Occult nodal metastases in T1-T2cN0 oral squamous cell carcinoma: Correlation between sentinel node positivity and completion neck dissection analysis.

OBJECTIVES: Sentinel node procedure (SN) is a standard procedure that has shown its safety and effectiveness for T1/T2 cN0 oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), with completion neck dissection (CND) for patients with positive SN. The aim of this study was to characterize the nodal involvement in a cohort of SN + OSCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with T1/T2 cN0 OSCC with positive SN with CND were included in this single-center, prospective cohort study between 2000 and 2013. RESULTS: 54/301 patients had at least one positive SN. In 43/54 (80 %) cases, only the SN(s) were invaded; with only one SN involved (SN+=1) in 36/54 (67 %) cases. No predictive factors of nodal involvement in the CND were found considering the followings: SN micro/macrometastases, primary tumor's depth of invasion (DOI), perineural spread, lymphovascular involvement, primary tumor location, T stage and extranodal extension. The SN micrometastatic involvement (n = 22) was significantly associated with only one SN + CND- (p = 0.017). In the group of patients with unique micrometastatic involvement in the SN (n = 20/54), there was a higher isolated nodal recurrence free time (p = 0.017). CONCLUSION: 80% of T1/T2 cN0 OSCC with positive SN had no other lymph node metastases in the CND, questioning the potential benefits of this procedure. Predictive factors such as the size of the SN metastasis need to be tested to stratify the risk of positive non-SN lymph nodes leading to a personalized treatment, lowering the therapeutic morbidity while maintaining the oncologic safety.

Replacement of lip-split mandibulotomy by pull-through approach for T3-4 oral carcinomas.

At the study hospital, the lip-split mandibulotomy (LSM) has progressively been replaced by a pull-through (PT) approach. This study compared the outcomes of the LSM and PT approaches in a series of 192 patients with T3-T4a oral tongue and floor of the mouth squamous cell carcinoma treated over the two last decades. No difference in margin status (P = 0.254), rate of early complications (local infections) (P = 0.867), haematoma/haemorrhage (P = 0.221), delayed wound healing (P = 0.438), re-operation (P = 0.083), or Clavien-Dindo classification (P= 0.5281) was found. The LSM approach was associated with a higher rate of late complications such as pseudarthrosis (14.5% vs 0.9%; OR 17.89, P = 0.0005) and trismus (35% vs 13.8%; OR 3.32, P = 0.025), and a trend towards a higher rate of fistulas (24.6% vs 13.1%; OR 2.16, P = 0.088). The quality of life of long-term survivors (median 132 months) was similar in the two groups, with a mean QLQC30 score of 59.7 (P = 0.099) and mean MDADI score of 57.4 (P = 0.213). The 5-year local control rate was 86.4% in the PT group and 86.2% in the LSM group (P = 0.878), while the 5-year overall survival rates were 50.0% and 48.3%, respectively (P = 0.68). In our experience, replacement of LSM by a PT approach in oral carcinoma was associated with decreased rates of late complications such as pseudarthrosis, fistula, and trismus, without any difference in oncological outcomes.

Long-term recurrences of jaw osteoradionecrosis after apparent healing with the PENTOCLO protocol.

Osteoradionecrosis of the jaws (ORNJ) is a late complication of head and neck irradiation estimated at around 3% of irradiated patients. The PENTO protocol (Pentoxyfilline and Tocopherol), with the eventual adjunction of Clodronate (PENTOCLO), showed interesting results even in advanced ORNJ. The current literature does not describe the long-term outcomes and particularly after the completion of the protocol. The PENTO or PENTOCLO protocol should be prescribed as a life-long treatment or the outcome should be monitored at least as long as the duration of the protocol after its end.

Reconstruction of maxillectomy and midfacial defects using latissimus dorsi-scapular free flaps in a comprehensive cancer center.

BACKGROUND: The standard of care for sinonasal malignancies is a large surgical resection followed by radiotherapy. Midfacial defects resulting from maxillectomy require a complex reconstruction procedure. Given their adaptability, chimeric flaps such as latissimus dorsi-scapular (LDS) free flaps appear to be a good option. MATERIAL & METHODS: We performed a single-center retrospective study of consecutive patients with sinonasal cancers where a LDS free flap was used for reconstruction. We assessed the postoperative complications and the functional, aesthetic and oncologic outcomes. RESULTS: Eighty-four patients were included. Primary tumors were staged as T4a in 68% of cases; 38.3% of the patients received induction chemotherapy and 82.7% received adjuvant radiotherapy. Based on our classification of midfacial and palatal defects, the majority of the patients (69%) had a type IIa with interruption of the three facial pillars. The orbital floor was removed in 55.9% of cases. The median follow-up was 45 months. Total flap necrosis with no possible revascularization occurred in 5.9% of cases. For the orbital reconstruction, a revision procedure was needed for necrosis and/or infection of the costal cartilage graft in eight cases (17%). More than 90% of the patients had no functional disorders regarding speaking, swallowing and chewing. Soft palate involvement was a prognostic factor of speech (p < 10-4) and swallowing (p = .005) disorders. Dental rehabilitation was realized in 70.2% of the patients. No severe complications were observed in the donor site, except for one seroma. CONCLUSION: A LDS free flap is a reliable technique for the reconstruction of complex midfacial defects.

Oncologic outcomes, prognostic factor analysis and therapeutic algorithm evaluation of head and neck mucosal melanomas in France.

BACKGROUND: Head and neck mucosal melanoma (HNMM) is aggressive and rare, with a poor prognosis because of its high metastatic potential. The two main subtypes are sinonasal (sinonasal mucosal melanoma [SNMM]) and oral cavity (oral cavity mucosal melanoma [OCMM]). Consensual therapeutic guidelines considering the primary tumour site and tumour-node-metastasis (TNM) stage are not well established. MATERIAL & METHODS: Patients with HNMM from the prospective national French Rare Head and Neck Cancer Expert Network database between 2000 and 2017 were included. Clinical characteristics, treatment modalities, outcomes and prognostic factors were analysed. RESULTS: In total, 314 patients were included. The 5-year overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) rates were 49.4% and 24.7%, respectively, in the surgery group; no long-term survivors were observed when surgery was not feasible. Moreover, even after surgery, a high recurrence rate was reported with a median PFS of 22 months. In multivariate analysis, Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) stage and tumour site correlated with PFS and OS. Postoperative radiotherapy (PORT) improved the PFS but not OS in patients with small (T3) SNMM and OCMM tumours. Nodal involvement was more frequent in patients with OCMM (p < 10-4), although, as in SNMM, it was not a significant prognostic predictor. CONCLUSION: Even early HNMM was associated with poor oncologic outcomes due to distant metastases despite surgical resection with clear margins. Lymph node metastases had no impact on the prognosis, suggesting treatment de-escalation in cervical node management. PORT might be useful for local control.

Primary clear cell sarcoma of the tongue and surgical reconstruction: About a rare case report.

Clear cell sarcomas (SCC), also called "soft-tissue melanoma", are rare and aggressive tumors that preferentially affect the lower limbs (tendons and fasciae) and which have also been described in head and neck localizations. Their clinical and immunohistochemical mimicry with melanoma makes it difficult to diagnose sarcomas. SCC treatment is mainly focused on large-scale resection surgery with adjuvant radiotherapy because of their low chemo-sensitivity and extreme lymphophilia. In case of head and neck localization, these treatments may lead to function and aesthetic sequelae thus requiring the use of modern techniques of reconstructive surgery. The authors describe the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of large lingual SCC case using a DIEP free flap reconstruction according to an original technique developed in the department. Given the characteristics of patients with SCC (a high proportion of women between 20 and 40 years old) and its inherent qualities (low morbidity of the donor site, volume delivered and excellent plasticity), the fascio-cutaneous free flap type "DIEP" "taken according to the design of the" Cathedral triptych seems to be a viable choice among the range of reconstruction solutions.

Sentinel node biopsy in early oral squamous cell carcinomas: Long-term follow-up and nodal failure analysis.

OBJECTIVES: Evaluate the reliability of sentinel node biopsy (SNB) in T1/T2 cN0 oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), and compare recurrence-free time (RFT) and overall survival (OS) between patients undergoing SNB and neck dissection (ND). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with T1/T2 cN0 OSCC underwent SNB followed by systematic ND in the first cohort and SNB followed by selective ND in case of positive sentinel nodes (SN) in the second cohort. RESULTS: A total of 229 patients were followed (first cohort 50, second cohort 179). SNs were successfully detected in 93.9% (215/229) of cases. Median follow-up was 5.6 years. Recurrence occurred in 38/215 patients, with isolated nodal recurrence in 18/215 patients. At 5 years, the rate of recurrence-free patients was 80.0% and the rate of patients without isolated nodal recurrence was 90.4%. Negative predictive value of SNB was 92.7%. No statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups regarding RFT and OS. In 83% (10/12) of ipsilateral isolated nodal recurrences, primary tumor was located in anterior part of oral cavity. Only 43% (3/7) of SN+ patients with nodal recurrence were eligible for salvage surgery, compared to 91% (10/11) of SN- patients. SNB resulted in fewer complications than ND (8% vs 28%, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: SNB is a reliable staging tool for T1/T2 cN0 OSCC, without adverse effect on patient survival and fewer complications. No late recurrences occurred in long-term follow-up. Close follow-up is mandatory for SN+ patients, who are at higher risk of nodal recurrence and have worse prognosis.

The anterolateral thigh perforator flap in pharyngo-esophageal reconstruction.

Today's customary techniques for pharyngo-esophageal reconstruction are jejunum and radial forearm free flaps. In this type of reconstruction, the jejunum flap is considered as the reference, but when its harvesting is not possible, the radial forearm flap is used. Since perforator flaps have begun to be developed, the anterolateral thigh flap (ATF) has become increasingly prominent in pharyngo-esophageal reconstruction. The aim of our study was to describe the use of the anterolateral perforator flap in pharyngo-esophageal reconstruction (indications, harvesting method, flap design) and to discuss its advantages and drawbacks as regards oral feeding and esophageal speech.

Long-term response in patient with recurrent oropharyngeal carcinoma treated with cetuximab, docetaxel and cisplatin (TPEx) as first-line treatment followed by cetuximab maintenance.

BACKGROUND: Cetuximab, an anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody in combination with platinum and 5FU is the standard of care in first-line treatment of patients with recurrent head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), with an expected median outcome of 10months. For this population, development of efficacious and safer therapies is still needed. CASE REPORT: A 62-year-old male with a first recurrence of human papillomavirus positive stage IVA (T3N2bM0) adenocarcinoma of the glossotonsillar sulcus not amenable to locoregional curative treatment was offered chemotherapy as part of the TPEx clinical trial. He was treated by cetuximab (loading dose 400mg/m2 on day 1 cycle 1, then 250mg/m2 weekly), and chemotherapy (cisplatin 75mg/m2 and docetaxel 75mg/m2, on day 1). Cycles were repeated every 21days for 4 cycles (TPEx regimen) with systematic granulocyte colony-stimulating factor support at each cycle. Bi-monthly maintenance cetuximab 500mg/m2 was then administered. The patient showed a clinical complete response according to RECIST 1.1 criteria after 5months maintenance, with progression-free survival of 25months. Relapses that followed were treated with stereotactic irradiation, radiofrequency ablation, cetuximab and paclitaxel. The patient is alive eleven years after cancer diagnosis and remains controlled for his disease, with a cumulative period of 59months of cetuximab administration (equivalence of 121 injections). CONCLUSION: This case report demonstrated that TPEx regimen, by synergistic interaction between taxanes and cetuximab, followed by bimonthly cetuximab maintenance may lead to patient complete remission within the first year of treatment. Furthermore, prolonged intermittent treatment with cetuximab seems to participate in the improved survival associated with preserved quality of life. Key favorable prognostic factors may be moderate tumor differentiation, oropharyngeal location, HPV p16 positive tumor status.

Development of minimally invasive surgery for sinonasal malignancy.

Sinonasal malignancies are rare and histologically heterogeneous. Treatment is complicated by tumor aggressiveness and location near critical anatomic structures (orbita, skull base, etc.). This low incidence and histologic diversity make prospective studies unfeasible, and thus therapeutic guidelines difficult to establish. The gold standard for surgery is a transfacial approach, with craniofacial resection in case of skull-base involvement. However, these techniques are associated with non-negligible perioperative morbidity. In the past two decades, endoscopic surgery has made major progress, extending its indications: initially developed for functional sinus surgery, it is now applied in benign skull-base pathologies (CSF leakage, meningocele, etc.) and, more recently, in sinonasal malignancy. Literature analysis shows a significant decrease in morbidity and improved quality of life associated with endoscopic endonasal surgery, with oncologic safety and efficacy in well-selected cases, although dependent on operator experience. Additional studies with longer follow-up and comparison between histologic subtypes will be needed.

[Oral cavity cancers among young people: Clinical results and prognostic analysis]. / Cancers de la cavité buccale chez les sujets jeunes: résultats thérapeutiques et analyse de facteurs pronostiques.

PURPOSE: Squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity occurring in young people represent a specific entity. Its management and prognosis are controversial. We performed a retrospective chart review of all patients aged less than 40 years old and treated at Gustave-Roussy Cancer Centre for a squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity between 1999 and 2011. METHODS: Patients and tumour characteristics, type of treatment and follow-up data were collected. Survival data were analysed according to the methods of Kaplan-Meier and both univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to look for prognostic factors regarding overall survival and progression-free survival. RESULTS: Sixty-three patients were identified. Median follow-up was 64 months. Most of the tumours were initially located in the mobile tongue (n=54, 85.7%). Overall 17 patients had died, including 15 from the treated cancer. Overall and progression-free survival rates at 5 years were respectively 79.6% and 68.6%. The corresponding 5 years local, regional and metastatic relapse free survival rates were 80%, 91% and 89% respectively. In the multivariate analysis only the absence of initial surgery (hazard ratio [HR]: 13.5 [2.0; 90.5]; P=0.007) was prognostic for overall survival, while alcohol abuse (HR: 0.37 [0.15; 0.9]; P=0.03) and the absence of surgery (HR: 13.6 [2.5; 74.2]; P=0.002) were associated with a decreased progression-free survival. A younger age (less than 30 year old) was not associated with the risk of recurrence or death. CONCLUSION: Survival rates and tumour control probabilities are relatively high among young patients suffering from squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity treated at a tertiary centre. The early identification of patients at risk of relapse is currently difficult. The balance between recurrence and treatment toxicity warrants further studies, both on the clinical level and for the development of prognostic biomarkers.

Head and neck adenoid cystic carcinoma: A prospective multicenter REFCOR study of 95 cases.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the clinical, histological and therapeutic characteristics of a prospective multicenter series of 95 head and neck adenoid cystic carcinoma patients, and to determine any prognostic factors for disease-free survival. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Ninety-five patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma were included in the Réseau d'Expertise Français Des Cancers ORL Rares (REFCOR, French Rare Head and Neck Cancer Expert Network) database between 2009 and 2012. The primary site was the salivary glands in 39 cases, sinus cavities (including hard palate) in 36 cases, pharynx-larynx-trachea in 14 cases, and lips and oral cavity in 4 cases. The tumor was stage I in 15% of cases, stage II in 23%, stage III in 26% and stage IV in 36%. Nine patients had cervical lymph node involvement and 5 had metastases at diagnosis. Fifty-six percent of patients were managed by surgery with postoperative radiation therapy. During follow-up, 3 patients died, 9 developed metastases and 12 showed recurrence or local progression. RESULTS: Mean follow-up was 18 months. On univariate analysis, disease-free survival correlated with T stage (P=0.05), N stage (P=0.003), resection margins (P=0.04), lymph node involvement on histology (P=0.01), and absence of chemotherapy (P=0.03). On multivariate analysis, disease-free survival correlated with T stage (P=0.01), N stage (P=0.09) and surgery (P=0.005). CONCLUSION: The essential issue in adenoid cystic carcinoma is long-term control. The present results confirm that the reference attitude is radical surgical resection for optimal local control. Adjuvant radiation therapy did not emerge as a prognostic factor. This study also provides a starting-point for translational studies in pathology and genetics.

Vocal fold mobility as the main prognostic factor of treatment outcomes and survival in stage II squamous cell carcinomas of the glottic larynx.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the influence of supra- and subglottic extensions and vocal fold mobility on outcome in a large monocentric cohort of 148 patients treated for tumour-node-metastasis stage T2N0 glottic carcinomas. METHODS: In all, 107 glottic carcinoma patients had normal vocal fold mobility (T2aN0), and 41 had impaired vocal fold mobility (T2bN0). Treatment decisions were made by a multidisciplinary team. RESULTS: Vocal fold mobility was associated with overall survival, disease-free survival, local control, larynx preservation and laryngectomy-free survival. For patients with T2a lesions, local control, laryngectomy-free survival and disease-free survival improved after surgery but overall survival did not. For patients with T2b lesions, local control, laryngectomy-free survival, disease-free survival and overall survival were all higher after surgery than after radiotherapy. CONCLUSION: This study highlights for the first time the importance of vocal fold mobility in treatment outcomes and is the first to assess its influence on survival. Updated tumour-node-metastasis classifications should consider the distinction between T2a and T2b lesions.

Airway fire during tracheostomy.

INTRODUCTION: Twenty-five cases of airway fire during tracheostomy have been reported in the literature. The authors describe a case observed in their centre 3 years ago, discuss the causes and preventive management and propose guidelines for prevention of this complication. CASE REPORT: A 66-year-old woman was intubated and ventilated with 100% oxygen during general anaesthesia for tracheostomy. On opening the trachea by monopolar diathermy, the oxygen present in the endotracheal tube caught fire, inducing combustion of the tube spreading to the lower airways. This airway fire was responsible for severe acute respiratory failure and the formation of multiple laryngotracheal stenoses. DISCUSSION: Combustion of the endotracheal tube due to ignition of anaesthetic gases induced by the heat generated by diathermy is responsible for airway fire. These various phenomena are discussed. Prevention is based on safety measures and coordination of surgical and anaesthetic teams.

Squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx with subglottic extension: is larynx preservation possible?

PURPOSE: Squamous cell carcinoma of larynx with subglottic extension (sSCC) is a rare location described to carry a poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to analyze outcomes and feasibility of larynx preservation in sSCC patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1996 and 2012, 197 patients with sSCC were treated at our institution and included in the analysis. Stage III-IV tumors accounted for 76%. Patients received surgery (62%), radiotherapy (RT) (18%), or induction chemotherapy (CT) (20%) as front-line therapy. RESULTS: The 5-year actuarial overall survival (OS), locoregional control (LRC), and distant control rate were 59% (95% CI 51-68), 83% (95% CI 77-89), and 88% (95% CI 83-93), respectively, with a median follow-up of 54.4 months. There was no difference in OS and LRC according to front-line treatments or between primary subglottic cancer and glottosupraglottic cancers with subglottic extension. In the multivariate analysis, age > 60 years and positive N stage were the only predictors for OS (HR 2, 95% CI 1.2-3.6; HR1.9, 95% CI 1-3.5, respectively). A lower LRC was observed for T3 patients receiving a larynx preservation protocol as compared with those receiving a front-line surgery (HR 14.1, 95% CI 2.5-136.7; p = 0.02); however, no difference of ultimate LRC was observed according to the first therapy when including T3 patients who underwent salvage laryngectomy (p = 0.6). In patients receiving a larynx preservation protocol, the 5-year larynx-preservation rate was 55% (95% CI 43-68), with 36% in T3 patients. The 5-year larynx preservation rate was 81% (95% CI 65-96) and 35% (95% CI 20-51) for patients who received RT or induction CT as a front-line treatment, respectively. CONCLUSION: Outcomes of sSCC are comparable with other laryngeal cancers when managed with modern therapeutic options. Larynx-preservation protocols could be a suitable option in T1-T2 (RT or chemo-RT) and selected T3 sSCC patients (induction CT).

[Results of definitive radiotherapy for squamous cell carcinomas of the larynx patients with subglottic extension]. / Résultats de la radiothérapie dans les carcinomes épidermoïdes du larynx avec atteinte sous-glottique.

BACKGROUND: Squamous cell carcinoma of larynx with subglottic extension is a rare location described to carry a poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to analyze outcomes and feasibility of definitive radiotherapy in patients with squamous cell carcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1998 and 2012, 56 patients with squamous cell carcinoma were treated at our institution and included in the analysis. Patients received definitive radiotherapy/chemoradiotherapy alone (63%) or after induction chemotherapy (37%) at our institute. RESULTS: The 5-year actuarial overall survival, progression-free survival and specific survival were 64% (CI 95%: 48-90), 45% (CI 95%: 28-61), 88% (CI 95%: 78-98), respectively, with median follow-up of 74 months. The 5-year locoregional control was 69% (CI 95%: 56-83) and the 5-year distant control was 95% (CI 95%: 89-100). There was no difference in overall survival and locoregional control according to front-line treatments or between primary subglottic cancer and glotto-supraglottic cancers with subglottic extension. In the multivariate analysis, performance status of at least 1 and positive N stage were the only predictors for overall survival (hazard ratio [HR] [CI 95%]: 6.5 [1.3-34; P=0.03] and 11 [1.6-75; P=0.02], respectively). No difference of locoregional control was observed according to the first received therapy. The univariate analysis retrieved that T3-T4 patients had a lower locoregional control (HR: 3.1; CI 95%: 1.1-9.2, P=0.04), but no prognostic factor was retrieved in the multivariate analysis. In patients receiving a larynx preservation protocol, 5-year larynx preservation rate was 88% (CI 95%: 78-98), and 58% in T3 patients. The 5-year larynx preservation rate was 91% (CI 95%: 79-100) and 83% (CI 95%: 66-100) for patients who received radiotherapy/chemoradiotherapy or induction chemotherapy as a front-line treatment, respectively. CONCLUSION: This analysis suggests that the results for squamous cell carcinoma patients treated with radiotherapy/chemoradiotherapy are comparable to those obtained for other laryngeal tumors. This thus suggests the feasibility of laryngeal preservation protocols for infringement subglottic for selected cases. Further studies are needed to clarify these preliminary data.

Hypodermal metastasis of malignant melanoma to the cheek.

INTRODUCTION: On the basis of a case of hypodermal metastasis of malignant melanoma to the cheek and a review of the literature, we analyze treatment and recent progress in metastatic malignant melanoma. CASE-REPORT: A 55-year-old woman presented with a facial hypodermal metastasis of a slow-growing melanoma of the ankle that had been treated by surgery. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: Metastatic malignant melanoma treatment, which was usually palliative when surgical resection was not feasible, has been improved by innovations in immunotherapy (ipilimumab) and targeted therapy (vemurafenib). Genetic profiling is an interesting line of research to improve short-term prognosis in these tumors.

[Target volumes in cervical lympadenopathies of unknown primary: toward a selective customized approach? On behalf of REFCOR]. / Volumes cibles en radiothérapie des adénopathies cervicales de primitif inconnu : état des lieux et pistes vers une approche sélective raisonnée sous l'égide du Refcor (Réseau d'expertise français des cancers ORL rares).

The treatment of carcinomas of unknown primary revealed by cervical lymphadenopathy is based on neck dissection and nodal and pan-mucosal irradiation to control the neck and avoid the emergence of a metachronous primary. The aim of this review was to assess diagnostic and therapeutic approaches and criteria that may be used for a customized selective approach to avoid severe toxicities of pan-mucosal irradiation. A literature search was performed with the following keywords: cervical lymphadenopathy, unknown primary, upper aerodigestive tract, cancer, radiotherapy, squamous cell carcinoma, variants. The diagnostic workup includes a head and neck scanner or MRI, ((18)F)-FDG PET CT, a panendoscopy and tonsillectomy. Squamous cell carcinoma represents over two thirds of cases. The number of metastatic cervical nodes, nodal level, and histological variant (associated with HPV/EBV status) may determine the primary site origin and might be weighted for the determination of radiation target volumes on a multidisciplinary basis. A selective customized approach is relevant to decrease radiation toxicity only if neck and mucosal control is not impaired. Although no recommendation can yet be made in the absence of sufficient level of evidence, the relevance of systematic pan-mucosal irradiation appears questionable in a number of clinical situations. Accordingly, a customized selective redefinition of target volumes may be discussed and be prospectively evaluated in relation to the therapeutic index obtained.