Evaluation of corrosion and scaling potentials of oilfield waters in an offshore producing facility, Niger Delta.

In this study, water samples from Miocene reservoirs, offshore Niger Delta, and seawater samples used for water injection were investigated in an attempt to examine the chemistry, evaluate the corrosion behaviour of steel, iron, and aluminium in different aqua media, and evaluate the scaling potentials of the oilfield produced waters (OFPW). Chemical analyses of the waters were determined; corrosion rate measurements were carried out by the weight loss method at room temperature while corrosion kinetics was carried out using conventional methods. Langelier saturation index (LSI), Ryznar stability index (RSI), Larson-Skold index (L-S), Puckorius scaling index (PSI), and aggressiveness index (AI) were evaluated for assessing the corrosiveness and scaling potential of the formation waters, using water quality data. The magnitude of corrosion of these metals was studied for an exposure period of 42 days. Chemical analysis revealed that the waters are slightly alkaline and generally classified as hard, saline water of the Na-Cl type based on its total dissolved solids (TDS). Produced water pH values range from 7.32 to 8.38. Results showed the likelihood of some of the water to form mild to severe scales based on the corrosivity indices, while the seawater samples are classified as 'non-aggressive' and 'aggressive'. Steel has the highest corrosion rate with a value of 3.84 × 10-3 mg cm-2 h-1 compared to aluminium with the lowest rate of 0.37 × 10-3 mg cm-2 h-1. In most cases, the rate of corrosion of the metals followed the first-order rate constant in some of the samples, and the second-order in others within the first seven days. It was observed that the rate of corrosion follows this order: steel > iron > aluminium. The potential heavy and intolerable corrosion associated with the use of these seawater samples as injection waters is a potential risk that must be handled by adequate treatment.

Comparative Analysis of Left Ventricular Geometry in Adult Nigerians with and without Chronic Kidney Disease: Results from Ibadan CRECKID STUDY.

BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is considered the strongest independent predictor of cardiovascular disease and events among CKD patients. We reported the echocardiographic left ventricular geometry in CKD patients compared to non-CKD hypertensive and apparently healthy controls in Ibadan. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 683 participants in the CRECKID STUDY comprising 220(32.2%) CKD patients, 281(41.1%) non-CKD hypertensive patients and 182(26.6%) healthy controls were included in this analysis. Basic demographic and clinical information with echocardiographic parameters were obtained. RESULTS: Study participants in the non-CKD hypertensive group were on average older than the CKD and the healthy controls (56.2±13.1 vs 47.2±14.6, and 46.8±13.3 years, respectively; p<0.01). Compared with other groups, greater proportions of participants with CKD were men (40.5% vs.38.1% and 21.3%; p<0.0001). The left atrial and left ventricular dimensions were significantly higher in CKD compared with others. LVH was significantly more prevalent among CKD patients (68.2%) compared to hypertensive (43.9%) and normotensive (19.5%) group (p<0.01). The participants with CKD had a greater proportion of abnormal LV geometry with concentric LVH predominating (p<0.0001). Having LVH was associated with lower mean estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (40.6±37.71 vs 67±37.38, p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: In our study, patients with CKD had the highest prevalence of abnormal LV geometry and functions. A unit decrease in eGFR was associated with increased left ventricular mass. Early detection and prompt management of abnormal LV geometry may help in reducing adverse cardiovascular outcome in patients with CKD.

CONTEXTE: L'insuffisance rénale chronique (MRC) est associée àrisque accru de morbidité et de mortalité cardiovasculaires. Gauche l'hypertrophie ventriculaire (LVH) est considérée comme la plus forte prédicteur indépendant des maladies cardiovasculaires et des événements chez Patients atteints d'IRC. Nous avons rapporté l'échocardiographie ventriculaire gauche géométrie chez les patients atteints d'IRC par rapport aux patients hypertendus non atteints d'IRC etcontrôles apparemment sains à Ibadan. MATÉRIAUX ET MÉTHODES: Un total de 683 participants à la ÉTUDE CRECKID portant sur 220 (32.2%) patients atteints d'IRC,281 (41.1 %) patients hypertendus non atteints d'IRC et 182 (26.6 %) en bonne santé ont été inclus dans cette analyse. Démographie et clinique de base des informations avec des paramètres échocardiographiques ont été obtenues. RÉSULTATS: Participants à l'étude dans le groupe hypertendu non atteint d'IRC étaient en moyenne plus âgés que l'IRC et les témoins sains(56.2±13.1 vs 47.2±14.6 et 46.8±13.3 ans, respectivement; p<0.01). Par rapport à d'autres groupes, plus grande proportion de participants avec l'IRC étaient des hommes (40.5 % contre 38.1 % et 21.3 %; p<0.0001). Les dimensions auriculaire gauche et ventriculaire gauche étaient significativement plus élevées chez CKD par rapport à d'autres. La LVH était significativement plus répanduechez les patients atteints d'IRC (68.2 %) par rapport aux patients hypertendus (43.9 %) et le groupe normotensif (19.5 %) (p<0.01). Les participants avec CKD avait une plus grande proportion de géométrie LV anormale avec LVH concentrique prédominante (p<0.0001). Avoir LVH était associé à un débit de filtration glomérulaire estimé moyen plus faible (DFGe)(40.6±37.71 contre 67±37.38, p<0,0001). CONCLUSION: Dans notre étude, les patients atteints d'IRC avaient le plus haut prévalence d'une géométrie et de fonctions LV anormales. Une diminution unitaire de Le DFG était associé à une augmentation de la masse ventriculaire gauche. Tôt la détection et la gestion rapide de la géométrie LV anormale peuvent aider à réduire les résultats cardiovasculaires indésirables chez les patients atteints de CKD. Mots-clés: Maladie rénale chronique, Hypertensives, ventriculaire gauche géométrie.

Nigerian resident doctors' work schedule: A national study.

Background and Aim: The deleterious effects of Resident Doctors' (RDs') long duty hours are well documented. Driven by concerns over the physician's well-being and patient safety, the RDs' duty hours in many developed countries have been capped. However, in Nigeria and many African countries, there are no official regulations on work hours of RDs. This study evaluated the work schedule of Nigerian RDs and its impact on their wellbeing and patient safety. Subjects and Methods: A national survey of 1105 Nigerian RDs from all specialties in 59 training institutions was conducted. With an electronic questionnaire designed using Google Forms, data on the work activities of RDs were obtained and analyzed using the IBM SPSS software version 24. The associations were compared using Chi-squared test with the level of significance set at < 0.05. Results: The mean weekly duty hours (h) of the RDs was 106.5 ± 50.4. Surgical residents worked significantly longer hours than non-surgical residents (122.7 ± 34.2 h vs 100.0 ± 43.9 h; P < 0.001). The modal on-call frequency was two weekday on-calls per week (474, 42.9%) and two weekend on-calls per month (495, 44.8%), with the majority of RDs working continuously for up to 24 hours during weekday on-calls (854, 77.3%) and 48-72 hours during weekend on-calls (568, 51.4%), sleeping for an average of only four hours during these on-calls. The majority of RDs had post-call clinical responsibilities (975, 88.2%) and desired official regulation of duty hours (1,031, 93.3%). Conclusion: The duty hours of Nigerian RDs are currently long and unregulated. There is an urgent need to regulate them for patient and physician safety.

Prevalence and Management Outcomes of Burns in a Teaching Hospital in Ekiti State, Nigeria: A Five-Year Review.

Burn injuries are significant sources of morbidity and mortality globally. Despite the advances in the management of burn injuries, a great number of victims still develop complications. This study aimed at determining the prevalence and management outcomes of burn injuries in a Teaching Hospital in Ekiti State, Nigeria. The study was retrospective in nature. A total of 203 hospital records of burn patients seen between January 2015 and December 2019 were collected and analyzed, using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings from the study revealed that half (51.7%) of the respondents were within ages 0-10 years and more than half (63.1%) were males. The study findings also revealed a relative decline in the prevalence of burn injury as the average prevalence in the years under review. Some of the reported complications were wound infection (4.9%), delayed healing (4.4%), residual wound (4.4%) and death (9.4%). In addition, the study revealed that there was no relationship between gender, age, socioeconomic factors and prevalence and management outcomes of burn in the study setting. The study recommends that efforts should be made by health workers to equip themselves with knowledge of the complex needs of burn victims and also to keep abreast with the advances in critical care.

Les brûlures sont une cause significative de morbidité et de mortalité. Malgré les progrès dans leur prise en charge, de nombreux patients souffrent de complications. Cette étude a pour but de déterminer la prévalence et l'évolution des patients hospitalisés dans un CHU de l'état d'Etiki. Il s'agit d'une étude rétrospective ayant revu les dossiers de 203 patients hospitalisés entre janvier 2015 et décembre 2019 pour réaliser une étude descriptive et inférentielle. Plus de la moitié (51,7%) des patients avaient moins de 10 ans et quasiment les 2/3 étaient de sexe masculin. La prévalence semble diminuer mais est encore en cours d'évaluation. La mortalité était de 9,4% et les principales complications étaient l'infection de brûlure (4,9%), le retard ou l'absence de cicatrisation (4,4% pour les 2). Il n'y avait pas de relation entre l'âge, le sexe, les conditions socio-économiques et la prévalence ni la prise en charge. Nous recommandons que les soignants développent et mettent à jour leur connaissances sur le prise en charge des brûlés et leur réanimation.

Risk Assessment of Organochlorine Pesticide Residue in Phaseolus vulgaris Purchased in Igbara-oke, Ondo State, Nigeria.

<b>Background and Objective:</b> Preservation of agricultural products remains a hallmark of all farmers as a result, both pesticides and herbicides are being applied during planting and after harvesting with the sole aim of maximizing profits. Research had shown the various degree of toxicity of organochlorine pesticides residues, the objective of the research was to identify the organochlorine pesticide residues, analyze their risk assessment vis-a-vis, Hazard Index (HI), Estimate Dietary Intake (EDI), Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) and compare the results with Acceptable Dietary Intake (ADI), Reference dose standard (Rfd) and Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) and characterized the identified organochlorine pesticides residue for their toxicological properties. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> <i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i> were purchased in a local market in Igbara -Oke, Ondo state Nigeria, the sample was powdered using a grinder (Sumeet CM/L 2128945) and solid phase extraction techniques were employed, the extract was subjected to fractionation into two fractions of aliphatic hydrocarbons and the pesticides. The pesticide extract was subjected to characterization using gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometer. <b>Results:</b> Total 4 organochlorine pesticide residues were identified and the contaminant rates (mg kg¹) were less than 1. Furthermore, EDI values were lower than the ADI, MRL, also, the THQ values were less than 1, an indication that the <i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i> was safe for consumption. <b>Conclusion:</b> The research had shown no toxicity of the <i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i> purchased from the local market and it shows compliance by the local farmers on the application of pesticides to the food crop by obeying the recommended dose.

High seroprevalence of viral hepatitis among animal handlers in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria.

Viral hepatitis is a deadly disease which can manifest as acute, chronic, hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver failure. Information about hepatitis is scarce among animal handlers. Due to Federal Government of Nigeria diversification programmes, many people are now involved in animal farming which can make them susceptible to viral hepatitis. This study aimed at determining the prevalence of Hepatitis B, C, and E viruses among animal handlers in Abeokuta, southwestern Nigerian. A total of 156 subjects were recruited for the study. Sociodemographic and risks factors data were fetched from subjects using interviewer-administered questionnaire. Blood samples were collected via venepuncture and tested for HCV, HBV, and HEV using ELISA technique. Results were analyzed using SPSS software version 21.0 and P value ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. The prevalence of HCV, HBV, and HEV were 46 (29.5%), 20 (12.8%), and 4 (2.6%) respectively while 6 (3.8%), 1 (0.6%), and 1 (0.6%) had co-infection of HBV-HCV, HBV-HEV, and HCV- HEV respectively. This study concludes that there is high prevalence of hepatitis C and B viruses among animal handlers in Abeokuta, Ogun state which is of significant public health problem, warranting further attention and research.

Toxicological Characterization of Pesticide Residue in Phaseolus vulgaris.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The health implications associated with consumption of food crops preserved with pesticides such as diarrhea, food poisons have been a major challenge to health practitioners and the concerned authorities, the objective of the research was to analyze the pesticide residues and compare the contamination rate with Acceptable Dietary Intake (ADI) and Maximum Residue Limit (MRL). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Phaseolus vulgaris were purchased in two different locations, the samples were powdered using a grinder (Sumeet CM/L 2128945). Fifty grams of powdered flour were soaked in 200 mL of Methanol and the crude extracts were concentrated using a rotary evaporator. The extracts were Characterized using GC-MS and percentage compositions of identified pesticide residues were converted into mg/g as contamination rate and the toxic analysis was done by using the Osiris Online server. RESULTS: In chromatogram A, identified pesticides residue include Dieldrin (96.1 mg g-1), Indolizine (67.9 mg g-1), permethrin (99.4 mg g-1) and compounds identified in chromatogram B include dichlorvos (8.2 mg g-1), Diazinon (52.3 mg g-1), fenitrothion (17.8 mg g-1) and permethrin (122.0 mg g-1). These pesticide residues exhibited various toxicological effects, such as; mutagenic, tumorigenic effects. Moreover, the contamination rates of the identified residues were higher than both MRL and ADI. CONCLUSION: The research work had shown that the two samples had contamination rates higher than both the ADI and MRL, this could pose health hazards to the populace if consumed and it is recommended that the applications of pesticides in foods should be regulated and MRL and ADI should be adhered to.

PERIOPERATIVE MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY AFTER EMERGENCY AND ELECTIVE COLON AND PROXIMAL RECTAL SURGERY IN IBADAN.

OBJECTIVE: While the epidemiology of benign colonic pathologies has not significantly changed in our region, colorectal cancer has steadily increased with a majority of patients presenting with late stage disease particularly large bowel obstruction. This study reviews the outcome of emergency and elective colon and proximal rectal cases with regards to perioperative morbidity and mortality. SETTING: All patients who had surgery for symptoms of lower gastrointestinal tract disease (caecum and proximal rectum) between January 2008 and January 2018 at University College Hospital, Ibadan were included. Data regarding elective or emergency presentation, peri-operative findings, operative details and postoperative course were recorded prospectively. RESULTS: Out of the 1618 patients with symptoms, 817 were operated on as emergencies (38.1%) and electives (61.9%). The median age of patients who had emergency and elective surgery were 56 (33-81) and 59 (27-87) respectively (p-0.05). Right hemicolectomy (152; 18.6%) was the commonest procedure, followed by anterior resection (115; 14.1%) and colostomy (114; 13.9%). Overall morbidity was 13.7% (elective 4.2%; emergency 9.5%), while mortality was 6.8% (elective 2.1%; emergency 4.7%). The commonest morbidities were superficial surgical site infection (SSSI) and wound dehiscence. Bowel perforation or gangrene was the most significant predictor of mortality. CONCLUSION: Large bowel obstruction complicated with perforation and gangrene is a major risk factor for morbidity and mortality in colorectal surgery.

Self-reported Sleep Disorder and Ambulatory Blood Pressure Phenotypes in Patients with or without Chronic Kidney Disease: Findings from Ibadan CRECKID Study.

BACKGROUND: Sleep disordered breathing has been closely linked to pathogenesis, poor control of hypertension, and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Though hypertension and CKD are highly prevalent in Nigeria, the effects of sleep disorders on CKD and hypertension phenotypes have not been widely studied. This study investigated the relationship between self-reported sleep disorders, and ambulatory blood pressure phenotypes in patients with hypertension and those with or without CKD. METHODS: Participants aged 18 years and above who consented were recruited into the study. Anthropometric measurements including height, weight, and waist and hip circumferences were obtained, Office/clinic hypertension was defined as SBP =140mmHg and/or DBP =90mmHg or being on pharmacological treatment for hypertension. 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring were done. Obstructive sleep apnea was assessed using Stop Bang questionnaire. Estimated GFR was calculated using CKD-EPI Creatinine 2Equation and CKD was defined as eGFR<60ml/min/1.73m . RESULTS: A total of three hundred and forty-nine (349) patients were enrolled for the study: 175 males and 174 females. Moderate to severe risk for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) was observed in 51.4% of patients with CKD, 58.5% of hypertensive and 17.3% of apparently healthy participants. Male participants were more likely than female patients to have moderate and high OSA risk (41.7% vs 32.8%) and (10.3% vs 4.6%) respectively. Compared with other groups, CKD patients had the highest office and ambulatory blood pressure parameters; p<0.0001. CONCLUSION: This study has demonstrated that obstructive sleep apnoea is prevalent among patients with chronic kidney disease and hypertension. Furthermore, the phenotypes of hypertension are accentuated in CKD and therefore, OSA may well be an important risk factor for CKD.

New ecosystems in the deep subsurface follow the flow of water driven by geological activity.

Eukarya have been discovered in the deep subsurface at several locations in South Africa, but how organisms reach the subsurface remains unknown. We studied river-subsurface fissure water systems and identified Eukarya from a river that are genetically identical for 18S rDNA. To further confirm that these are identical species one metazoan species recovered from the overlying river interbred successfully with specimen recovered from an underlying mine at -1.4 km. In situ seismic simulation experiments were carried out and show seismic activity to be a major force increasing the hydraulic conductivity in faults allowing organisms to create ecosystems in the deep subsurface. As seismic activity is a non-selective force we recovered specimen of algae and Insecta that defy any obvious other explanation at a depth of -3.4 km. Our results show there is a steady flow of surface organisms to the deep subsurface where some survive and adapt and others perish. As seismic activity is also present on other planets and moons in our solar system the mechanism elucidated here may be relevant for future search and selection of landing sites in planetary exploration.

Barriers to utilisation of cervical cancer screening in Sub Sahara Africa: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer is the commonest cause of cancer-related death in Sub Sahara Africa (SSA). Both primary and secondary preventive services are available but utilisation remain low. This systematic review aims to summarise reported barriers preventing women from utilising cervical cancer screening services in SSA. METHOD: Electronic searches on MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, BIOSIS preview, Global Health, PubMed, Cochrane library, CINAHL, ISI Web of Knowledge and Google scholar and quality assessment of the included studies were performed. A meta-analysis was applied to identify major themes. RESULTS: Eight studies exploring reasons women did not utilise cervical cancer screening were included. Women in SSA reported similar barriers despite cultural and language diversity in the region. Women reported fear of screening procedure and negative outcome, low level of awareness of services, embarrassment and possible violation of privacy, lack of spousal support, societal stigmatisation, cost of accessing services and health service factors like proximity to facility, facility navigation, waiting time and health care personnel attitude. CONCLUSION: Strategies for improving uptake and utilisation of cervical screening in SSA should focus on improving cervical health education, addressing cultural beliefs and practices and improving spousal support and empowering women, as well as addressing physical access problem, costs and improving staff attitude.

A Cost-Benefit Analysis of Government Compensation of Kidney Donors.

From 5000 to 10 000 kidney patients die prematurely in the United States each year, and about 100 000 more suffer the debilitating effects of dialysis, because of a shortage of transplant kidneys. To reduce this shortage, many advocate having the government compensate kidney donors. This paper presents a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis of such a change. It considers not only the substantial savings to society because kidney recipients would no longer need expensive dialysis treatments--$1.45 million per kidney recipient--but also estimates the monetary value of the longer and healthier lives that kidney recipients enjoy--about $1.3 million per recipient. These numbers dwarf the proposed $45 000-per-kidney compensation that might be needed to end the kidney shortage and eliminate the kidney transplant waiting list. From the viewpoint of society, the net benefit from saving thousands of lives each year and reducing the suffering of 100 000 more receiving dialysis would be about $46 billion per year, with the benefits exceeding the costs by a factor of 3. In addition, it would save taxpayers about $12 billion each year.

Eukaryotic opportunists dominate the deep-subsurface biosphere in South Africa.

Following the discovery of the first Eukarya in the deep subsurface, intense interest has developed to understand the diversity of eukaryotes living in these extreme environments. We identified that Platyhelminthes, Rotifera, Annelida and Arthropoda are thriving at 1.4 km depths in palaeometeoric fissure water up to 12,300 yr old in South African mines. Protozoa and Fungi have also been identified; however, they are present in low numbers. Characterization of the different species reveals that many are opportunistic organisms with an origin due to recharge from surface waters rather than soil leaching. This is the first known study to demonstrate the in situ distribution of biofilms on fissure rock faces using video documentation. Calculations suggest that food, not dissolved oxygen is the limiting factor for eukaryal population growth. The discovery of a group of Eukarya underground has important implications for the search for life on other planets in our solar system.

Ameloblastomatous Change in Radicular Cyst of The Jaw in a Nigerian Population.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence, age, gender, jaw-sites and subtypes of radicular cyst, and to determine the incidence of ameloblastomatous change in radicular cyst in a Nigerian population. METHOD: A 10-year retrospective analysis of all diagnosed orofacial lesions in the Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria. RESULTS: From the 785 diagnosed orofacial lesions within the study period; there were 54 (6.9%) cases of radicular cysts of the jaws. The peak age group was the 3(rd) decade (n=23, 42.6%) with a mean age of 31 ± 1.7 years. There were 29 (53.7%) males and 25 (46.3%) females, giving a ratio of 1.2:1. The mandible was the commonest jaw-site (n=32, 59.3%). There were 12 (22.2%) cases of periapical cyst which were significantly associated with anterior maxillary site (n=8, 14.8%) [p=0.001]. Seven (13.0%) cases of cystic ameloblastoma were diagnosed among the radicular cysts, with a predilection of the lesions for 3(rd) and 4(th) decades of life (n=6, 11.1%), and posterior mandible (n=5, 9.3%). CONCLUSION: This study showed a low incidence of radicular cyst of the jaw among orofacial lesions and a relatively higher incidence of ameloblastomatous change in radicular cyst compared to previous reports. Immuno-histochemical examination is recommended to differentiate radicular cyst with ameloblastomatous-like change from cystic ameloblastoma arising from radicular cyst.

Some Adverse Effects of Used Engine Oil (Common Waste Pollutant) On Reproduction of Male Sprague Dawley Rats.

AIM: Used oil is contaminated not only with heavy metals but also with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that are insignificant in the unused oil. In our study we determined possible reproductive effects of used engine oil on male rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty eight male Wistar rats were used for the study. The rats had average weight of 181.5 ± 10 g, animal feeds and portable water was provided ad-libitum. The rats were assigned to 4 groups (n = 7) including control. The treated groups orally received 0.1 ml/rat, 0.2 ml/rat and 0.4 ml/rat of the used engine oil every other day for 28 days using oral canulla. The spermatozoa were collected from epididymis for sperm analysis and testes were removed and preserved in Bouin's fluid for routine histological analysis. RESULTS: Our results showed that there was progressive weight increase among the control group of rats that received distilled water. Meanwhile, rats that received 0.4 ml/rat of the used engine oil showed significant (P < 0.05) weight loss in second and third week of administration while rats that received 0.2 ml/rat and 0.1 ml/rat of the used engine oil showed non-significant (P > 0.05) weight reduction. The spermatozoa number was decreased with significance (P < 0.05) at 0.2 ml/rat (2.38 ± 0.29) and 0.4 ml/rat (1.98 ± 0.08) when compared with the control (5.00 ± 0.89). However, the percentage of motile sperms was reduced significantly (P <0.05) at 0.2 ml/rat (52.86 ± 3.59) and 0.4 ml/rat (45.71 ± 2.94) except at 0.1 ml/rat where the reduction (64.00 ± 7.5) was not significant (P> 0.05). The percentage of head deformity been 41.43 ± 2.61 and 42.00 ± 3.74 at 0.2 ml/rat and 0.4 ml/rat respectively, also significant increase of middle piece deformity was observed only at 0.1 ml/rat (45.71 ± 2.02) while tail deformity significantly decreased (15.71 ± 2.02, 20.00 ± 4.36 and 20.00 ± 4.47) when compared with the control (30.00 ± 1.29). The testicular seminiferous tubules were slightly degenerated with absence of Lumen. The germinal cell layer consisting of necrosis of spermatogonia and interstitial (Leydig) cells with affected Sertoli cells at different maturation stages. CONCLUSION: Hence, it can be said that there is a negative relation between used engine oil and male reproductive parameters. And it can be concluded that used engine oil should be prevented from leaking, spilling or improperly discarded as through medium it may enter storm water runoff and eventually affect the environmental health receiving water bodies.

Soil Fertility, Phosphorus Fractions, and Maize Yield as Affected by Poultry Manure and Single Superphosphate.

A field experiment was conducted in 2007 and 2008 on a slightly acidic alfisol. Poultry manure (PM) was applied at 0, 5 t ha(-1), 10 t ha(-1), 15 t ha(-1), and 20 t ha(-1) in combination with SSP at 0, 15 kg P ha(-1), 30 kg P ha(-1), 45 kg P ha(-1), and 60 kg P ha(-1), which was replicated three times. The pH and organic C were significantly increased by the application of PM alone while available P was highly increased by the sole application of SSP. Plant tissue P was significantly increased with the application of 30 kg P ha(-1) while the largest grain yield was obtained when PM at 20 t ha(-1) was combined with SSP at 60 kg P ha(-1). The buildup of organic P was observed when PM was applied at 15 t ha(-1) while the combination of the two treatments increased residual P and Fe-P. However, P occlusion was effectively reduced with the sole application of PM. Organic P and residual P however had a strong positive relationship with the grain yield. Comparing the sole and combined application of the treatments, the combined application was more effective for most of the parameters observed.

Proceedings from an international consensus meeting on posttransplantation diabetes mellitus: recommendations and future directions.

A consensus meeting was held in Vienna on September 8-9, 2013, to discuss diagnostic and therapeutic challenges surrounding development of diabetes mellitus after transplantation. The International Expert Panel comprised 24 transplant nephrologists, surgeons, diabetologists and clinical scientists, which met with the aim to review previous guidelines in light of emerging clinical data and research. Recommendations from the consensus discussions are provided in this article. Although the meeting was kidney-centric, reflecting the expertise present, these recommendations are likely to be relevant to other solid organ transplant recipients. Our recommendations include: terminology revision from new-onset diabetes after transplantation to posttransplantation diabetes mellitus (PTDM), exclusion of transient posttransplant hyperglycemia from PTDM diagnosis, expansion of screening strategies (incorporating postprandial glucose and HbA1c) and opinion-based guidance regarding pharmacological therapy in light of recent clinical evidence. Future research in the field was discussed with the aim of establishing collaborative working groups to address unresolved questions. These recommendations are opinion-based and intended to serve as a template for planned guidelines update, based on systematic and graded literature review, on the diagnosis and management of PTDM.