). Oxidized nitrogen species are known to be quantitatively converted under these conditions. Here, the efficiency of the tNr oven to convert reduced Nr species to NOx was found to reach a maximum at 800 °C, with 103 ± 13% conversion for NH3 and 79-106% for selected relevant amines. The observed variability in the conversion efficiency of reduced Nr species demonstrates the importance of catalyst temperature characterization for the tNr oven. The instrument was deployed successfully in a commercial kitchen, a complex indoor environment with periods of rapidly changing levels, and shown to be able to reliably measure the tNr budget during periods of longer-lived oscillations (>20 min), typical of indoor spaces. The measured NOx, HONO and basic Nr (NH3 and amines) were unable to account for all the measured tNr, pointing to a substantial missing fraction (on average 18%) in the kitchen. Overall, the tNr instrument will allow for detailed survey(s) of the key gaseous Nr species across multiple locations and may also identify missing Nr fractions, making this platform capable of stimulating more in-depth analysis in indoor atmospheres.
Asunto(s)
Contaminantes Atmosféricos , Contaminación del Aire Interior , Nitrógeno/análisis , Contaminación del Aire Interior/análisis , Gases/análisis , Especies de Nitrógeno Reactivo/análisis , Contaminantes Atmosféricos/análisisRESUMEN
Exploring the etiology of liver injury is critical to fundamental science and precise treatment, which has not yet been achieved by molecule imaging techniques. Herein, we manage to conquer this challenge by spatiotemporally monitoring oxidative stress processes using the proposed unit-emitting carbon dots (UE-C-dots) as fluorescent probes. We discover and reveal that the UE-C-dots can specifically determine hypochlorous acid (HClO) molecules, one of the important reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) in liver injury, by an excited state oxidation mechanism. Other ROS/RNS do not interfere with the assay even if their concentrations are 1000 times higher than that of HClO due to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital level mismatch. Real-time tomographic imaging demonstrates that different stimuli cause distinctly different HClO bursts in both temporal and spatial dimensionalities. Therefore, the measurement and analysis of temporal information substantially extend our understanding on the relationships of hepatic oxidative stress and corresponding physiological/pathological behaviors.
Asunto(s)
Carbono , Estrés Oxidativo , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/análisis , Ácido Hipocloroso/análisis , Oxígeno , Especies de Nitrógeno Reactivo/análisis , Colorantes Fluorescentes , Hígado/química , NitrógenoRESUMEN
The ubiquity and importance of ROS and RNS in cellular signaling, disease development, and death give rise to an outstanding interest in their detection and quantification. Among the analytical techniques available, electrochemical sensors stand out for the detection of ROS/RNS due to their high sensitivity and inherent miniaturization which allows the in situ and real-time detection together with a tunable selectivity due to the different electrochemical behavior of ROS/RNS. Nanomaterial-based enzyme-free electrochemical sensors possess improved sensitivity, selectivity, stability, and unique catalytic activities. In addition, their integration in nanoelectrodes, lab-on-chips, microfluidic systems, and stretchable electrodes allow the determination of ROS/RNS in individual cells, cell organelles, or cell populations, under different experimental conditions hardly accessible using classical detection methods.
Asunto(s)
Técnicas Electroquímicas , Especies de Nitrógeno Reactivo/análisis , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/análisis , Animales , Células Cultivadas , Humanos , Nanoestructuras/química , Especies de Nitrógeno Reactivo/metabolismo , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismoRESUMEN
Highly toxic radicals including reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in cigarette smoke play an important role in oxidative damage of the lungs, which cannot be efficiently scavenged by current filter techniques. Herein, a novel alendronate-coated nanoceria (CeAL) nanozyme is explored for cigarette filter modification for ROS/RNS scavenging. The CeAL nanozyme with an adjustable oxidation state and high thermal stability exhibits an excellent superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, hydroxyl radical elimination capacity, catalase-mimicking activity, and nitric oxide radical scavenging ability. These synergistic antioxidant abilities make the CeAL nanozyme a lucrative additive for cigarette filters. The filter incorporated with the CeAL nanozyme can efficiently scavenge ROS/RNS in the hot smoke generated by burned commercial cigarettes, resulting in reduction of oxidative stress-induced pulmonary injury and acute inflammation of mice. The developed CeAL nanozyme opens up new opportunities for cigarette filter modification to decrease the toxicity of cigarette smoke and expands the application fields of nanoceria.
Asunto(s)
Alendronato/química , Cerio/química , Depuradores de Radicales Libres/química , Nanopartículas del Metal/química , Especies de Nitrógeno Reactivo/química , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/química , Animales , Catálisis , Masculino , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Oxidación-Reducción , Especies de Nitrógeno Reactivo/efectos adversos , Especies de Nitrógeno Reactivo/análisis , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/efectos adversos , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/análisis , Productos de Tabaco , Contaminación por Humo de Tabaco/efectos adversos , Contaminación por Humo de Tabaco/análisis , Contaminación por Humo de Tabaco/prevención & controlRESUMEN
Real-time monitoring of the evolution of bacterial infection-associated multiple radical species is critical to accurately profile the pathogenesis and host-defense mechanisms. Here, we present a unique dual wavelength near-infrared (NIR) cyanine-dyad molecular probe (HCy5-Cy7) for simultaneous monitoring of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) variations both inâ vitro and inâ vivo. HCy5-Cy7 specifically turns on its fluorescence at 660â nm via superoxide or hydroxyl radical (O2.- , . OH)-mediated oxidation of reduced HCy5 moiety to Cy5, while peroxynitrite or hypochlorous species (ONOO- , ClO- )-induced Cy7 structural degradation causes the emission turn-off at 800â nm. Such multispectral but reverse signal responses allow multiplex manifestation of inâ situ oxidative and nitrosative stress events during the pathogenic and defensive processes in both bacteria-infected macrophage cells and living mice. Most importantly, this study may also provide new perspectives for understanding the bacterial pathogenesis and advancing the precision medicine against infectious diseases.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones Bacterianas/diagnóstico por imagen , Carbocianinas/química , Colorantes/química , Animales , Ratones , Células RAW 264.7 , Especies de Nitrógeno Reactivo/análisis , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/análisisRESUMEN
Biofilms have several characteristics that ensure their survival in a range of adverse environmental conditions, including high cell numbers, close cell proximity to allow easy genetic exchange (e.g., for resistance genes), cell communication and protection through the production of an exopolysaccharide matrix. Together, these characteristics make it difficult to kill undesirable biofilms, despite the many studies aimed at improving the removal of biofilms. An elimination method that is safe, easy to deliver in physically complex environments and not prone to microbial resistance is highly desired. Cold atmospheric plasma, a lightning-like state generated from air or other gases with a high voltage can be used to make plasma-activated water (PAW) that contains many active species and radicals that have antimicrobial activity. Recent studies have shown the potential for PAW to be used for biofilm elimination without causing the bacteria to develop significant resistance. However, the precise mode of action is still the subject of debate. This review discusses the formation of PAW generated species and their impacts on biofilms. A focus is placed on the diffusion of reactive species into biofilms, the formation of gradients and the resulting interaction with the biofilm matrix and specific biofilm components. Such an understanding will provide significant benefits for tackling the ubiquitous problem of biofilm contamination in food, water and medical areas.
Asunto(s)
Biopelículas/efectos de los fármacos , Gases em Plasma/farmacología , Agua/farmacología , Bacterias/efectos de los fármacos , Bacterias/crecimiento & desarrollo , Biopelículas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Pared Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Matriz Extracelular de Sustancias Poliméricas/efectos de los fármacos , Matriz Extracelular de Sustancias Poliméricas/metabolismo , Especies de Nitrógeno Reactivo/análisis , Especies de Nitrógeno Reactivo/farmacología , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/análisis , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/farmacología , Agua/químicaRESUMEN
Label-free biosensing has been the dream of scientists and biotechnologists as reported by Vollmer and Arnold (Nat Methods 5:591-596, 2008). The ability of examining living cells is crucial to cell biology as noted by Fang (Int J Electrochem 2011:460850, 2011). Chemical measurement with electrodes is label-free and has demonstrated capability of studying living cells. In recent years, nanoelectrodes of different functionality have been developed. These nanometer-sized electrodes, coupled with scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), have further enabled nanometer spatial resolution study in aqueous environments. Developments in the field of nanoelectrochemistry have allowed measurement of signaling species at single cells, contributing to better understanding of cell biology. Leading studies using nanoelectrochemistry of a variety of cellular signaling molecules, including redox-active neurotransmitter (e.g., dopamine), non-redox-active neurotransmitter (e.g., acetylcholine), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), are reviewed here.
Asunto(s)
Técnicas Electroquímicas/métodos , Nanotecnología , Transducción de Señal , Análisis de la Célula Individual/métodos , Línea Celular Tumoral , Humanos , Neurotransmisores/análisis , Oxidación-Reducción , Especies de Nitrógeno Reactivo/análisis , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/análisisRESUMEN
Resistive-pulse sensing is a technique widely used to detect single nanoscopic entities such as nanoparticles and large molecules that can block the ion current flow through a nanopore or a nanopipette. Although the species of interest, e.g., antibodies, DNA, and biological vesicles, are typically produced by living cells, so far, they have only been detected in the bulk solution since no localized resistive-pulse sensing in biological systems has yet been reported. In this report, we used a nanopipette as a scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) tip to carry out resistive-pulse experiments both inside immobilized living cells and near their surfaces. The characteristic changes in the ion current that occur when the pipet punctures the cell membrane are used to monitor its insertion into the cell cytoplasm. Following the penetration, cellular vesicles (phagosomes, lysosomes, and/or phagolysosomes) were detected inside a RAW 264.7 macrophage. Much smaller pipettes were used to selectively detect 10 nm Au nanoparticles in the macrophage cytoplasm. The in situ resistive-pulse detection of extracellular vesicles released by metastatic human breast cells (MDA-MB-231) is also demonstrated. Electrochemical resistive-pulse experiments were carried out by inserting a conductive carbon nanopipette into a macrophage cell to sample single vesicles and measure reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) contained inside them.
Asunto(s)
Lisosomas/química , Nanopartículas del Metal/análisis , Fagosomas/química , Especies de Nitrógeno Reactivo/análisis , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/análisis , Animales , Línea Celular Tumoral , Técnicas Electroquímicas/instrumentación , Técnicas Electroquímicas/métodos , Oro/química , Humanos , Nanopartículas del Metal/química , Ratones , Microscopía/instrumentación , Microscopía/métodos , Células RAW 264.7RESUMEN
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) are an important class of oxidative stress mediators which are tightly associated with several diseases. Therefore, it is important to develop an accurate and reliable method for the in situ monitoring of biologically relevant RONS. Fluorescent bioprobes exhibit remarkable sensing properties such as easy operation, rapid response and good sensitivity, and thus have emerged as powerful tools in diverse biomedical applications. Benefiting from remarkable photophysical advantages like large Stokes' shifts, high signal-to-noise ratios and excellent photostability, aggregation-induced emission (AIE) luminogens (AIEgens) show unique superiority for RONS sensing and are widely applied in diverse biomedical applications. In this review, we first introduce the concept of RONS and the sensing principles of RONS by AIE bioprobes. Then we summarize the current state of AIEgens for RONS sensing with some representative examples. Finally, we present a perspective on the future development of RONS sensing based on AIEgens. We hope our review can inspire more endeavors in this fascinating area, further promoting the use of AIEgens in diagnostic analysis and therapy.
Asunto(s)
Técnicas Biosensibles , Colorantes Fluorescentes/química , Especies de Nitrógeno Reactivo/análisis , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/análisis , Humanos , Estructura Molecular , Tamaño de la Partícula , Propiedades de SuperficieRESUMEN
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is a by-product of mitochondrial activity and is necessary for the acquisition of the capacitated state, a requirement for functional spermatozoa. However, an increase in oxidative stress, due to an abnormal production of ROS, has been shown to be related to loss of sperm function, highlighting the importance of an accurate detection of sperm ROS, given the specific nature of this cell. In this work, we tested a variety of commercially available fluorescent probes to detect ROS and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in human sperm, to define their specificity. Using both flow cytometry (FC) and fluorescence microscopy (FM), we confirmed that MitoSOX™ Red and dihydroethidium (DHE) detect superoxide anion (as determined using antimycin A as a positive control), while DAF-2A detects reactive nitrogen species (namely, nitric oxide). For the first time, we also report that RedoxSensor™ Red CC-1, CellROX® Orange Reagent, and MitoPY1 seem to be mostly sensitive to hydrogen peroxide, but not superoxide. Furthermore, mean fluorescence intensity (and not percentage of labeled cells) is the main parameter that can be reproducibly monitored using this type of methodology.
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Colorantes Fluorescentes , Especies de Nitrógeno Reactivo/análisis , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/análisis , Espermatozoides/química , Etidio/análogos & derivados , Citometría de Flujo , Humanos , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/análisis , Masculino , Microscopía Fluorescente , Compuestos Organofosforados , Fenantridinas , Piperazinas , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Espermatozoides/metabolismo , Compuestos de Espiro , Superóxidos/análisisRESUMEN
Two-photon fluorescence microscopy has become an indispensable technique for cellular imaging. Whereas most two-photon fluorescent probes rely on well-known fluorophores, here we report a new fluorophore for bioimaging, namely azulene. A chemodosimeter, comprising a boronate ester receptor motif conjugated to an appropriately substituted azulene, is shown to be an effective two-photon fluorescent probe for reactive oxygen species, showing good cell penetration, high selectivity for peroxynitrite, no cytotoxicity, and excellent photostability.
Asunto(s)
Azulenos/química , Colorantes Fluorescentes/química , Microscopía de Fluorescencia por Excitación Multifotónica/métodos , Especies de Nitrógeno Reactivo/análisis , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/análisis , Azulenos/toxicidad , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Colorantes Fluorescentes/toxicidad , Células HeLa , Humanos , Límite de DetecciónRESUMEN
This Account describes a range of strategies for the development of fluorescent probes for detecting reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and reactive (redox-active) sulfur species (RSS). Many ROS/RNS have been implicated in pathological processes such as Alzheimer's disease, cancer, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and aging, while many RSS play important roles in maintaining redox homeostasis, serving as antioxidants and acting as free radical scavengers. Fluorescence-based systems have emerged as one of the best ways to monitor the concentrations and locations of these often very short lived species. Because of the high levels of sensitivity and in particular their ability to be used for temporal and spatial sampling for in vivo imaging applications. As a direct result, there has been a huge surge in the development of fluorescent probes for sensitive and selective detection of ROS, RNS, and RSS within cellular environments. However, cellular environments are extremely complex, often with more than one species involved in a given biochemical process. As a result, there has been a rise in the development of dual-responsive fluorescent probes (AND-logic probes) that can monitor the presence of more than one species in a biological environment. Our aim with this Account is to introduce the fluorescent probes that we have developed for in vitro and in vivo measurement of ROS, RNS, and RSS. Fluorescence-based sensing mechanisms used in the construction of the probes include photoinduced electron transfer, intramolecular charge transfer, excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT), and fluorescence resonance energy transfer. In particular, probes for hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorous acid, superoxide, peroxynitrite, glutathione, cysteine, homocysteine, and hydrogen sulfide are discussed. In addition, we describe the development of AND-logic-based systems capable of detecting two species, such as peroxynitrite and glutathione. One of the most interesting advances contained in this Account is our extension of indicator displacement assays (IDAs) to reaction-based indicator displacement assays (RIAs). In an IDA system, an indicator is allowed to bind reversibly to a receptor. Then a competitive analyte is introduced into the system, resulting in displacement of the indicator from the host, which in turn modulates the optical signal. With an RIA-based system, the indicator is cleaved from a preformed receptor-indicator complex rather than being displaced by the analyte. Nevertheless, without a doubt the most significant result contained in this Account is the use of an ESIPT-based probe for the simultaneous sensing of fibrous proteins/peptides AND environmental ROS/RNS.
Asunto(s)
Colorantes Fluorescentes/química , Especies de Nitrógeno Reactivo/análisis , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/análisis , Azufre/análisis , Fluorescencia , Colorantes Fluorescentes/síntesis química , Estructura MolecularRESUMEN
LED-based photoacoustic imaging has practical value in that it is affordable and rugged; however, this technology has largely been confined to anatomic imaging with limited applications into functional or molecular imaging. Here, we report molecular imaging reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) with a near-infrared (NIR) absorbing small molecule (CyBA) and LED-based photoacoustic imaging equipment. CyBA produces increasing photoacoustic signal in response to peroxynitrite (ONOO-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) with photoacoustic signal increases of 3.54 and 4.23-fold at 50 µM of RONS at 700 nm, respectively. CyBA is insensitive to OCl-, ËNO, NO2-, NO3-, tBuOOH, O2-, C4H9OË, HNO, and ËOH, but can detect ONOO- in whole blood and plasma. CyBA was then used to detect endogenous RONS in macrophage RAW 246.7 cells as well as a rodent model; these results were confirmed with fluorescence microscopy. Importantly, CyB suffers photobleaching under a Nd:YAG laser but the signal decrease is <2% with the low-power LED-based photoacoustic system and the same radiant exposure time. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to describe molecular imaging with an LED-based photoacoustic scanner. This study not only reveals the sensitive photoacoustic detection of RONS but also highlights the utility of LED-based photoacoustic imaging.
Asunto(s)
Imagen Molecular/métodos , Estrés Oxidativo , Técnicas Fotoacústicas/métodos , Especies de Nitrógeno Reactivo/análisis , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/análisis , Animales , Línea Celular , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/química , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/metabolismo , Ratones , Ácido Peroxinitroso/química , Ácido Peroxinitroso/metabolismo , Especies de Nitrógeno Reactivo/química , Especies de Nitrógeno Reactivo/metabolismo , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/química , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismoRESUMEN
Cold plasma is a promising technique that has been tested as a process technology for a range of food commodities, mainly to destroy microorganisms, but also aimed at toxin degradation, enzyme inactivation, residual pesticide degradation and functionalization of food properties. Plasma has already been employed by industry for food packaging material sterilization and surface modification. As most of the current literature on cold plasma in the field of food science is focused on microbial inactivation efficacy, the information about its chemical influences on food is sparse. To better understand the chemical interactions of with plasma, this review focuses on plasma chemistry diagnostics techniques available to characterize the plasma reactive species generated. Equally important is the detection of induced chemistry in the food and here we present approaches to analyze likely reactions with key food bio-molecules. Such analysis will support mechanistic insights involved in these complex chemical reactions (i.e., DNA, lipid and protein) along with potential physical modifications of the food structure. For successful adoption of plasma as a food processing aid it is critical to elucidate these interactions as they have an important role in demonstrating the technology's safety as a food processing technique along with understanding any effect on food nutrients.
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Manipulación de Alimentos/métodos , Alimentos , Gases em Plasma/farmacología , ADN/análisis , Daño del ADN , Grasas/análisis , Análisis de los Alimentos , Microbiología de Alimentos/métodos , Tecnología de Alimentos/métodos , Viabilidad Microbiana , Nutrientes/análisis , Oxidación-Reducción , Proteínas/análisis , Especies de Nitrógeno Reactivo/análisis , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/análisis , Análisis Espectral/métodosRESUMEN
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is a powerful imaging modality capable of mapping the absorption of light in biological tissue via the PA effect. When chromophores are optically excited, subsequent energy loss in the form of heat generates local thermoelastic expansion. Repeated excitation from a pulsed laser induces pressure fluctuations that propagate through tissue and can be detected as ultrasound waves. By combining ultrasonic detection with optical excitation, PAI enables high-resolution image acquisition at centimeter depths. PAI is also relatively inexpensive and relies on safe, nonionizing excitation light in the near-infrared window, making it an attractive alternative to other common biomedical imaging modalities. Research in our group is aimed at developing small-molecule activatable probes that can be used for analyte detection in deep tissue via PAI. These probes contain reactive triggers that undergo a selective chemical reaction in the presence of specific stimuli to produce a spectral change that can be observed via PAI. Chemically tuning the absorbance profile of the probe and the reacted product such that they are both within the PA imaging window enables ratiometric imaging when each species is irradiated at a specific wavelength. Ratiometric imaging is an important design feature of these probes as it minimizes error associated with tissue-dependent signal fluctuations and instrumental variation. In this Account, we discuss key properties for designing small-molecule PA probes that can be applied for in vivo studies and the challenges associated with this area of probe development. We also highlight examples from our group including probes capable of detecting metal ions (Cu(II)), reactive nitrogen species (NO), and oxygen tension (hypoxia). Each of these targets can be sensed using a modular design strategy based on influencing the electronic and spectral properties of a NIR-absorbing dye platform. We demonstrate that ideal small-molecule PA probes have high molar absorptivity, low fluorescence quantum yields, and selective triggers that can reliably report on a single analyte in a complex biological setting. Probes must also be highly chemo- and photostable to enable long-term imaging studies. We show that these PA probes react rapidly and selectively and can be utilized for deep-tissue imaging in mouse models of various diseases. Overall, these examples represent a new class of biomedical imaging tools that seek to enable high-resolution molecular imaging capable of improving diagnostic methods and elucidating new biological discoveries. We anticipate that the combination of small-molecule PA probes with new PAI technology will enable noninvasive detection of analytes relevant to disease progression and mapping of tissue microenvironments.