Production of Jet Fuel Range Aromatics by Alkylation of Benzene with Olefins over Bifunctional Ga/ZSM-5 Catalyst.

Aromatic components of C8-C15 are playing indispensable roles in multi-functional properties of jet fuel. Here, we reported the controllable alkylation of benzene with mixed olefins of ethylene and propylene toward C8-C15 aromatic hydrocarbons for jet fuels over the bifunctional Ga/ZSM-5 catalyst. The resultant 2Ga/ZSM-5 exhibited a superior selectivity of 86.4% (yield of 55.5%) to C8-C15 range aromatics, at benzene conversion of 40.3%, ethylene and propylene conversion of 99.5% and 99.2%, respectively. The incorporation of Ga species could effectively weaken the strong acid sites of ZSM-5 and endow 2Ga/ZSM-5 catalyst with appropriate acidity, therefore facilitating the benzene alkylation process and suppressing the undesired hydrogen transfer or aromatization side reactions as well, thus improving the yield of desired C8-C15aromatics for jet fuels. This work provided insight into the development of promising bifunctional catalyst for the oriented transformation of biomass-derived chemicals to aviation fuels.

Outcomes and Hospital Service Use Among Patients With COPD in a Nurse- and Allied Health-Led Clinic.

Importance: Multidisciplinary disease management efforts enable the improvement in lung function among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but there is little evidence of its association with risks of adverse health outcomes and health care service use. Objective: To examine the association between the use of a nurse- and allied health-led primary care clinic for respiratory patients, namely the Nurse and Allied Health Clinic-Respiratory Care (NAHC-Respiratory), and their risks of mortality and morbidity and health care service use. Design, Setting, and Participants: This territory-wide, population-based, propensity-matched, retrospective cohort study used data from the electronic health records of all patients who used public health care services in Hong Kong, China, from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2019. All patients with COPD treated in public outpatient clinics between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2014, were included. Patients who attended NAHC-Respiratory and usual care only were propensity score-matched at a 1:2 ratio. Data analyses were conducted between August 2023 and April 2024. Exposure: Attendance at NAHC-Respiratory. Main Outcomes and Measures: All-cause and cause-specific mortality, incidence of COPD complications, and use of emergency department and inpatient services until the end of 2019 were compared between the NAHC-Respiratory and usual care participants using Cox proportional hazard regression, Poisson regression, and log-link gamma regression models after matching. Results: This study included 9048 eligible patients after matching, including 3093 in the exposure group (2814 [91.0%] men; mean [SD] age, 69.8 [9.5] years) and 5955 in the reference group (5431 [91.2%] men; mean [SD] age, 69.5 [11.7] years). Compared with patients in the usual care-only group (reference), patients in the exposure group had lower risks of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 0.84; 95% CI, 0.78-0.90) as well as pneumonia-caused (HR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.74-0.97), respiratory-caused (HR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.77-0.96), and cardiovascular-caused (HR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.59-0.93) mortality. Exposure was associated with reduced rates of emergency department visits (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 0.92; 95% CI, 0.86-0.98) and hospitalization through emergency department (IRR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.83-0.95). Conclusions: In this cohort study, the use of a nurse- and allied health-led clinic in primary care settings was associated with reduced risks of mortality and use of hospital services among patients with COPD. These findings emphasize the important role of health care workers other than physicians in disease management in the primary care setting. The NAHC-Respiratory model and service components can be used to help improve primary care programs to benefit more patients with COPD.

Effects of N levels on land productivity and N2O emissions in maize-soybean relay intercropping.

BACKGROUND: Relay intercropping of maize and soybean can improve land productivity. However, the mechanism behind N2O emissions in this practice remains unclear. A two-factor randomized block field trial was conducted to reveal the mechanism of N2O emissions in a full additive maize-soybean relay intercropping. Factor A was three cropping systems - that is, monoculture maize (Zea mays L.), monoculture soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) and maize-soybean relay intercropping. Factor B was different N supply, containing no N, reduced N and conventional N. Differences in N2O emissions, soil properties, rhizosphere bacterial communities and yield advantage were evaluated. RESULTS: The land equivalent ratio was 1.55-2.44, and the cumulative N2O emission ( C E N 2 O $$ \mathrm{C}{\mathrm{E}}_{{\mathrm{N}}_2\mathrm{O}} $$ ) was notably lower by 60.2% in intercropping than in monoculture, respectively. Reduced N declined C E N 2 O $$ \mathrm{C}{\mathrm{E}}_{{\mathrm{N}}_2\mathrm{O}} $$ without penalty on the yield advantages. The relay intercropping shifted soil properties - for example, soil organic matter, total N, NH 4 + $$ {\mathrm{NH}}_4^{+} $$ and protease activity - and improved the soil microorganism community - for example, Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria. Intercropping reduced C E N 2 O $$ \mathrm{C}{\mathrm{E}}_{{\mathrm{N}}_2\mathrm{O}} $$ by directly suppressing nirS- and amoA-regulated N2O generation during soil N cycling, or nirS- and amoA-mediated soil properties shifted to reduce C E N 2 O $$ \mathrm{C}{\mathrm{E}}_{{\mathrm{N}}_2\mathrm{O}} $$ indirectly. Reduced N directly reduced C E N 2 O $$ \mathrm{C}{\mathrm{E}}_{{\mathrm{N}}_2\mathrm{O}} $$ by decreasing soil N content and reducing soil microorganism activities to alleviate N2O produced in soil N cycling. CONCLUSION: Conducting a full additive maize-soybean relay intercropping with reduced nitrogen supply provides a way to alleviate N2O emissions without the penalty on the yield advantage by changing rhizosphere bacterial communities and soil N cycling. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Portal Venous and Hepatic Arterial Coefficients Predict Post-Hepatectomy Overall and Recurrence-Free Survival in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Retrospective Study.

Background: The dominant artery blood supply is a characteristic of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, it is not known whether the blood supply can predict the post-hepatectomy prognosis of patients with HCC. This retrospective study investigated the prognostic value of the portal venous and arterial blood supply estimated on triphasic liver CT (as a portal venous coefficient, PVC, and hepatic arterial coefficient, HAC, respectively) in patients with HCC following hepatectomy. Methods: HCC patients who were tested by triphasic liver CT 2 weeks before hepatectomy and received R0 hepatectomy at the Second Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University between January 1, 2016 and December 31, 2020, were retrospectively screened. Their PVC and HAC, and other variables were analyzed for the prediction of overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator and Cox proportional hazard regression models. Results: Four hundred and nineteen patients (53.2 ± 10.6 years of age and 370 men) were evaluated. A shorter OS was independently associated with higher blood albumin and total bilirubin grade [hazard ratio (HR) 2.020, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.534-2.660], higher Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage (HR 1.514, 95% CI 1.290-1.777), PVC ≤ 0.386 (HR 1.628, 95% CI 1.149-2.305), and HAC > 0.029 (HR 1.969, 95% CI 1.380-2.809). A shorter RFS was independently associated with male (HR 1.652, 95% CI 1.005-2.716), higher serum α-fetoprotein ≥ 400 ng/mL (HR 1.672, 95% CI 1.236-2.263), higher BCLC stage (HR 1.516, 95% CI 1.300-1.768), tumor PVC ≤ 0.386 (HR 1.641, 95% CI 1.198-2.249), and tumor HAC > 0.029 (HR 1.455, 95% CI 1.060-1.997). Conclusion: Tumor PVC or HAC before hepatectomy is valuable for independently predicting postoperative survival of HCC patients.

Diagnosis and management of inflammatory bowel disease.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and relapsing immune-mediated disease of the gastrointestinal tract with a gradually increasing global incidence and prevalence. A prolonged course of IBD leads to a decline in patient quality of life and the creation of a substantial economic burden on society. Owing to the lack of specific diagnostic markers, the diagnosis of IBD still needs a gold standard based on a combination of clinical manifestations, imaging, laboratory, and endoscopic results. Accordingly, the current goals of IBD treatment are to alleviate clinical symptoms and reduce recurrence rates. Therefore, it is imperative to develop a standard set of procedures to diagnose and treat IBD. In this review, we summarize prominent and emerging studies, outline classical and contemporary approaches to diagnosing and managing IBD, and integrate multiple guidelines. Furthermore, we propose the possibility of establishing an early and comprehensive diagnostic workflow and personalized management strategy in the future. We aim to enhance the quality and standardization of diagnostic and treatment procedures for IBD.

Evaluating the impact of sugar-sweetened beverages tax on overweight, obesity, and type 2 diabetes in an affluent Asian setting: A willingness-to-pay survey and simulation analysis.

BACKGROUND: The potential health effects of taxing sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) has been insufficiently examined in Asian contexts. This study aimed to assess the impact of SSB taxation on the prevalence of obesity/overweight and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Hong Kong using a willingness-to-pay (WTP) survey and simulation analysis. METHODS: A random telephone survey was conducted with 1000 adults from May to June 2020. We used a contingent valuation approach to assess individuals' WTP for SSBs under four tax payment scenarios (5%, 10%, 40%, and 50% of the current market price). Based on the WTP, a simulation analysis was conducted to project changes in SSB purchase and associated reductions in the prevalence of obesity/overweight and T2DM over a 10-year simulation period. FINDINGS: When 5% and 10% taxation rates were introduced, approximately one-third of the population were unwilling to maintain their SSB purchase. Our simulation demonstrated a gradual decline in the prevalence of obesity/overweight and diabetes with a more pronounced decrease when higher taxation rates were introduced. 10% taxation resulted in a mean reduction of 1532.7 cases of overweight/obesity per 100 thousand population at the sixth year, while T2DM prevalence decreased by 267.1 (0.3%). CONCLUSIONS: This study underscores the effects of an SSB tax on purchase behaviors and health outcomes in an affluent Asia setting, with a more pronounced influence on adult population. These findings are expected to inform policymakers in making decisions regarding an effective and equitable tax rate on SSBs.

Acupoint Autohemotherapy Attenuates DNCB-Induced Atopic Dermatitis and Activates Regulatory T Cells in BALB/c Mice.

Purpose: Acupoint autohemotherapy (A-AHT) has been proposed as an alternative and complementary treatment for atopic dermatitis (AD), yet the exact role of its blood component in terms of therapeutic efficacy and mechanism of action is still largely unknown. Methods: This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacies and action mechanisms of intramuscular injections of autologous whole blood (AWB) and mouse immunoglobulin G (IgG) (autologous or heterologous) at acupoints on 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced AD mouse models. Serum levels of total immunoglobulin E (IgE), IgG, interleukin-10 (IL-10), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) were measured, as well as mRNA expression levels of Forkhead box P3 (FoxP3), IL-10 and IFN-γ in dorsal skin lesions, and IL-10+, IFN-γ+ and FoxP3+CD4+T cells in murine spleen. Results: It showed that repeated acupoint injection of AWB, autologous total IgG (purified from autologous blood in AD mice) or heterologous total IgG (purified from healthy blood in normal mice) effectively reduced the severity of AD symptoms and decreased epidermal and dermal thickness as well as mast cells in skin lesions. Additionally, AWB acupoint injection was found to upregulate FoxP3+, IL-10+ and IFN-γ+ CD4+T cells in murine spleen, suppressing the production of IgE antibodies and increasing that of IgG antibodies in the serum. Furthermore, both AWB and autologous total IgG administrations significantly elevated FoxP3 expression, mRNA levels of IL-10 and IFN-γ in dorsal skin lesions. However, acupoint injection of heterologous total IgG had no effect on regulatory T (Treg) and Th1 cells modulation. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the therapeutic effects of A-AHT on AD are mediated by IgG-induced activation of Treg cells.

Transmission risks of Omicron BA.5 following inactivated COVID-19 vaccines among children and adolescents in China.

BACKGROUND: As SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants circulating globally since 2022, assessing the transmission characteristics, and the protection of vaccines against emerging Omicron variants among children and adolescents are needed for guiding the control and vaccination policies. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study for SARS-CoV-2 infections and close contacts aged <18 years from an outbreak seeded by Omicron BA.5 variants. The secondary attack rate (SAR) was calculated and the protective effects of two doses of inactivated vaccine (mainly Sinopharm /BBIBP-CorV) within a year versus one dose or two doses above a year after vaccination against the transmission and infection of Omicron BA.5 were estimated. RESULTS: A total of 3442 all-age close contacts of 122 confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections aged 0-17 years were included. The SAR was higher in the household setting and for individuals who received a one-dose inactivated vaccine or those who received a two-dose for more than one year, with estimates of 28.5% (95% credible interval [CrI]: 21.1, 37.7) and 55.3% (95% CrI: 24.4, 84.8), respectively. The second dose of inactivated vaccine conferred substantial protection against all infection and transmission of Omicron BA.5 variants within a year. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support the rollout of the second dose of inactivated vaccine for children and adolescents during the Omciron BA.5 predominant epidemic phase. Given the continuous emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants, monitoring the transmission risk and corresponding vaccine effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 variants among children and adolescents is important to inform control strategy.

Children and adolescents have reported suffering less severe outcomes from the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant. However, the risk of transmission and vaccine effectiveness among this population group is not well studied. Here, we used contact tracing data that was collected during an Omicron BA.5 outbreak from Urumqi, China, before the exit of "zero-COVID" measures, to evaluate the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection among those age under 18 years, and the effectiveness of inactivated vaccine regimens. Our findings indicate there is a high rate of transmission among children and adolescents in a household setting and receiving two doses of inactivated COVID-19 vaccination within a year was more effective than a single dose or two doses given more than a year apart. These findings highlight the importance of tracking transmission and vaccine effectiveness of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants in younger populations to inform control strategies.

The Provision and Perceptions of Telemedicine Services Among Traditional Chinese Medicine Practitioners During COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Study in Hong Kong, China.

Objectives: Telemedicine has been widely used during the COVID-19 pandemic. Among other health care professionals, Chinese medicine practitioners (CMPs) face practical challenges in providing telemedicine consultations. This study aims to explore CMPs' experience and perceptions of telemedicine service provision before and during the pandemic. Methods: A territory-wide cross-sectional online survey was conducted in Hong Kong between April and May 2022. A structured questionnaire with open-ended questions was used to investigate the provision of and perception on telemedicine service, as well as usability of telemedicine among CMPs. Results: A total of 195 CMPs participated the survey. Before COVID-19, 42% (81/195) had been providing telemedicine services, and the proportion doubled during COVID-19. CMPs in the private sector are the main providers. Mobile apps including WhatsApp, WeChat, and Zoom were commonly used for consultations (75%, 120/161). Barriers in providing telemedicine included inability of conducting physical examination on patients (69%, 134/195), legal and ethical concerns over medical negligence (61%, 118/195), and patients' incompetence on e-literacy (50%, 98/195). Respondents urged professional and regulatory bodies to provide an explicit clinical guideline that demonstrate best practice in traditional Chinese medicine telemedicine, and to clarify legal and ethical implications of such practice. Conclusions: CMPs demonstrated their competency in telemedicine, and most of them provided telemedicine during COVID-19. Development of appropriate guidelines on the provision of telemedicine would support CMPs to continue provision after the pandemic, whereas a user-friendly and comprehensive telemedicine e-platform would enhance quality of such service. Facilitating patients with lower e-literacy to access telemedicine is key to reduce disparities.

Detection of maize stem diameter by using RGB-D cameras' depth information under selected field condition.

Stem diameter is a critical phenotypic parameter for maize, integral to yield prediction and lodging resistance assessment. Traditionally, the quantification of this parameter through manual measurement has been the norm, notwithstanding its tedious and laborious nature. To address these challenges, this study introduces a non-invasive field-based system utilizing depth information from RGB-D cameras to measure maize stem diameter. This technology offers a practical solution for conducting rapid and non-destructive phenotyping. Firstly, RGB images, depth images, and 3D point clouds of maize stems were captured using an RGB-D camera, and precise alignment between the RGB and depth images was achieved. Subsequently, the contours of maize stems were delineated using 2D image processing techniques, followed by the extraction of the stem's skeletal structure employing a thinning-based skeletonization algorithm. Furthermore, within the areas of interest on the maize stems, horizontal lines were constructed using points on the skeletal structure, resulting in 2D pixel coordinates at the intersections of these horizontal lines with the maize stem contours. Subsequently, a back-projection transformation from 2D pixel coordinates to 3D world coordinates was achieved by combining the depth data with the camera's intrinsic parameters. The 3D world coordinates were then precisely mapped onto the 3D point cloud using rigid transformation techniques. Finally, the maize stem diameter was sensed and determined by calculating the Euclidean distance between pairs of 3D world coordinate points. The method demonstrated a Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 3.01%, a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.75 mm, a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 1.07 mm, and a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.96, ensuring accurate measurement of maize stem diameter. This research not only provides a new method of precise and efficient crop phenotypic analysis but also offers theoretical knowledge for the advancement of precision agriculture.

ABCG2 Mediates Resistance to the Dual EGFR and PI3K Inhibitor MTX-211 in Cancer Cells.

MTX-211 is a first-in-class dual inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) signaling pathways with a compelling pharmaceutical profile and could enhance the effectiveness of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor therapy in colorectal tumors with KRAS mutations. However, the specific mechanisms contributing to the acquired resistance to MTX-211 in human cancers remain elusive. Here, we discovered that the overexpression of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) drug transporter ABCG2, a prevalent mechanism associated with multidrug resistance (MDR), could diminish the effectiveness of MTX-211 in human cancer cells. We showed that the drug efflux activity of ABCG2 substantially decreased the intracellular accumulation of MTX-211 in cancer cells. As a result, the cytotoxicity and effectiveness of MTX-211 in suppressing the activation of the EGFR and PI3K pathways were significantly attenuated in cancer cells overexpressing ABCG2. Moreover, the enhancement of the MTX-211-stimulated ATPase activity of ABCG2 and the computational molecular docking analysis illustrating the binding of MTX-211 to the substrate-binding sites of ABCG2 offered a further indication for the interaction between MTX-211 and ABCG2. In summary, our findings indicate that MTX-211 acts as a substrate for ABCG2, underscoring the involvement of ABCG2 in the emergence of resistance to MTX-211. This finding carries clinical implications and merits further exploration.

Risk of Dementia Among Patients With Diabetes in a Multidisciplinary, Primary Care Management Program.

Importance: Although poorly controlled diabetes is associated with a higher incidence of dementia, few studies have examined the association of diabetes management interventions with dementia incidence. Objective: To examine the association of receiving a multidisciplinary diabetes management program (the Risk Assessment and Management Program-Diabetes Mellitus [RAMP-DM]) that enables better glycemic control with subsequent risk of dementia incidence and the association of dementia with glycemic control. Design, Setting, and Participants: This territory-wide, retrospective, matched cohort study with more than 8 years of follow-up was conducted using electronic health care records from all the patients who used public health care services in Hong Kong from 2011 to 2019. Eligible participants included all patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) who were managed in primary care settings. Patients who received RAMP-DM were matched in a 1:1 ratio with patients who received usual care only. Data analysis occurred from April 2023 to July 2023. Exposures: Diagnosis of T2D, hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) level, and attendance at a general outpatient clinic or family medicine clinic. Patients received either RAMP-DM or usual care. Main Outcomes and Measures: Incidence of all-cause dementia and subtypes of dementia were compared between the RAMP-DM and usual care participants using a Cox proportional hazard model with other baseline characteristics, biomarkers, and medication history adjusted. HbA1C levels were measured as a secondary outcome. Results: Among the 55 618 matched participants (mean [SD] age, 62.28 [11.90] years; 28 561 female [51.4%]; 27 057 male [48.6%]), including the 27 809 patients in the RAMP-DM group and 27 809 patients in the usual care group, patients had been diagnosed with T2D for a mean (SD) of 5.90 (4.20) years. During a median (IQR) follow-up period of 8.4 (6.8-8.8) years, 1938 patients in the RAMP-DM group (6.97%) and 2728 patients in the usual care group (9.81%) received a diagnosis of dementia. Compared with those receiving usual care, RAMP-DM participants had a lower risk of developing all-cause dementia (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.72; 95% CI, 0.68-0.77; P < .001), Alzheimer disease (aHR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.76-0.96; P = .009), vascular dementia (aHR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.51-0.73; P < .001), and other or unspecified dementia (aHR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.66-0.77; P < .001). Compared with having a mean HbA1C level during the first 3 years after cohort entry between 6.5% and 7.5%, a higher risk of dementia incidence was detected for patients with a 3-year mean HbA1C level greater than 8.5% (aHR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.31-1.80]), between 7.5% and 8.5% (aHR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.19-1.48), between 6% and 6.5% (aHR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.07-1.29), and 6% or less (aHR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.24-1.57). Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort study of patients with T2D, the findings strengthened evidence of an association of glycemic control with dementia incidence, and revealed that a multidisciplinary primary care diabetes management program was associated with beneficial outcomes for T2D patients against dementia and its major subtypes. A moderate glycemic control target of HbA1C between 6.5% and 7.5% was associated with lower dementia incidence.

Paradoxical tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in initiating ART among HIV-Infected patients in China-risk factors and management.

BACKGROUND: China is a country burdened with a high incidence of both tuberculosis (TB) and HIV, Paradoxical tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (TB-IRIS) is an important early complication in TB and HIV co-infected patients, but data from China are limited. Additionally, as an integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI)-based antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimen becomes the first-line treatment, concerns have arisen regarding the potential increase in the incidence of paradoxical TB-IRIS. Nevertheless, the existing data are inconclusive and contradictory. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study at Chongqing Public Health Clinical Center from January 2018 to December 2021. We collected demographic and clinical data of HIV/TB co-infected patients who initiated ART. We described the patient characteristics, identified predictors for TB-IRIS, and determined clinical outcomes. The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS 25) was used to analyse the data. Continuous variables were compared using Student's t-test or rank sum test. Counting data were compared using the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. The variables with statistical significance in the univariate analysis were added to the binary logistic regression. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: A total of 384 patients co-infected with naive HIV and pulmonary TB (PTB) who were given ATT and ART combination were included. 72 patients (18.8%) developed paradoxical TB-IRIS with a median of 15 (12, 21) days after initiating ART. Baseline age ≤ 40years, CD4 + T-cell counts ≤ 50cells/µL, HIV viral load ≥ 500,000 copies/mL were found to be significantly associated with development of paradoxical TB-IRIS. Mortality rates were similar in the TB-IRIS (n = 5, 6.9%) group and non-TB-IRIS (n = 13, 4.2%) group. Interestingly, CD4+ T-cell counts recovery post-ART was significant higher in the TB-IRIS group when compared to the non-TB-IRIS group at the end of 24 weeks (P = 0.004), as well as at 48 weeks (P = 0.015). In addition, we consider that INSTI- based ART regimen do not increased the risk of Paradoxical TB-IRIS. CONCLUSION: Paradoxical TB-IRIS, while often leading to clinical deterioration and hospitalization, is generally manageable. It appears to have a positive impact on the recovery of CD4 + T-cell counts over time. Importantly, our data suggest that INSTI-based ART regimens do not elevate the risk of TB-IRIS. Thus, paradoxical TB-IRIS should not be considered an impediment to initiating ART in adults with advanced immunodeficiency, except in the case of tuberculous meningitis (TBM).

Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitor Mobocertinib Resensitizes Multidrug-Resistant Cancer Cells by Attenuating the Human ATP-Binding Cassette Subfamily B Member 1 and Subfamily G Member 2.

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, notably ABCB1 (P-glycoprotein) and ABCG2, play a crucial role in the development of multidrug resistance (MDR) during the administration of chemotherapy for cancer patients. With a lack of approved treatments for addressing multidrug-resistant cancers, MDR remains a substantial challenge to the effective management of cancer. Rather than focusing on developing novel synthetic inhibitors, a promising approach to combat MDR involves repurposing approved therapeutic agents to enhance the sensitivity to cytotoxic antiproliferative drugs of multidrug-resistant cancer cells with high expression of ABCB1 or ABCG2. In this investigation, we observed a substantial reversal of MDR conferred by ABCB1 and ABCG2 in multidrug-resistant cancer cells through the use of mobocertinib, an approved third-generation inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase. Mobocertinib demonstrated the ability to hinder drug transport function without causing changes in protein expression. The interactions between mobocertinib and ABCB1, as well as ABCG2, were validated through ATPase assays. Furthermore, in silico docking simulations were utilized to substantiate the binding of mobocertinib within the drug-binding pockets of both ABCB1 and ABCG2. We conclude that further testing of mobocertinib in combination therapy is warranted for patients with tumors expressing elevated levels of the ABC drug transporters ABCB1 and ABCG2.

Improved photosynthetic performance under unilateral weak light conditions in a wide-narrow-row intercropping system is associated with altered sugar transport.

Intercropping improves resource utilization. Under wide-narrow-row maize (Zea mays) intercropping, maize plants are subjected to weak unilateral illumination and exhibit high photosynthetic performance. However, the mechanism regulating photosynthesis under unilateral weak light remains unknown. We investigated the relationship between photosynthesis and sugar metabolism in maize under unilateral weak light. Our results showed that the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of unshaded leaves increased as the level of shade on the other side increased. On the contrary, the concentration of sucrose and starch and the number of starch granules in the unshaded leaves decreased with increased shading due to the transfer of abundant C into the grains. However, sink loss with ear removal reduced the Pn of unshaded leaves. Intense unilateral shade (40% to 20% normal light), but not mild unilateral shade (60% normal light), reduced grain yield (37.6% to 54.4%, respectively). We further found that in unshaded leaves, Agpsl, Bmy, and Mexl-like expression significantly influenced sucrose and starch metabolism, while Sweet13a and Sut1 expression was crucial for sugar export. In shaded leaves, expression of Sps1, Agpsl, and Sweet13c was crucial for sugar metabolism and export. This study confirmed that unshaded leaves transported photosynthates to the ear, leading to a decrease in sugar concentration. The improvement of photosynthetic performance was associated with altered sugar transport. We propose a narrow-row spacing of 40 cm, which provides appropriate unilateral shade and limits yield reduction.

Use of Sex-Specific Body Mass Index to Optimize Low Correlation With Height and High Correlation With Fatness: A UK Biobank Study.

Body mass index (BMI; weight (kg)/height (m)2) is commonly used to measure general adiposity. However, evidence of its appropriateness for males and females remains inconsistent. We aimed to identify the most appropriate sex-specific power value that height should be raised to in the formula and the value that would make it achieve height independency and body fatness dependency. We randomly assigned UK Biobank participants recruited in the United Kingdom between 2006 and 2010 (n = 489,873; mean age = 56.5 years; 94.2% White) to training and testing sets (80%:20%). Using height raised to the power of -50.00 to 50.00, we identified the optimal power value that either minimized correlation with height or maximized correlation with body fat percentage, using age-adjusted correlations. The optimal power values for height were 1.77 for males and 1.39 for females. The new formulas resulted in 4.5% of females and 2.4% of males being reclassified into a different BMI category. The formulas did not show significant improvement (in terms of area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, sensitivity, and specificity) in identifying individuals with excessive body fat percentage or in predicting risk of all-cause mortality. Therefore, the conventional BMI formula is still valuable in research and disease screening for both sexes.

Multi-omic analysis revealed the therapeutic mechanisms of Alpinia oxyphylla fructus water extract against bladder overactivity in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

OBJECTIVE: Alpinia oxyphylla fructus without impurities and shells is called "Yi-Zhi-Ren" (YZR) in Chinese, and traditionally used to alleviate enuresis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects and underlying mechanisms of YZR in the treatment of overactive bladder (OAB) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), a vascular disorder-related OAB model. METHODS: A 3-week administration of YZR water extract (p.o.) was done, followed by urodynamics to measure bladder parameters. Changes in bladder structure were observed through H&E staining and Masson's staining. An integrated approach involving network pharmacology, transcriptomics and metabolomics was employed to elucidate the potential mechanisms of YZR, and the key proteins involved in the mechanisms were validated by Western blotting. Additionally, network pharmacology was used to predict the relationship between YZR's active components and validated proteins. RESULTS: YZR treatment significantly improved the bladder storage parameters, tightened the detrusor layer, reduced inflammatory infiltration, and decreased collagen proportion in the SHR bladder. These results indicated that YZR water extract can alleviate OAB symptoms and improve bladder structure. Integrated analysis suggested that YZR may affect extracellular matrix-receptor interaction and calcium signaling pathway. Western blotting results further confirmed that the reduction in key proteins, such as TGFß1, p-SMAD3, collagen III, Gq and PLCß1, involved in collagen synthesis and calcium signaling pathways after YZR treatment. Network pharmacology predicted that sitosterol, chrysin, and nootkatone were potential components responsible for YZR's therapeutic effect on OAB. CONCLUSION: YZR's mechanisms of action in treating OAB involved the TGFß1-SMAD3 signaling pathway-related collagen synthesis and Gq-PLCß1 calcium signaling pathway, which are associated with detrusor contraction frequency and strength, respectively.

Prevalence of, risk factors for, and target organ damage from metabolic syndrome among people living with HIV on ART: A cross-sectional analysis in Chongqing, China.

INTRODUCTION: The incidence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in people living with HIV is significantly higher than in people without HIV. MetS is not only a major driver of cardiovascular disease (CVD) but is also closely related to the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of and risk factors for MetS and to further understand the degree of damage to target organs. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted at Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, China. Information was collected via questionnaire survey, physical examination, and laboratory tests. We used the China Diabetes Society guidelines to define MetS. Pooled cohort equations were calculated to compare CVD risk in the next 10 years in people living with HIV aged ≥40 years with or without MetS. We used Student's t-test, the chi-squared test, Fisher's exact test, binary logistic regression, and multiple linear regression in the statistical analysis. RESULTS: The study included 979 people living with HIV, including 13 who have experienced CVD, receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). The median age was 43.0 years, 20.9% were female, and the median ART time was 45.0 months. The prevalence of MetS was 33.9%. The components of MetS criteria were hyperglycaemia (50.4%), hypertriglyceridaemia (48.4%), hypertension (46.8%), low concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (28.2%), and abdominal obesity (25.0%). Higher body mass index (odds ratio [OR] 1.266; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.203-1.333), higher total cholesterol (OR 1.267; 95% CI 1.011-1.588), high alcohol consumption (OR 1.973; 95% CI 1.009-3.859), and family history of diabetes (OR 1.726; 95% CI 1.075-2.770) were independent risk factors for MetS. Compared with the non-MetS group, the MetS group had a higher rate of urine albumin (23.8% vs 14.8%, p = 0.001), and the estimated glomerular filtration rate <90 mL/min/1.73 m2 (18.37% vs. 12.8%, p = 0.020) and ß2-microglobin (p = 0.004) increased more markedly in the MetS group. Regarding the risk of developing CVD events in the next 10 years, 38.5% of those in the MetS group were at high or very high risk, which was significantly higher than in the non-MetS group (p < 0.001). In addition, age (p < 0.001) and sex (p = 0.002) are independent risk factors for developing CVD events in the next 10 years. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of MetS in people living with HIV on ART is high in Chongqing, China. Risk factors for the development of MetS are high alcohol consumption, family history of diabetes, higher body mass index, and higher total cholesterol levels. In addition, MetS is associated with a risk of CKD and the incidence of 10-year CVD.

Multi-omic approaches provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of Sojae semen germinatum water extract against overactive bladder.

Sojae semen germinatum (SSG) is derived from mature soybean seeds that have been germinated and dried, typically with sprouts measuring approximately 0.5 cm in length. SSG is traditionally known for its properties in clearing heat and moisture. Nevertheless, limited information was reported on the effects and mechanisms of SSG in alleviating urinary symptoms. This study employed urodynamic parameters to investigate the therapeutic effect of SSG water extract on overactive bladder (OAB) in the rat model with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Through a combination of transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses, the pathways and key proteins of the SSG treatment for OAB were identified and validated by ELISA and Western blotting. Furthermore, network pharmacology elucidated the roles of SSG's isoflavones acting on the target which was identified by above-mentioned multi-omics analysis. Our results indicate that SSG water extract significantly mitigated OAB by down-regulating the PGE2/EP1/PLCß2/p-MLC signaling pathway. It was speculated that the active ingredient in the SSG on EP1 was genistein. This study provided valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms of SSG water extract, emphasizing the multi-target characteristics and critical pathways in improving OAB. Furthermore, this study contributes to the potential utilization of SSG as a functional food.