Effect-directed analysis of ginger (Zingiber officinale) and its food products, and quantification of bioactive compounds via high-performance thin-layer chromatography and mass spectrometry.

Decision makers responsible for quality management along the food chain need to reflect on their analytical tools that should ensure quality of food and especially superfood. The "4ables" in target analysis (stable, extractable, separable, detectable) focusing on marker compounds do not cover all relevant information about the sample. On the example of ginger, a streamlined quantitative bioprofiling was developed for effect-directed analysis of 17 commercially available ginger and ginger-containing products via high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC-UV/Vis/FLD-bioassay). The samples were investigated concerning their active profile as radical scavengers, antimicrobials, estrogen-like activators and acetylcholinesterase/tyrosinase inhibitors. The [6]-gingerol and [6]-shogaol content of the different products ranged 0.2-7.4mg/g and 0.2-3.0mg/g, respectively. Further, multipotent compounds were discovered, characterized, and for example, assigned as [8]- and [10]-gingerol via HPTLC-ESI-HRMS. The developed bioprofiling is a step forward to new analytical methods needed to inform on the true product quality influenced by cultivation, processing, and storage.

Docetaxel-related fatigue in men with metastatic prostate cancer: a descriptive analysis.

PURPOSE: Fatigue is a prevalent and debilitating side effect of docetaxel chemotherapy in metastatic prostate cancer. A better understanding of the kinetics and nature of docetaxel-related fatigue may provide a framework for intervention. METHODS: This secondary analysis was performed using the MOTIF database, from a phase III, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of modafinil (200 mg/day for 15 days) for docetaxel-related fatigue in men with metastatic prostate cancer [1]. The pattern of fatigue was analysed using the MDASI (MD Anderson Symptom Inventory) score. The impact of modafinil, cumulative docetaxel exposure, age and smoking status on fatigue kinetics were explored. Fatigue-related symptoms were assessed using the SOMA6 (fatigue and related symptoms) subset of the SPHERE (Somatic and Psychological Health Report). Mood was tracked using the short form 36 health survey questionnaire (SF-36). RESULTS: Across four docetaxel cycles, fatigue scores were higher in the first week and decreased over weeks two and three. Whilst men randomised to modafinil had reduced fatigue scores, cumulative docetaxel had little impact. Younger men (55-68 years) had significantly reduced fatigue scores, whereas current and ex-smokers had higher scores. There was no significant change in mood status or haemoglobin across treatment cycles. Men described both 'somnolence' and 'muscle fatigue' contributing significantly to their symptom complex. CONCLUSIONS: Assessment and management of docetaxel-related fatigue remains an important challenge. Given the complex, multifactorial nature of fatigue, identification through structured interview and interventions targeted to specific 'at risk' groups may be the most beneficial. Understanding the temporal pattern (kinetics) and nature of fatigue is critical to guide this process.

Rasmussen's encephalitis presenting as focal cortical dysplasia.

Rasmussen's encephalitis is a rare syndrome characterized by intractable seizures, often associated with epilepsia partialis continua and symptoms of progressive hemispheric dysfunction. Seizures are usually the hallmark of presentation, but antiepileptic drug treatment fails in most patients and is ineffective against epilepsia partialis continua, which often requires surgical intervention. Co-occurrence of focal cortical dysplasia has only rarely been described and may have implications regarding pathophysiology and management. We describe a rare case of dual pathology of Rasmussen's encephalitis presenting as a focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) and discuss the literature on this topic.

Linear cavity optical-feedback cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy with a quantum cascade laser.

A cw distributed feedback quantum cascade laser (DFB-QCL) coupled to a two-mirror linear optical cavity has been used to successfully demonstrate optical-feedback cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy (OF-CEAS) at 5.5 µm. The noise-equivalent absorption coefficient, α(min), was 2.4×10(-8) cm(-1) for 1 s averaging, limited by etalon-fringing. The temporal stability of the instrument allows NO detection down to 5 ppb in 2 s.

Multimodal imaging of spike propagation: a technical case report.

We report an 11-year-old boy with intractable epilepsy, who had cortical dysplasia in the right superior frontal gyrus. Spatiotemporal source analysis of MEG and EEG spikes demonstrated a similar time course of spike propagation from the superior to inferior frontal gyri, as observed on intracranial EEG. The tractography reconstructed from DTI showed a fiber connection between these areas. Our multimodal approach demonstrates spike propagation and a white matter tract guiding the propagation.

Rufinamide for the treatment of epileptic spasms.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the safety and efficacy of rufinamide for treatment of epileptic spasms. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed patients treated with rufinamide for epileptic spasms from January 2009 to March 2010. Age, presence of hypsarrhythmia, change in seizure frequency following rufinamide initiation, and side effects were assessed. Patients who had a ≥ 50% reduction in spasm frequency were considered responders. RESULTS: Of all 107 children treated with rufinamide during the study period, 38 (36%) had epileptic spasms. Median patient age was 7 years (range: 17 months to 23). One patient had hypsarrhythmia at the time of treatment with rufinamide, and 9 other patients had a history of hypsarrhythmia. Median starting dose of rufinamide was 9 mg/kg/day (range: 2-18) and median final treatment dose was 39 mg/kg/day (range: 8-92). All patients were receiving concurrent antiepileptic drug therapy, with the median number of antiepileptic drugs being 3 (range: 2-6). Median duration of follow-up since starting rufinamide was 171 days (range: 10-408). Responder rate was 53%. Median reduction in spasm frequency was 50% (interquartile range=-56 to 85%, P<0.05). Two patients (5%) achieved a >99% reduction in spasms. Rufinamide was discontinued in 7 of 38 patients (18%) because of lack of efficacy, worsening seizures, or other side effects. Minor side effects were reported in 14 of 38 patients (37%). CONCLUSIONS: Rufinamide appears to be a well-tolerated and efficacious adjunctive therapeutic option for children with epileptic spasms. A prospective study is warranted to validate our observations.

Higher evening antiepileptic drug dose for nocturnal and early-morning seizures.

We describe 17 children with nocturnal or early-morning seizures who were switched to a proportionally higher evening dose of antiepileptic drugs and were retrospectively reviewed for seizure outcome and side effects. Of 10 children with unknown etiology, clinical presentation was consistent with nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (NFLE) in 5 and benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BECTS) in 3. After a mean follow-up of 5.3 months, 15 patients were classified as responders; 11 of these became seizure free (5 NFLE, 1 BECTS, 5 with structural lesions) and 4 (2 BECTS, 2 with structural lesions) experienced 75-90% reductions in seizures. Among two nonresponders, seizures in one had failed to resolve with epilepsy surgery. Nine subjects (53%) received monotherapy after dose modification, and none presented with worsening of seizures. Two complained of transient side effects (fatigue/somnolence). Differential dosing led to seizure freedom in 64.7% (11/17) of patients, and 88.2% (15/17) experienced ≥ 50% reductions in seizures.

Multiple microRNAs rescue from Ras-induced senescence by inhibiting p21(Waf1/Cip1).

Overexpression of Ras(G12V) in primary cells induces a permanent growth arrest called oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) that serves as a fail-safe mechanism against malignant transformation. We have performed a genome-wide small interfering RNA (siRNA) screen and a microRNA (miRNA) screen to identify mediators of OIS and show that siRNA-mediated knockdown of p21(Waf1/Cip1) rescues from Ras(G12V)-induced senescence in human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs). Moreover, we isolated a total of 28 miRNAs that prevented Ras(G12V)-induced growth arrest, among which all of the miR-106b family members were present. In addition, we obtained a number of hits, miR-130b, miR-302a, miR-302b, miR302c, miR-302d, miR-512-3p and miR-515-3p with seed sequences very similar to miR-106b family members. We show that overexpression of all these miRNAs rescues HMECs from Ras(G12V)-induced senescence by prevention of Ras(G12V)-induced upregulation of p21(Waf1/Cip1). Our results establish an important role for the cell cycle inhibitor p21(Waf1/Cip1) in growth control of HMECs and extend the repertoire of miRNAs that modulate the activity of this tumour suppressor.

Interleukin-4 receptor polymorphisms in asthma and allergy: relation to different disease phenotypes.

AIM: Inheritance and genetic factors are supposed to influence susceptibility to asthma and allergy. We tested if single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IL4R gene were associated with susceptibility to such diseases, or if they were related to the phenotypic presentation of asthma and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (ARC). METHODS: Three hundred and nine 12- to 13-year-old children were included. Six SNPs in the IL4R were analysed in response to current allergic disease, and to presentation of specific asthma and ARC phenotypes. Questionnaires were used to determine allergic disease status, and skin prick tests to evaluate sensitization to common airborne allergens. RESULTS: Less eczema was seen in individuals with the AA-genotype of rs2057768, and less ARC among those with the AA-genotype of rs2107356, especially ARC associated with sensitization to pollen. The AA-genotype of rs2057768 and the TT genotype of rs3024632 were associated with a specific asthma phenotype. CONCLUSION: Variations within the IL4R gene are associated with allergic diseases in children, preferably with eczema and disease phenotypes of ARC and asthma.

Recurrent hypoglycemic hemiparesis and aphasia in an adolescent patient.

A 12-year-old diabetic female with right-side hemiparesis and aphasia occurring after a hypoglycemic episode is reported. Her clinical course improved over a 24-hour period, and further investigation revealed only electroencephalographic slowing, which was more prominent on the left. Ten months later, she had a recurrence of the same symptoms, which also resolved rapidly. This potential complication of hypoglycemia is often mistaken for a cerebrovascular accident.

Suppression of post-hypoxic and post-encephalitic myoclonus with levetiracetam.

Posthypoxic and postencephalitic myoclonus is often poorly controlled with current treatments. The authors successfully treated three patients with posthypoxic and postencephalitic myoclonus by using levetiracetam, a new antiepileptic drug. Levetiracetam appears to be a promising agent for treating action myoclonus caused by hypoxic and encephalitic brain injury-the degree of functional improvement may depend on the severity of associated motor dysfunction.

The laryngeal mask for percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy.

IMPLICATIONS: We report the successful use of the laryngeal mask airway for percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in an adult patient with a known difficult airway and severe cerebral palsy.

Apoptosis and the cell cycle in Xenopus: PMA and MPMA exposure of splenocytes.

Spontaneous and induced cancers are rare in non-isogeneic or inbred amphibians. Neoplastic cells become immortalized through loss of a normal capacity to die by apoptosis. Mature lymphocytes of mammals require activation and entry into the cell cycle in order to become susceptible to apoptosis. Whether Xenopus lymphocytes differ from mammalian lymphocytes in this regard is examined. In vitro exposure of PMA, or its analogue, MPMA, to adult splenocytes of Xenopus laevis was used to affect apoptosis. Flow cytometric analysis of FITC-Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) fluorescence (apoptosis) and BrdU uptake (DNA synthesis) were assayed concurrently in the same lymphocyte population over time. Significant increases in apoptotic levels were induced throughout a 72 hour period in PMA-treated cells only. Lymphocytes were also separated by size for analysis. Several subpopulations of lymphocytes were identified, the most interesting of which was small and apoptotic within 4 hours, after PMA exposure. PMA-induced DNA synthesis did not become elevated until after 24 hours. "Direct" apoptosis, i.e. without cell cycle entry, was found only in these small, mature lymphocytes. Since small lymphocytes make up the vast majority of those being analyzed, "direct" apoptosis may be a determining mechanism in the resistance to neoplasia observed in Amphibia. Cells that die more readily are less likely to transform into neoplastic cells.

Relaxation therapy in Tourette syndrome: a pilot study.

To evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of behavioral relaxation therapy as treatment for Tourette syndrome, 23 patients were recruited from a university-based pediatric Tourette syndrome referral clinic. Individuals were randomized and stratified according to initial tic severity and the presence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder into either relaxation therapy or a minimal therapy (control) group. Sixteen patients, mean age 11.8 years (S.D. 2.8 years), completed the 3-month study, which included weekly, hour-long, individual training sessions for 6 weeks. Individuals (n = 7) in the relaxation therapy group demonstrated a significantly increased ability to relax, compared with the minimal therapy (awareness and quiet time training) group. At 6 weeks, tic findings, based on five established tic severity scales, revealed greater improvement in the relaxation treatment group, but values failed to reach statistical significance. No difference between therapy groups was apparent at the 3-month evaluation. The acquired ability to relax did not significantly affect behavioral measures on the Child Behavioral Checklist. On the basis of this pilot study, relaxation therapy appears to have a limited role in the treatment of tics in Tourette syndrome.

Cerebrospinal fluid free choline in movement disorders of paediatric onset.

We measured free choline in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 78 patients with movement disorders of paediatric onset and various controls as a putative index of central phospholipid metabolism. Most of the disorders studied were myoclonic disorders, such as progressive myoclonus epilepsy, the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome, and essential myoclonus, but other movement disorders, interictal seizure disorders, and different neurological and nonneurological disorders were also included. There were no significant differences in CSF choline concentrations in myoclonic disorders or other movement disorders compared with controls. The CSF choline levels were lowest in children with seizure disorders including progressive myoclonus epilepsy. In progressive myoclonus epilepsy, the CSF choline values resembled other epileptic disorders rather than other myoclonic disorders. When all the data were analysed collectively, no significant relation of CSF choline was found to patient age, gender, aliquot of CSF measured, or the length of time the sample was stored at -70 degrees C. Separate analyses of data from children and adults showed a trend toward a biphasic relation between patient age and CSF choline which could be pursued in developmental studies of normal subjects. Reduced CSF choline may indicate increased choline incorporation into brain phospholipids, disturbances of choline metabolism, decreased choline release, or non-neural factors.

Identification and characterization of a mouse homologue of the spinal muscular atrophy-determining gene, survival motor neuron.

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), the second most common fatal, autosomal recessive disease of infants, manifests as generalized muscle weakness. The most severe form (Type I, Werdnig-Hoffmann disease) is associated with quadriplegia, respiratory muscle paralysis and death in infancy. Less severe forms are classified as Type II and Type III, based on age of onset and ultimate motor disability. Some spinal motor neurons show chromatolysis and the number of these cells is decreased. Recently, SMA has been mapped to chromosome 5q11.2-13.3 (Gilliam et al., 1990), a region that contains three candidate genes: Survival Motor Neuron (SMN) (Lefebvre et al., 1995); Neuronal Apoptosis Inhibitory Protein (NAIP) (Roy et al., 1995); and p44, a subunit of transcription factor II H (TFIIH) (Carter et al., 1995; Bürglen et al., 1997). Homozygous deletions or deleterious mutations in SMN are present in all SMA patients, and in some affected individuals, deletions have been identified in one or both of the other genes. These extensive deletions may be associated with a more severe phenotype. We have identified and characterized the mouse homologue of SMN, MoSMN, which is 82% identical to SMN at the amino-acid level. Unlike the duplicated human SMN, MoSMN is present in single copy. Like its human counterpart, MoSMN is ubiquitously expressed, but unlike SMN, MoSMN does not appear to be alternatively spliced. In-situ hybridization analysis of the mouse nervous system revealed that MoSMN mRNA is expressed in spinal cord and throughout the brain, with relatively higher levels of expression in the hippocampus and cerebellum.

The effect of various methods of eye immobilization on corneal topography.

BACKGROUND: Accurate, predictable, and safe refractive surgery requires immobilization of the eye. We measured the effects of current eye fixation techniques on human cadaver eyes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Central to our study was a device specially designed to secure cadaver eyes and stabilize intraocular pressure. Topographical measurements were made with a modified Model 2 Corneal Analysis System (EyeSys Technologies, Houston, Tex) mounted vertically to allow analysis of a cadaver eye mounted in the artificial orbit. The effect on human cadaver eyes of six fixation instruments was assessed: forceps, U-shaped fixation forceps, a full Hofman-Thornton ring, a VISX vacuum fixation ring, a Meditec suction ring, and a new instrument, the Eye Fixation Speculum. RESULTS: The circular vacuum fixation rings caused minimal distortion, resulting in less than 1.00 diopter (D) of change. Forceps and U-shaped fixation forceps, which apply force at one or two points, caused significantly more distortion. Single-point fixation forceps distorted the cornea at the point of application a mean of +5.50 +/- 3.50 D, and, at 180 degrees from the point of instrument application, a mean of +2.00 +/- 1.90 D. U-shaped forceps apply force at two points, 90 degrees and 270 degrees, from the axis of instrument application. At these axes, the cornea was distorted a mean of +9.40 +/- 3.70 D and +8.30 +/- 3.10 D, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Single- and multi-point fixation instruments, due to an asymmetric application of fixation force, significantly distort the cornea. Ring fixation instruments, which apply a more equally distributed force, cause less distortion.

MR findings in adult-onset adrenoleukodystrophy.

PURPOSE: To describe the MR findings of brain and spinal cord in adult-onset adrenoleukodystrophy. METHODS: One hundred sixty-four adult patients ranging from 19 to 74 years of age (119 men and 45 women) with clinically and biochemically proved adrenoleukodystrophy underwent MR of the brain. In 30 patients the spinal cord also was evaluated with MR. RESULTS: The brain MR findings were abnormal in 54 of 119 males and in 9 of 45 female heterozygotes and consisted of varying degrees of demyelination of the cerebral white matter in 40 patients, corpus callosum in 25 patients, corticospinal tracts in 46 patients, visual tracts in 31 patients, and auditory tracts in 18 patients. The thoracic spinal cord showed diffuse atrophy in 18 of 20 men and in 8 of 10 women. CONCLUSION: It is important to recognize the MR findings of adult-onset adrenoleukodystrophy, because not uncommonly the clinical and MR findings of adrenoleukodystrophy are misdiagnosed as multiple sclerosis, olivopontocerebellar or spinocerebellar atrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or dementia. Analysis of the MR findings and correlation of the clinical findings has permitted a tentative subdivision of adult-onset adrenoleukodystrophy population into four subtypes that appear to differ in respect to prognosis and possibly pathogenesis. MR evaluation of the brain in adrenoleukodystrophy also is helpful in patient selection for experimental therapy, which is most effective if offered in the early stage of the disease.

The effects of loxiglumide on food intake in normal weight volunteers.

The aim of this paper was to investigate the effects of the CCK, a receptor antagonist loxiglumide on food intake, hunger and fullness in humans. A double blind, placebo controlled, cross-over test was carried out, with subjects taking one loxiglumide or one placebo tablet three times a day, 15 min before main meals or at comparable intervals. The work was carried out at the Centre for Human Nutrition, Northern General Hospital, University of Sheffield, on 11 healthy, normal weight, male and female volunteers. The following were measured: weighted-intake measurement of food intake during drug and placebo treatment; laboratory test of food intake on day three of each treatment; hunger and fullness ratings throughout this meal. A small, non-significant, increase in food intake as measured by the weighed intake diaries (8577 +/- 636 vs 7895 +/- 569 kJ (2049 +/- 152 vs 1886 +/- 136 kcal); P = 0.17) was seen during loxiglumide treatment, but no effect on food consumption from the evening test meal was observed and no effect on feelings of hunger and fullness before or after this meal was seen. These results do not support the hypothesis that, in the free feeding situation, endogenously released CCK is involved in the reduction of food intake or inhibition of hunger. However, a different dose of route of administration or a larger group of subjects may reveal an effect of loxiglumide on feeding in humans.