The Metabolomic Profiling of the Flavonoid Compounds in Red Wine Grapes and the Impact of Training Systems in the Southern Subtropical Region of China.

Flavonoids play an important role in forming wine grapes and wine quality characteristics. The flavonoids of three winter red wine grapes, Yeniang No. 2 (YN2), Marselan (Mar), and Guipu No. 6 (GP6), were analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-QQQ-MS). Furthermore, the flavonoids in GP6 grapevines using two types of training systems, namely, trellis (T) and espaliers (E), were also compared in this study. Overall, 196 flavonoid metabolites, including 96 flavones, 38 flavonols, 19 flavanones, 18 polyphenols, 15 anthocyanins, 7 isoflavones, and 3 proanthocyanidins, were identified. The flavonoid profiles were remarkably different among these three grape varieties, while they did not change much in the GP6 managed on trellis and espaliers. Grape varieties with different genetic backgrounds have their own unique flavonoid profiles. Compared with Mar-T, isoflavones and flavonols presented higher contents in GP6-T and YN2-T, which mainly contain glycitein, genistin, calycosin, kaempferide, isotrifoliin, and ayanin. The anthocyanin content was significantly higher in YN2-T than in the other two varieties. YN2 and GP6-T present a more stable color, with significantly more acetylated diglucosides and methylated anthocyanins in YN2-T and GP6-T than in Mar-T. Notably, GP6 had more varied flavonoids and the better characteristics to its flavonoid profile out of these three varieties, due to it containing a higher number of anthocyanins, flavone, and flavonols and the greatest number of different flavonoid metabolites (DFMs), with higher contents than YN2 and Mar. Compared with the trellis training system, the espaliers training system increased the content of flavonoids detected in GP6 grape berries; however, the composition of flavonoids strictly depends on the grape variety.

Comparative physiological, metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses reveal the mechanisms of differences in pear fruit quality between distinct training systems.

BACKGROUND: Canopy architecture is critical in determining the fruit-zone microclimate and, ultimately, in determining an orchard's success in terms of the quality and quantity of the fruit produced. However, few studies have addressed how the canopy environment leads to metabolomic and transcriptomic alterations in fruits. Designing strategies for improving the quality of pear nutritional components relies on uncovering the related regulatory mechanisms. RESULTS: We performed an in-depth investigation of the impact of canopy architecture from physiological, metabolomic and transcriptomic perspectives by comparing pear fruits grown in a traditional freestanding system (SP) or a flat-type trellis system (DP). Physiological studies revealed relatively greater fruit sizes, soluble solid contents and titratable acidities in pear fruits from DP systems with open canopies. Nontargeted metabolite profiling was used to characterize fruits at the initial ripening stage. Significant differences in fruit metabolites, including carbohydrates, nucleic acids, alkaloids, glycerophospholipids, sterol lipids, and prenol lipids, were observed between the two groups. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that a series of organic substance catabolic processes (e.g., the glycerol-3-phosphate catabolic process, pectin catabolic process and glucan catabolic process) were overrepresented in fruits of the DP system. Moreover, integrative analysis of the metabolome and transcriptome at the pathway level showed that DP pear fruits may respond to the canopy microenvironment by upregulating phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway genes such as PpPOD. Transient assays revealed that the contents of malic acid and citric acid were lower in the pear flesh of PpPOD RNAi plants, which was associated with regulating the expression of organic acid metabolism-related genes. CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide fundamental evidence that at the physiological and molecular levels, open-canopy architecture contributes to improving pear fruit quality and is correlated with increased levels of carbohydrates and lipid-like molecules. This study may lead to the development of rational culture practices for enhancing the nutritional traits of pear fruits.

Evolution of Volatile Aroma Compounds and Amino Acids in Cabernet Gernischt Grape Berries (Vitis vinifera L.): Comparison of Different Training Systems for Mechanical Soil Burial.

Soil burial is a survival strategy for grapevines that can safely overwinter in north-western regions of China. A suitable training system was beneficial for soil burial to provide winter protection. Moreover, the training system can also significantly affect fruit quality during the development of grape berries, such as primary and secondary metabolites. In this study, four-year-old Cabernet Gernischt grapevines were used as experimental material and exposed to four training systems, including the Ningxia traditional vertical trunk (control, CK); the gobelet (T1); single guyot (T2); slant trunk with vertical shoot positioning (STVSP) (T3). The results showed that total soluble solid total phenol content was 12.69%, 57% higher under T3 training systems than in the control, and T3 alleviated the canopy density, leading to improving the leaf photosynthetic efficiency gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) assay used to detect the aroma compounds. The results indicated that the T3 training system enhanced the accumulation of alcohols, carbonyl compounds, C6/C9 and esters, which account for the largest proportion of volatile compounds, and the qRT-PCR reveals that VvEcar, Vvter, VvCCD1, and VvLis were raised under T3 at the transcriptional level. Moreover, T3 contributes to most free amino acid synthesis. Additionally, the PCA reveals the correlation of free amino acids under four training systems, which reflected the mostly amino acid related to T3, and thus, we could speculate that T3 enhances the overall aroma. These results may lead to new strategies to select a new, short trunk training system to achieve mechanized buried soil, to prevent cold and produce high-quality wine in this area.

Exploring structural relations among computer self-efficacy, perceived immersion, and intention to use virtual reality training systems.

The use of virtual reality (VR) training systems for education has grown in popularity in recent years. Scholars have reported that self-efficacy and interactivity are important predictors of learning outcomes in virtual learning environments, but little empirical research has been conducted to explain how computer self-efficacy (as a subcategory of self-efficacy) and perceived immersion (as a correlate of interactivity) are connected to the intention to use VR training systems. The present study aims to determine which factors significantly influence behavioral intention when students are exposed to VR training systems via an updated technology acceptance frame by incorporating the constructs of computer self-efficacy and perceived immersion simultaneously. We developed a VR training system regarding circuit connection and a reliable and validated instrument including 9 subscales. The sample data were collected from 124 junior middle school students and 210 senior high school students in two schools located in western China. The samples were further processed into a structural equation model with path analysis and cohort analysis. The results showed that the intention to use VR training systems was indirectly influenced by computer self-efficacy but directly influenced by perceived immersion (ß = 0.451). However, perceived immersion seemed to be influenced mostly by learner interaction (ß = 0.332). Among external variables, learner interaction (ß = 0.149) had the largest total effect on use intention, followed by facilitating conditions (ß = 0.138), computer self-efficacy (ß = 0.104), experimental fidelity (ß = 0.083), and subjective norms (ß = 0.077). The moderating roles of gender differences, grade level, and previous experience in structural relations were also identified. The findings of the present study highlight the ways in which factors and associations are considered in the practical development of VR training systems.

Pre-exhaustion Training, a Narrative Review of the Acute Responses and Chronic Adaptations.

Pre-exhaustion (PE) is a popular resistance training strategy that involves performing a single-joint exercise followed by a multi-joint exercise with minimal recovery between the transition. This approach is widely used by bodybuilding athletes and resistance training (RT) enthusiasts with the aim of enhancing muscle strength and hypertrophy. The present paper aimed to provide a narrative review as to the effects of the PE method on different acute and chronic outcomes, and discuss relevant practical applications. When considering the body of literature as a whole, we conclude that current evidence does not support a benefit to the PE method compared to traditional RT models regarding chronic improvements in strength, hypertrophy and body composition. However, the heterogeneous study designs confound the ability to draw strong conclusions on the topic. Further investigations are warranted with strict control of study variables to better elucidate what, if any, benefits may be obtained by the PE method.

Training grapevines generates a metabolomic signature of wine.

Training systems are an option to handle the pronounced apical dominance of grapevines and to influence diverse traits of the corresponding wine. However, it is still unclear if different training systems generate signatures in the metabolome of the wine. By an untargeted metabolomics approach using (SPME) GC-MS wine (volatiles) and leaves were evaluated. Different training directions such as vertical shoot positioning systems, hanging shoot systems, and minimal pruning systems were distinguishable in wine. It was shown, that different training systems generate a metabolomic signature in the wine which was more pronounced than in leaves. Moreover, the sensory analysis showed some changes in the aroma of the different training systems. Thus, the influence of the training system ranges from the leaf metabolome to the wine metabolome.

Strategies in vineyard establishment to face global warming in viticulture: a mini review.

Different technological solutions are developing in the wine industry to mitigate the negative effects of the current global warming to mainly achieve wines with a lower alcohol content. These proposed solutions mostly act at the oenological level and are focused on intervening in the raw material to be transformed; that is, on reducing the concentration of sugar in the must using filtration techniques or also on wine dealcoholizing by physical processes. These techniques are intended to offer solutions and respond to new consumer expectations, but they may be considered too artificial to be widely accepted. In this way, viticultural strategies may offer a natural solution to obtain grapes with low sugar content, maximizing their quality by delaying ripening. This mini review surveys the viticultural strategies that can be applied in the establishment of a vineyard - that is, when it comes to planting of a new vineyard - such as vineyard altitude, latitude, orientation, and slope, as well as rootstock, variety, clone, training system, and row orientation and slope, with the aim to mitigate the negative effects of climate change on grape and wine quality and to delay grape maturation. Finally, we propose a ponderation of the strategies discussed to contextualize its importance to face global warming in viticulture. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Application of AR and VR in hand rehabilitation: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: The human hand is the part of the body most frequently injured in work related accidents, accounting for a third of all accidents at work and often involving surgery and long periods of rehabilitation. Several applications of Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) have been used to improve the rehabilitation process. However, there is no sound evidence about the effectiveness of such applications nor the main drivers of therapeutic success. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to review the efficacy of AR and VR interventions for hand rehabilitation. METHODS: A systematic search of publications was conducted in October 2019 in IEEE Xplore, Web of Science, Cochrane library, and PubMed databases. Search terms were: (1) video game or videogame, (2) hand, (3) rehabilitation or therapy and (4) VR or AR. Articles were included if (1) were written in English, (2) were about VR or AR applications, (3) were for hand rehabilitation, (4) the intervention had tests on at least ten patients with injuries or diseases which affected hand function and (5) the intervention had baseline or intergroup comparisons (AR or VR intervention group versus conventional physical therapy group). PRISMA protocol guidelines were followed to filter and assess the articles. RESULTS: From the eight selected works, six showed improvements in the intervention group, and two no statistical differences between groups. We were able to identify motivators of patients' adherence, namely real-time feedback to the patients, challenge, and increased individualized difficulty. Automated tracking, easy integration in the home setting and the recording of accurate metrics may increase the scalability and facilitate healthcare professionals' assessments. CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review provided advantages and drivers for the success of AR/VR application for hand rehabilitation. The available evidence suggests that patients can benefit from the use of AR or VR interventions for hand rehabilitation.

Depression and perceived stress among the medical residents under the "unified double-track" training systems. / "双轨合一"培训模式下住院医师的抑郁症状和知觉压力.

OBJECTIVES: It is an important reform for medical education in China to combine professional postgraduate training with standardized resident training. This study aims to evaluate the depression and perceived stress in postgraduate students of clinical medicine and residents from society and to determine the relation between depression and perceived stress in medical residents. METHODS: Chinese Perceived Stress Scale (CPSS) and Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) were applied to 330 residents (including 235 postgraduate students of clinical medicine and 95 residents from society) from a Class-A Grade-3 genernal hospital in Hunan Province to evaluate and compare the depression and perceived stress in postgraduate students of clinical medicine and residents from society. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to assess the association between depression and perceived stress. Stress resources between 2 groups of residents were observed and compared. RESULTS: Of the 235 postgraduate students of clinical medicine, 148 (63.0%) showed depression and 162 (68.9%) showed elevated perceived stress. Main stress resources were academic pressure, scientific research pressure, and employment pressure. Of the 95 residents from society, 52 (54.7%) showed depression and 58 (61.1%) showed elevated perceived stress. Main stress resources were economic stress, employment pressure, and academic pressure. The scores of CPSS and SDS were significantly higher in postgraduate students of clinical medicine than those in residents from society (t=2.110, P=0.036; t=2.810, P=0.005, respectively), while gender showed no difference in the scores of CPSS and SDS (t=-0.968, P=0.334; t=0.462, P=0.644, respectively). There was a significant positive correlation between depression and perceived stress (r=0.854, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Residents (including postgraduate students of clinical medicine and residents from society) possess depression and elevated perceived stress with positive correlation. The postgraduate students of clinical medicine show higher level of depression and perceived stress than the residents from society under the "unified double-track" training system.

Depression and perceived stress among the medical residents under the / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVES@#It is an important reform for medical education in China to combine professional postgraduate training with standardized resident training. This study aims to evaluate the depression and perceived stress in postgraduate students of clinical medicine and residents from society and to determine the relation between depression and perceived stress in medical residents.@*METHODS@#Chinese Perceived Stress Scale (CPSS) and Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) were applied to 330 residents (including 235 postgraduate students of clinical medicine and 95 residents from society) from a Class-A Grade-3 genernal hospital in Hunan Province to evaluate and compare the depression and perceived stress in postgraduate students of clinical medicine and residents from society. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to assess the association between depression and perceived stress. Stress resources between 2 groups of residents were observed and compared.@*RESULTS@#Of the 235 postgraduate students of clinical medicine, 148 (63.0%) showed depression and 162 (68.9%) showed elevated perceived stress. Main stress resources were academic pressure, scientific research pressure, and employment pressure. Of the 95 residents from society, 52 (54.7%) showed depression and 58 (61.1%) showed elevated perceived stress. Main stress resources were economic stress, employment pressure, and academic pressure. The scores of CPSS and SDS were significantly higher in postgraduate students of clinical medicine than those in residents from society (@*CONCLUSIONS@#Residents (including postgraduate students of clinical medicine and residents from society) possess depression and elevated perceived stress with positive correlation. The postgraduate students of clinical medicine show higher level of depression and perceived stress than the residents from society under the "unified double-track" training system.

Investigation of the copper contents in vineyard soil, grape must and wine and the relationship among them in the Huaizhuo Basin Region, China: A preliminary study.

The copper contents in vineyard soil, grape must and wine and the relationship among them in the Huaizhuo Basin Region, China, were investigated. The results showed that the copper pollution status in vineyard soils, grapes and wines in the investigated area in China is under control, with only 4 surface soil (0-20cm) samples over maximum residue limits (MRL) and no grape or wine samples over MRL. Different vineyards, grape varieties, vine ages, and training systems all significantly influenced the copper contents in the vineyard soils, grape and wines. Additionally, the copper levels in the vineyard soils, grapes and wines all had some correlation. In wine samples, the copper contents ranged from 0.52 to 663µg/L, which is only approximately one percent the level found in grapes and one ten-thousandth that found in soils. Of the wine samples, red wines showed a significantly higher copper content than white wines, while in the red/white grape and soil samples, no significant differences were observed.

Surgical robot simulation with BBZ console.

This paper presents a lean approach to training in robot assisted surgery. Minimally Invasive Surgical procedures can be decomposed in a sequence of tasks, each surgical task can be further decomposed in basic gestures. Each surgical gesture seems similar to perform rather in laparoscopic than in robot assisted technique, but surgeon posture, tools dexterity, force and vision feedback are different. As a consequence, performing a robot-assisted procedure needs specific training. Currently, the most used robot in in abdominal and pelvic surgery is the da Vinci Surgical System and a different set of skills is needed to master the human-machine interface of this device. The training with the real robot is very expensive due to the high initial cost of purchasing and maintaining the robotic surgical system, and the ethic involved in vivo practice. For these reasons, different training systems based on virtual reality were developed. The simulation physics realism and the objective metrics collected during the task execution are the main features for the effectiveness of a virtual reality based training device. Availability of training systems is another issue. To help surgeons to train in virtual reality, BBZ presents a compact, lightweight and portable console, suitable also for "home" training.

Effect of Vertical Shoot-Positioned, Scott-Henry, Geneva Double-Curtain, Arch-Cane, and Parral Training Systems on the Volatile Composition of Albariño Wines.

Viticultural practices influence both grape and wine quality. The influence of training systems on volatile composition was investigated for Albariño wine from Rías Baixas AOC in Northwest Spain. The odoriferous contribution of the compounds to the wine aroma was also studied. Volatile compounds belonging to ten groups (alcohols, C6-compounds, ethyl esters, acetates, terpenols, C13-norisoprenoids, volatile phenols, volatile fatty acids, lactones and carbonyl compounds) were determined in Albariño wines from different training systems, Vertical Shoot-Positioned (VSP), Scott-Henry (SH), Geneva Double-Curtain (GDC), Arch-Cane (AC), and Parral (P) during 2010 and 2011 vintages. Wines from GDC showed the highest total volatile composition with the highest concentrations of alcohols, ethyl esters, fatty acids, and lactones families. However, the highest levels of terpenes and C13-norisoprenoids were quantified in the SH system. A fruitier aroma was observed in Albariño wines from GDC when odor activity values were calculated.

Validation of psychomotor tasks by Simbionix LAP Mentor simulator and identifying the target group.

BACKGROUND: This study addresses target group reliability and task validity for training on a laparoscopic simulator. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data were collected on 64 participants prospectively at the Department of OB/GYN, University Hospitals Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel. The Simbionix LAP Mentor for laparoscopic simulation was used to test trainees. Each participant received a questionnaire to clarify his/her medical position, surgical experience, and previous virtual reality (VR) experience, including video gaming experience. Pre- and post-tests were performed. Performances were analyzed for task completion and total time. RESULTS: All participants revealed a significant improvement in the post-test compared with the pre-test (p < .005), independent of their previous level of experience. Regarding accomplishment of the assigned task, the experts revealed in the pre-test an advantage in tasks 1-4 and 6-8. The beginners revealed wide-ranging improvements in tasks 3, 5, 8, and 9 between the pre-test and the post-test compared with novices in laparoscopic surgery (residents), and a wide range of improvements relative to experts. VR experience and video gaming exposure revealed an advantage in the pre-test; however, participants without previous exposure were able to narrow the gap, revealing extensive improvements in the post-test. CONCLUSION: The trainer could be beneficial for medical students and surgical novices.

Translating Perceptual Learning from the Laboratory to Applications.

Human training studies in the laboratory have demonstrated plasticity in brain systems and, in some cases, large improvements in perceptual performance, inspiring a quest to develop training apps and systems. We consider the next steps in the translation from the laboratory to the clinic and commerce.

Effect of Three Training Systems on Grapes in a Wet Region of China: Yield, Incidence of Disease and Anthocyanin Compositions of Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon.

Grapevine training systems determine the suitability for grape varieties in a specific growing region. We evaluated the influence of three training systems, Single Guyot (SG), Spur-pruned Vertical Shoot-Positioned (VSP), and Four-Arm Kniffin (4AK), on the performance of grapes and vines of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon in the 2012 and 2013 growing seasons in a wet region of central China. 4AK was the most productive system in comparison to SG and VSP. SG and VSP had lower disease infections of leaves and berries, especially in the mid- and final stage of berry ripening. Three training systems had no impact on berry maturity. PLS-DA (Partial Least Squares-Discriminant) analysis showed that the relatively dry vintage could well discriminate three training systems, but the wet vintage was not. A wet vintage of 2013 had more accumulation of 3'5'-substituted and acylated anthocyanins, including malvidin-3-O-(6-O-acetyl)-glucoside, malvidin-3-O-glucoside, and petunidin-3-O-(cis-6-O-coumaryl)-glucoside, etc. With regard to the effect of training systems, 4AK grapes had the lowest concentrations of total anthocyanins and individual anthocyanins, SG and VSP differed according to the different vintages, and showed highest concentration of total individual anthocyanins in 2012 and 2013, respectively. Generally, VSP benefited the most, contributing to significantly highest levels of total individual anthocyanins, and major anthocyanin, including malvidin-3-O-glucoside and malvidin-3-O-(6-O-acetyl)-glucoside, and the grapes obtained from VSP presented significantly highest proportion of 3'5'-substituted anthocyanins. With regard to the ratios of 3'5'/3'-substituted, methoxylated/non-methoxylated and acylated/non-acylated anthocyanins, the significantly higher levels were also shown in VSP system. In summary, VSP was the best training system for Cabernet Sauvignon to accumulate relatively stable individual anthocyanins in this wet region of China and potentially in other rainy regions.

The Objective Structured Teaching Evaluation / 医学教育

1)With the implementation of mandatory clinical residency in Japan, resident evaluations have become an important part of clinical education. Recently, however, a greater emphasis has been placed on the evaluation of physician instructors. In the West, research examining the teaching skills of clinical physicians has been ongoing since the 1970s and is reviewed in this paper.<br>2)The Objective Structured Teaching Evaluation (OSTE), which uses standardized students, multiple stations, video recordings, and scoring by observers, was developed in the 1990s.<br>3)Unlike the Objective Structured Clinical Examination, which is an evaluation tool for medical students and residents, the OSTE is rarely used to evaluate individual performances or used as a part of certification exams. Instead, the OSTE serves as a tool for faculty development or as an outcome measure for the effectiveness of faculty development education initiatives.<br>4)If available in Japan, the OSTE would be an excellent resource for improving the teaching skills of physicians and would be a useful tool for training sessions for physician instructors. More research is needed to facilitate the introduction of the OSTE to Japan in the future.

Enforcement and analysis of the Objective Structured Teaching Evaluation / 医学教育

In Japan, awareness has increased in recent years of the importance of evaluating clinical educators. In Europe and North America, the Objective Structured Teaching Evaluation (OSTE), which employs standardized students, multiple stations, video recording, and scoring by multiple observers, is used to evaluate clinical educators. We report on the implementation of an OSTE in Japan.1) Ten clinician-educator physicians participated in the OSTE, which comprised 5 stations and included standardized residents. The stations were video-recorded, and the educators were assessed by 7 different evaluators.2) The educators were evaluated with a checklist and a 5-point scale. We assessed the reliability and validity of the checklist and analyzed the background characteristics of the clinician educators.3) The factors most closely associated with high ratings on the checklist and the 5-point scale were: having a history of attendance at a seminar for clinician-educators, having greater than 5 years experience as an educator, and not being an internist. There was no interobserver variability among the evaluators.4) The generalizability of the checklist was 0.81, and its reliability index was 0.83. The correlation coefficient between the total scale score and the checklist score was 0.8. 5) Although biases by participants were identified, our project suggests that the OSTE could be used in Japan to objectively evaluate the teaching skills of clinician-educators. Further research on the OSTE in Japan is warranted.