Validation and Refinement of the Sense of Coherence Scale for a French Population: Observational Study.

BACKGROUND: Salutogenesis focuses on understanding the factors that contribute to positive health outcomes. At the core of the model lies the sense of coherence (SOC), which plays a crucial role in promoting well-being and resilience. OBJECTIVE: Using the validscale Stata command, we aimed to assess the psychometric properties of the French version of the 3-dimension 13-item SOC questionnaire (SOC-13), encompassing the comprehensibility, manageability, and meaningfulness dimensions. We also aimed to determine if a refined scale, assessed through this method, exhibits superior psychometric properties compared to the SOC-13. METHODS: A sample of 880 consecutive primary care patients recruited from 35 French practices were asked to complete the SOC-13. We tested for internal consistency and scalability using the Cronbach α and Loevinger H coefficients, respectively, and we tested for construct validity using confirmatory factor analysis and goodness-of-fit indices (root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA] and comparative fit index [CFI]). RESULTS: Of the 880 eligible patients, 804 (91.4%) agreed to participate (n=527, 65.6% women; median age 51 years). Cronbach α and Loevinger H coefficients for the SOC-13 were all <0.70 and <0.30, respectively, indicating poor internal consistency and poor scalability (0.64 and 0.29 for comprehensibility, 0.56 and 0.26 for manageability, and 0.46 and 0.17 for meaningfulness, respectively). The RMSEA and CFI were >0.06 (0.09) and <0.90 (0.83), respectively, indicating a poor fit. By contrast, the psychometric properties of a unidimensional 8-item version of the SOC questionnaire (SOC-8) were excellent (Cronbach α=0.82, Loevinger H=0.38, RMSEA=0.05, and CFI=0.97). CONCLUSIONS: The psychometric properties of the 3-dimension SOC-13 were poor, unlike the unidimensional SOC-8. A questionnaire built only with these 8 items could be a good candidate to measure the SOC. However, further validation studies are needed before recommending its use in research.

Case managers within general practices in 11 Western countries: repeat cross-sectional studies.

BACKGROUND: In the context of an ageing population and increasing health needs, primary care reform is needed and several new models have emerged, including the introduction of case managers in general practitioner practices. AIM: To describe the frequency of case managers in general practices in eleven Western countries between 2012 and 2019 and to investigate the characteristics of general practitioners and their practices associated with case manager frequency. METHODS: A secondary analysis of the Commonwealth Fund International Health Policy Surveys of Primary Care Physicians, which were international cross-sectional studies conducted in 2012, 2015 and 2019. Random samples of general practitioners were selected in 11 Western countries (2012: n = 9776; 2015: n = 12,049; 2019: n = 13,200). The use of case managers in general practitioner practices was determined with the question "Does your practice use personnel, such as nurses or case managers, to monitor and manage care for patients with chronic conditions that need regular follow-up care?", with possible answers "Yes, within the practice", "Yes, outside the practice", "Yes, both within and outside the practice" or "No". Other variables characterising general practitioners and their practices were considered. Mixed-effects logistic regression was performed. RESULTS: The frequency of case managers within general practitioner practices varied greatly by country, with an overall trend towards an increase from 2012 to 2019. In the multivariate analysis, more case managers were found in practices located in small towns (odds ratio [OR] 1.4; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2-1.7) and in rural areas (OR 1.9; 95% CI 1.5-2.4) compared to cities. The frequency of case managers was higher in larger practices, as shown in comparisons of practices in the second, third and fourth quartile of full-time equivalent employee counts compared to those in the first quartile (Q2: OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.4-1.9; Q3: OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.6-2.9; Q4: OR 3.8, 95% CI 3.0-4.9). There was no significant difference in frequency with respect to the age and sex of the general practitioners. CONCLUSION: The use of case managers in general practitioner practices is a promising approach, but its practice varies greatly. This practice has been developing in Western countries and is tending to increase. The implementation of case managers seems to be associated with certain characteristics linked to general practitioner practices (practice location, practice size), whereas it does not seem to depend on the personal characteristics of general practitioners, such as age or sex.

Who are the patients who use non-pharmacological home remedies? Cross-sectional study in Switzerland and France.

BACKGROUND: Many patients may be tempted to use non-pharmacological home remedies (NPHRs) to relieve various complaints. To the best of our knowledge, there is little data on the characteristics of patients using NPHRs. In this cross-sectional study carried out between March 2020 and July 2021, we examined the socio-demographic factors underlying their use in patient populations in Switzerland and France. METHODS: Using official registries, we randomly selected 50 primary care physicians (PCPs) in Geneva (Switzerland) and Lyon/Grenoble (France). Seven research assistants consecutively recruited patients from PCP waiting rooms (20-25 patients per practice). Patients completed a paper-based questionnaire assessing the use [yes/no] of 304 NPHRs for 79 medical conditions. The NPHR list was developed by our team with input from 97 patients. We used univariable and multivariable logistic regressions, adjusting for intra-cluster correlations, to examine associations between NPHR use and patient characteristics (gender, age, practice location, nationality, education level, and self-rated health). RESULTS: Of the 1198 eligible patients, 1012 agreed to participate (85%). Overall, 635 patients (63%) reported using at least one of the remedies tested in the study. In multivariable analysis, women (OR = 1.7 [95%CI = 1.3-2.3], P-value < 0.001), younger patients (< 40 years: OR = 2.1 [95%CI = 1.6-2.9], P-value < 0.001), and French patients (OR = 1.6 [95%CI = 1.1-2.3], P-value < 0.001) tended to use NPHRs more often than other patients. CONCLUSIONS: Many patients, particularly women, young people, and French patients, reported using NPHRs. This survey's findings hold the potential to inform healthcare providers, policymakers, and researchers about the diverse preferences that shape patients' healthcare choices.

The French ecology of medical care. A nationwide population-based cross sectional study.

PURPOSE: Studies in the United States, Canada, Belgium, and Switzerland showed that the majority of health problems are managed within primary health care; however, the ecology of French medical care has not yet been described. METHODS: Nationwide, population-based, cross sectional study. In 2018, we included data from 576,125 beneficiaries from the General Sample of Beneficiaries database. We analysed the reimbursement of consultations with (i) a general practitioner (GP), (ii) an outpatient doctor other than a GP, (iii) a doctor from a university or non-university hospital; and the reimbursement of (iv) hospitalization in a private establishment, (v) general hospital, and (vi) university hospital. For each criterion, we calculated the average monthly number of reimbursements reported on 1,000 beneficiaries. For categorical variables, we used the χ2 test, and to compare means we used the z test. All tests were 2-tailed with a P-value < 5% considered significant. RESULTS: Each month, on average, 454 (out of 1,000) beneficiaries received at least 1 reimbursement, 235 consulted a GP, 74 consulted other outpatient doctors in ambulatory care and 24 in a hospital, 13 were hospitalized in a public non-university hospital and 10 in the private sector, and 5 were admitted to a university hospital. Independently of age, people consulted GPs twice as much as other specialists. The 13-25-year-old group consulted the least. Women consulted more than men. Individuals covered by complementary universal health insurance had more care. CONCLUSIONS: Our study on reimbursement data confirmed that, like in other countries, in France the majority of health problems are managed within primary health care.

Dynamics of Students' Career Choice: a Conceptual Framework-Based Qualitative Analysis Focusing on Primary Care.

BACKGROUND: Increasing primary care's attractiveness as a career choice is an important task of socially accountable medical schools. Research has broadly studied influences on medical students' career choice. However, a deeper understanding of the processes behind career decision-making could support medical schools in their efforts to promote primary care careers. OBJECTIVE: To explore the dynamics of career choice during medical school with a focus on primary care, based on a previously developed conceptual framework. APPROACH: Qualitative study using a phenomenological, inductive-deductive approach DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: Individual interviews were conducted from May 2019 to January 2020 with 14 first-year postgraduate trainee physicians, graduates of the Faculty of Medicine in Geneva, Switzerland, purposively sampled based on their interest in primary care during undergraduate studies. The interview guide was developed to elicit narratives about career-related decision-making. Two authors coded the transcripts. Thematic analysis alternated with data collection until thematic saturation was reached. Emerging themes were discussed and refined within the research team. KEY RESULTS: Two main themes emerged: (1) developing professional identity, expressed as a changing professional image from unprecise and idealistic to concrete and realistic; priorities changed from content-based to lifestyle-based preferences; (2) individual trajectories of career-related decision-making, determined by different stages of refining professional interests; students navigated this process by employing various strategies, ranging from active exploration to passive behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: This study's narrative approach illustrates the dynamic nature of career choice and refines elements of a conceptual framework previously developed by the authors. Its findings underline the importance of exploration, for which personal experiences and observations of physicians' work are crucial. To advance efforts to make primary care a more attractive career, students must be sufficiently exposed to primary care in a safe and individualized environment and should be supported in all stages of their career choice process.

Development of complex pedagogical competencies and reflexivity in clinical teachers via distance learning: a mixed methods study.

Clinical reasoning is the cornerstone to healthcare practice and teaching it appropriately is of utmost importance. Yet there is little formal training for clinical supervisors in supervising this reasoning process. Distance education provides interesting opportunities for continuous professional development of healthcare professionals. This mixed methods study aimed at gaining in-depth understanding about whether and how clinical teachers can develop complex pedagogical competencies through participation in a Massive Open Online Course on the supervision of clinical reasoning (MOOC SCR). Participants self-assed their clinical supervision skills before and after partaking in the MOOC SCR through the Maastricht Clinical Teachers Questionnaire. Item scores and the distribution of response proportions before and after participation were compared using paired t-tests and McNemar's tests respectively. In parallel, the evolution of a subset of MOOC participants' pedagogical practice and posture was explored via semi-structured interviews throughout and beyond their MOOC participation using simulated and personal situational recalls. The verbatim were analysed with standard thematic analysis. Quantitative and qualitative findings converged and their integration demonstrated that partaking in the MOOC SCR promoted the development of complex pedagogical competencies and reflexivity with the participants. This was quantitatively evidenced by significantly higher self-assessed supervision skills and corresponding attitudes after completing the MOOC. The qualitative data provided rich descriptions of how this progression in pedagogical practice and posture occurred in the field and how it was shaped by participants' interaction with the MOOC's content and their motivations to progress. Our findings provide evidence for the development of pedagogical skills and corresponding attitudes for the supervision of clinical reasoning through participation in the MOOC SCR and contribute to the literature body on the opportunities that distance learning provides for the development of pedagogical competencies. The extent to which the pedagogical underpinnings of the MOOC contributed to these developments remains to be determined.

Impact of training in the supervision of clinical reasoning in the pediatric emergency department on residents' perception of the on-call experience.

BACKGROUND: In 2021, the prevalence of signs of burnout among medical residents was reported to be 67%. Being on call is particularly stressful for residents, notably due to their lack of medical experience. When they are on call, several factors contribute to a mismatch between the residents' theoretical knowledge and the operationalization of that knowledge in a clinical reasoning process. Using the script and cognitive load theories as a basis, we hypothesized that training clinician-teachers in the supervision of clinical reasoning could improve residents' perception of the experience of being on call. METHODS: We performed a longitudinal, exploratory, controlled study with a cohort of medical residents who were on call in the pediatric emergency department during the semester from 1 November 2021 to 30 April 2022. During the night, the residents on call in the pediatric emergency department completed validated questionnaires investigating (1) mental effort, (2) cognitive weariness, (3) state anxiety, (4) feeling of self-efficacy, and (5) well-being. We compared the questionnaires of residents supervised by pediatricians trained in the supervision of clinical reasoning (supervision group) with those of residents in a control group, supervised by pediatricians with no specific pedagogical training. RESULTS: A total of 284 questionnaires (174 supervision group, 110 controls) were collected from 38 residents in three pediatric emergency departments. The results confirm that being on call is difficult for residents. Compared to the control group, residents in the supervision group had lower cognitive weariness scores (mean 3.0 ± 1.1 vs. 3.5 ± 1.3). There was no significant difference between groups for any of the other dimensions of the on-call experience. In the supervision group, mental effort was significantly lower at the end of the study semester (5 [5-6] when on call in month 6 of the semester vs. 6 [5-7] when on call in months 1-5 of the semester; p = 0.01) and was greater for more senior residents (7 [6-8] for those in the 4th or higher semester of residency vs. 6 [5-7] for residents in their 1st, 2nd, or 3rd semester of residency; ß = 0.92 ± 0.40; p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: Beyond the positive effects for residents, this study illustrates the feasibility of implementing training for clinicians in the supervision of clinical reasoning.

Nonpharmacological home remedies for upper respiratory tract infections: a cross-sectional study of primary care patients in Switzerland and France.

BACKGROUND: Many patients might be tempted to use nonpharmacological home remedies (NPHRs) to relieve upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) symptoms. However, primary care physicians (PCPs) rarely recommend NPHRs due to a lack of knowledge in this field. We conducted a questionnaire-based survey among primary care patients in Switzerland and France to explore which NPHRs they use and consider effective for 3 common URTI symptoms: sore throat/cough/common cold. METHODS: Using official physician registries, we randomly selected 50 PCPs in Geneva (Switzerland) and Lyon/Grenoble (France). Seven research assistants were involved in the recruitment of consecutive patients from the waiting rooms of these PCPs (20-25 patients per practice). Patients were asked to complete a paper-based questionnaire to assess the use and perceived effectiveness of 72 NPHRs for URTI symptoms. The list of NPHRs was developed by our research team with the help of 97 patients. Remedies were considered effective if patients reported that they were effective/very effective. Data were analysed descriptively. RESULTS: Of the 1,198 eligible patients, 1,012 agreed to participate (84.5%). The 4 most frequently used NPHRs were honey/lemon/thyme/herbal teas. Most patients using these NPHRs considered them as effective (between 77% of patients for onion syrup for cough and 94% of patients for thyme inhalations for common colds). CONCLUSIONS: Many patients reported using honey/lemon/thyme/herbal teas for URTI symptoms, and generally considered these treatments to be effective. Future research should explore the extent to which these remedies can be safely proposed as alternatives for the symptomatic treatment of ear/nose/throat complaints in primary care.

Statins for primary prevention in multimorbid patients: to prescribe or not to prescribe? A qualitative analysis of general practitioners' decision-making processes.

INTRODUCTION: A better understanding of the determinants involved in general practitioners' (GPs) decision-making processes when it comes to prescribing statins as primary prevention in patients with multimorbidity could provide insights for improving implementation of primary prevention guidelines. METHODS: We conducted a qualitative study using a deductive framework-based and inductive analysis of GPs' semi-structured interviews verbatim, from which expertise profiles of prescribers were also drawn. The analytical framework was built from a pragmatic synthesis of the evidence-based medicine, Modelling using Typified Objects (MOT) model of clinical reasoning processes, Theoretical Domains Framework, and shared decision-making frameworks. RESULTS: Fifteen GPs were interviewed between June 2019 and January 2020. Diabetes seemed to represent a specific motivation for deciding about statin prescription for primary prevention purposes; and in situations of multimorbidity, GPs differentiated between cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular multimorbidity. Expert prescribers seemed to have integrated the utilisation of cardiovascular risk calculation scores throughout their practice, whereas non-expert prescribers considered them difficult to interpret and preferred using more of a "rule of thumb" process. One interviewee used the risk calculation score as a support for discussing statin prescription with the patient. CONCLUSION: Our results shed light on the reasons why statins remain under-prescribed for primary prevention and why non-diabetic multimorbid patients have even lower odds of being prescribed a statin. They call for a change in the use of risk assessment scores, by placing them as decision aids, to support and improve personalised shared decision-making discussions as an efficient approach to improve the implementation of recommendations about statins for primary prevention.

[Story of a multi-professional health center in Lyon, France. Individuals, a group, serving complex patients.] / Histoire d'une maison de santé à Lyon (France). Un exercice coordonné pluridisciplinaire au service de patients complexes.

The Mermoz multi-professional health center is a healthcare practice, including 24 professionals, on the outskirts of a major French metropolis. This article presents the challenges faced from the idea to the implementation of an interprofessional primary care offer. The difficulty of freeing up time for the construction of the common real estate and sanitary project has been overcome thanks to powerful motivations: the desire for more interprofessionality in practices that are sometimes fragmented, the need for support in the management of complex patients, the pleasure of being a group, and the improvement of healthcare. The horizontal mode of governance enabled a health care offer adapted to the specific health needs of a multicultural and precarious sector to be combined with a place for teaching and research.

La maison de santé pluriprofessionnelle Mermoz est un jeune cabinet comprenant 24 personnes, en périphérie d'une grande métropole française. Cet article présente les choix retenus et les défis relevés depuis l'idée de sa création à la mise en place d'une offre de soins de premier recours interprofessionnelle. Les difficultés pour détacher du temps dédié à la construction d'un projet commun, aussi bien immobilier que sanitaire ont pu être résolues grâce à la motivation pour l'interprofessionnalité, le soutien dans la prise en charge de patients complexes, le plaisir d'être un groupe, et l'amélioration des pratiques de soins. Le mode de gouvernance horizontal a permis de combiner une offre de soins adaptée aux besoins en santé spécifiques d'un quartier multiculturel et précaire avec un lieu d'enseignement et de recherche.

Use and perceived effectiveness of non-pharmacological home remedies for digestive symptoms: a questionnaire-based survey among primary care patients.

BACKGROUND: Patients frequently visit their primary care physician (PCP) for digestive symptoms. We aimed to compile a list of non-pharmacological home remedies (NPHRs) that patients frequently use and find effective so that PCPs can then propose them to their patients with various digestive symptoms. METHODS: In this questionnaire-based survey on the use and perceived effectiveness of NPHRs for digestive symptoms, 50 randomly selected Swiss or French PCPs consecutively recruited 20-25 patients between March 2020 and July 2021. These patients were given a list of 53 NPHRs previously developed by our research team. They were asked whether they used them (Y/N) and whether they considered them to be ineffective, not very effective, moderately effective, or very effective in treating abdominal pain (14 NPHRs), bloating (2), constipation (5), diarrhoea (10), digestion trouble (12), nausea/vomiting (2) and stomach pain (8). We considered NPHRs to be perceived as effective if patients reported that they were moderately or very effective. RESULTS: A total of 1,012 patients agreed to participate in the study (participation rate = 84.5%, median age = 52 years, women = 61%). The two most frequently used NPHRs were rice cooking water for diarrhoea (29% of patients) and prunes for constipation (22%). The perceived effectiveness of the NPHRs ranged from 82% (fennel infusions for abdominal pain) to 95% (bicarbonate for stomach pain). CONCLUSION: Our data could be useful to PCPs interested in proposing NPHRs to their patients suffering from digestive disorders, and more generally to all PCPs interested in learning more about patients' use of NPHRs in primary care.

Perceived Effectiveness and Overall Satisfaction of Using a Toilet Stool to Prevent or Treat Constipation: An Analysis of Online Comments.

INTRODUCTION: Constipation is a common complaint in the general population. Squatting (using a toilet stool) is associated with faster and more complete bowel emptying, and could therefore help prevent or treat constipation. We analyzed the reviews of online buyers of a toilet stool to assess perceived effectiveness, overall satisfaction and potential side effects. METHODS: In this exploratory mixed-method study, we collected all plain text reviews left between November 2013 and March 2020 by buyers of a toilet stool on Amazon. We adapted the Framework method to perform a seven-step process to analyze user reviews. We assigned numerical values from -5 (minimum) to +5 (maximum) to perceived effectiveness and overall satisfaction. RESULTS: We included comments left by 10,027 customers who purchased 19 different types of toilet stools (79.1% seven-inch stools, 16.1% folding stools, 4.8% other stools). Perceived effectiveness and overall satisfaction were high (median = 5 and interquartile range = 0 for both variables). Eighty-one individuals reported adverse events related to toilet stool use, mainly musculoskeletal pain (N = 26), numbness in the lower limbs (N = 16), falls (n = 11), constipation (N = 9), anorectal symptom (N = 8), and cramps (N = 6). CONCLUSION: Perceived effectiveness and overall satisfaction were rated high by those who purchased a toilet stool online. In addition, their use seems to be safe (<1% reported adverse effects). Our results suggest a good risk-benefit ratio. The device may offer an inexpensive option to treat or prevent constipation, and may reduce the frequency of medical visits and the risks associated with long-term use of laxatives.

[Use of non-pharmacological home remedies in ENT: research informs our practices and those of our patients]. / Emploi des remèdes de grand-mère en ORL : la recherche éclaire nos pratiques et celles de nos patients.

Upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) are a common presenting condition in family medicine. The vast majority of URTIs are treated symptomatically with pharmacological or non-pharmacological treatments. This article presents some of the results of our research projects to compile a list of non-pharmacological home remedies to relieve symptoms such as sore throat, coughs and colds. Honey, thyme or lemon are often used by patients and considered to be effective. These remedies have few side-effects, and we therefore propose to include them in the range of treatments that can be proposed in family medicine.

Les infections des voies respiratoires supérieures (IVRS) constituent un motif de consultation fréquent en médecine de famille. La grande majorité des IVRS fait l'objet d'un traitement symptomatique pharmacologique ou non pharmacologique. Cet article se base sur une partie des résultats de nos projets de recherche pour constituer une liste de remèdes de grand-mère à proposer aux patients pour soulager des symptômes tels que les maux de gorge, la toux et le rhume. Le miel, le thym ou le citron sont souvent utilisés par les patients et considérés comme étant efficaces. Ces remèdes présentent peu d'effets indésirables et nous proposons donc de les intégrer dans l'arsenal thérapeutique en médecine de famille.

Primary care patients' perspectives on the use of non-pharmacological home remedies in Geneva: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Home remedies are anchored in patients' everyday life, but their use in Western cultures remains scarcely explored. Our objectives were to investigate primary care patients' perspectives and use of non-pharmacological home remedies in Geneva (Switzerland). METHODS: In spring 2020, we conducted a cross-sectional survey among adult primary care patients in randomly selected general practices (N = 15). Patients were recruited in the waiting rooms and asked to complete a questionnaire about their sociodemographic characteristics, their home remedy use, and their expectations and reasons for using (or not using) home remedies. We employed descriptive statistics to summarise the data and logistic regression adjusted for clustering within practices to explore associations between home remedy use and participants' sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS: Three hundred fourteen of three hundred ninety patients agreed to participate in the study (participation rate 80.5%). Home remedies were used by 64.4% of patients. The main reasons given were for preventive purposes (55.3%), self-care (41.0%), as an alternative to conventional medicine (40.5%) and to avoid or delay a medical consultation (38.5%). One-third of patients considered that it was the GP's role to spontaneously inform them about home remedies (36.4%), another third considered that it was the GP's role to inform them, but only upon specific request (32.3%), and the last third of patients declared that it was not the GP's role to provide information about home remedies (30.3%). Patients living in an urban zone (adjusted OR 2.1; 95%CI 1.0-4.4; p 0.05) and those with a tertiary education background (adjusted OR 1.9; 95%CI 1.0-3.6; p 0.05) believed that it was their GP's role to inform them about home remedies. CONCLUSIONS: Home remedies are used by a majority of primary care patients in Geneva. For a comprehensive and safe healthcare management in the context of patient-oriented medicine, more evidence-based research on efficacy and safety of home remedies as well as their place in primary care consultation is required.

Multimorbidity and statin prescription for primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases: A cross-sectional study in general practice in France.

Background: Statins are a first line, evidence-based yet underprescribed treatment for cardiovascular primary prevention. In primary care settings, multimorbidity is a complex situation which makes it difficult to apply prevention guidelines. Aim: To assess the associations between multimorbidity and prescription of statins in accordance with the 2016 ESC recommendations ("appropriate prescription"), and to identify the factors and conditions associated with these prescriptions. Design and setting: Cross-sectional prospective study in the French region of Rhône-Alpes among 40 general practitioners and their patients. Methods: We examined the association between appropriate statin prescription and several patient characteristics, including multimorbidity, using multivariate logistic regression models. Results: Between August 2017 and February 2019, 327 patients were included in the study. Seventy-four (22.6%) were on statin medication and 199 (60.9%) exhibited multimorbidity, defined as ≥2 diseases. Only 22.5% of eligible patients were prescribed statins for primary prevention. Diabetes was most strongly associated with appropriate statin prescription (aOR 8.10, CI 95: 3.81-17.80). Multimorbidity was not associated with appropriate statin prescription (aOR 1.31, CI 95: 0.54-3.26), except in the presence of diabetes which defined diabetic multimorbidity (aOR 10.46, CI 95: 4.87-23.35). Conversely, non-diabetic multimorbidity was associated with lower odds of being appropriately prescribed a statin (aOR 0.26, CI 95: 0.12-0.56). Conclusion: Multimorbidity, in itself, does not seem to be a determinant factor for appropriate statin prescription. The latter appears to be determined by a patient's type of multimorbidity, especially the presence or not of diabetes. Differentiating between diabetic and non-diabetic multimorbidity may be a pragmatic way for GPs to improve primary prevention in a patient-centered and shared decision-making approach.

Health-related quality of life associated with nocturnal leg cramps in primary care: a mixed methods study.

BACKGROUND: Although nocturnal leg cramps are common, little research is available about their impact on quality of life. This mixed-methods study explored the impact of nocturnal leg cramps on health-related quality of life (HRQoL). METHODS: The study included primary care patients (>50 years) who reported suffering from nocturnal leg cramps (2016-2017). In the quantitative phase, patients completed a questionnaire about their HRQoL (SF-36) and the frequency of their cramps, and we computed the SF-36 scores. Then, we conducted a qualitative study using semi-structured interviews with patients with various levels of HRQol to explore their perception of the impact of cramps on their lives. RESULTS: A total of 114 patients (49%) agreed to participate in the quantitative study (mean age: 71, women: 62%) and 15 patients were included in the qualitative study (mean age: 69, women: 67%). The number of cramps in the previous week was low (mean: 1.6 (SD 1.5)). The SF-36 mean physical and mental summary scores were 43 and 50, respectively, and the domain scores were similar to a comparative general population. Whilst some patients reported little interference with their daily lives, others reported a major decrease in their HRQoL. SF-36 scores were not sufficient to describe the cramp-related impairment, as patients from all levels of SF-36 scores reported major impacts of NLC in the interviews. CONCLUSIONS: Some patients describe a specific impact of cramps on their lives, regardless of their HRQoL. These patients should be the target of future intervention trials.

Self-reported symptoms in French primary care SARS-CoV-2 patients: association with gender and age group.

INTRODUCTION: The early identification of COVID-19 patients is of outmost importance in the current pandemic. As with other pathogens, presenting symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 may vary, depending on sociodemographic factors. We aimed to describe the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients by age/gender and to assess whether the diagnostic performance of these symptoms varied according to these variables. METHODS: We analysed data from a cross-sectional study involving primary care patients undergoing RT-PCR testing in Lyon, France. Among patients who tested positive, we examined whether there was an association between age/gender and various symptoms. In addition, we calculated the diagnostic performance of the most specific symptoms (smell/taste disorder). RESULTS: Among 1543 consecutive patients, 253 tested positive (16%). There were significant age/gender-related differences in symptoms. In middle-aged women, the diagnostic performance of smell/taste disorders were AUC = 0.65 [95%CI 0.59-0.71] and PPV = 72% [95%CI 53-87%], that is higher than in the entire sample (smell/taste disorders: AUC = 0.59 [95%CI 0.57-0.62] and PPV = 57% [95%CI 47-67%]. In contrast, the negative predictive values of smell/taste disorders were similar in both groups (85% [95%CI 81-89%] for middle-age women and 86% [95%CI 85-88%] for the entire sample). CONCLUSION: We found significant age/gender-related differences in the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients. Screening strategies based on smell/taste disorders performed better in middle-aged women, but could not ensure a diagnosis of COVID-19 in any subgroup of patients. Future diagnostic strategies should use age/gender differentiated approaches.

Cross sectional study of the clinical characteristics of French primary care patients with COVID-19.

The early identification of patients suffering from SARS-CoV-2 infection in primary care is of outmost importance in the current pandemic. The objective of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics of primary care patients who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. We conducted a cross-sectional study between March 24 and May 7, 2020, involving consecutive patients undergoing RT-PCR testing in two community-based laboratories in Lyon (France) for a suspicion of COVID-19. We examined the association between symptoms and a positive test using univariable and multivariable logistic regression, adjusted for clustering within laboratories, and calculated the diagnostic performance of these symptoms. Of the 1561 patients tested, 1543 patients (99%) agreed to participate. Among them, 253 were positive for SARS-CoV-2 (16%). The three most frequently reported 'ear-nose-throat' and non-'ear-nose-throat' symptoms in patients who tested positive were dry throat (42%), loss of smell (36%) and loss of taste (31%), respectively fever (58%), cough (52%) and headache (45%). In multivariable analyses, loss of taste (OR 3.8 [95% CI 3.3-4.4], p-value < 0.001), loss of smell (OR 3.0 [95% CI 1.9-4.8], p < 0.001), muscle pain (OR 1.6 [95% CI 1.2-2.0], p = 0.001) and dry nose (OR 1.3 [95% CI 1.1-1.6], p = 0.01) were significantly associated with a positive result. In contrast, sore throat (OR 0.6 [95% CI 0.4-0.8], p = 0.003), stuffy nose (OR 0.6 [95% CI 0.6-0.7], p < 0.001), diarrhea (OR 0.6 [95% CI 0.5-0.6], p < 0.001) and dyspnea (OR 0.5 [95% CI 0.3-0.7], p < 0.001) were inversely associated with a positive test. The combination of loss of taste or smell had the highest diagnostic performance (OR 6.7 [95% CI 5.9-7.5], sensitivity 44.7% [95% CI 38.4-51.0], specificity 90.8% [95% CI 89.1-92.3]). No other combination of symptoms had a higher performance. Our data could contribute to the triage and early identification of new clusters of cases.