Therapeutic effectiveness of rectally administered fish oil and mesalazine in trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid-induced colitis.

AIM: Fish oil (FO) and mesalazine have well-known anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects; on the other hand, information related to combined intrarectal administration of FO and mesalazine is limited. The present study was conducted to make comparison on therapeutic effectiveness of rectally administered FO and mesalazine in rats with trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis. METHODS: Wistar rats were randomly assigned to 5 groups as (1) Control, (2) Colitis, (3) Colitis + Mesalazine (Colitis + M), (4) Colitis + Fish Oil (Colitis + F), and (5) Colitis + Mesalazine + Fish Oil (Colitis + M + F). Intrarectally administered TNBS induced colitis. At the end of the trial, the rats' macroscopic and histopathologic lesions were rated and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, Interleukin 6 (IL6), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GP), myeloperoxidase (MPO), malondialdehyde (MDA), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Total nitrate and nitrite, and catalase (CAT) in serum and tissue were detected. RESULTS: As a result of macroscopic and microscopic examination, although separate administrations of FO and mesalazine partly decreased the damage, their combined administration decreased the damage scores significantly (p < 0.01). It was observed that separate and combined administrations of FO and mesalazine decreased the increase in the serum and tissue TNF-α and IL-6 levels caused by colitis (p < 0.05). It was observed that the serum MPO, serum GR, tissue SOD, tissue nitrite/nitrate values of both Colitis + M and Colitis + F groups were close to the control in terms of all the parameter values in Colitis + M + F group (p > 0.05). Also based on the histological results, the inflammation damage in the tissue caused by colitis in the Colitis + M + F group recovered significantly. CONCLUSIONS: We found that microscopic and macroscopic damage, serum IL-6 level decreased and increased serum and tissue GP and tissue GR values in Colitis + M + F group compared to Colitis + M and Colitis + F groups. Combined intrarectal administration of FO and mesalazine may bring a new insight concerning the treatment of ulcerative colitis.

Tadalafil Preserves Penile Nitric Oxide Synthase from Detrimental Effect of Paroxetine in Rats.

OBJECTIVE: Paroxetine is a commonly prescribed SSRI that can impair erectile function in animal models via inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Tadalafil potentiates nitric oxide (NO)-mediated responses in isolated trabecular smooth muscle and penile erection. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of co-administering tadalafil with paroxetine on penile NOS levels in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 30 male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups as control (Group-C), paroxetine (Group-P) and paroxetine plus tadalafil (Group-P+T). After 28 days of treatment, rats were sacrificed and their penile tissues were harvested for analysis. NOS isoform protein levels and immunoreactivity scores of NOS were assessed. Statistical significance level was set at p<0.05. RESULTS: Neuronal NOS (nNOS) levels were significantly decreased in group-P, compared with group-C (p<0.001). In comparison, rats in group-P+T had significantly higher nNOS levels compared to group-P (p<0.001). Endothelial NOS (eNOS) and inducible NOS (iNOS) levels were significantly higher in group-P compared with group-C (p<0.01). The levels of eNOS and iNOS in group-P+T were similar to group-C. CONCLUSION: Daily treatment with tadalafil prevented chronic paroxetine-induced changes in all three NOS isoform levels. Tadalafil treatment may therefore be a useful therapy in men with paroxetine-associated erectile dysfunction.

Evaluation of the endocrine-disrupting effects of homosalate (HMS) and 2-ethylhexyl 4-dimethylaminobenzoate (OD-PABA) in rat pups during the prenatal, lactation, and early postnatal periods.

Homosalate (HMS) and 2-ethylhexyl 4-dimethylaminobenzoate (OD-PABA) are ultraviolet filters. We aimed to investigate the effects of dermal exposure to HMS and OD-PABA during the prenatal, lactation, and early infancy periods on pubertal development and thyroid function in male and female rats. The thyroid glands, uteri, testes, prostate glands, and seminal vesicles were excised and weighed, the reproductive organs were analyzed histologically, and the serum hormone levels were measured. In the prenatal period, the thyroxine (T4) levels increased in the female rats in the exposed groups ( p < 0.05); the thyroid weights, reproductive organ weights, and gonadal hormone levels were not altered. In males, the testosterone levels decreased ( p < 0.05), but the thyroid weights, T4 levels, prostate, and testis weights were not changed. In the lactation period, the weights of the thyroid glands increased in the exposed female groups ( p < 0.05), but the T4, gonadal hormone levels, and reproductive organ weights were not changed. In the males, the thyroid gland weights, T4 levels, reproductive organ weights, and gonadal hormone levels were not changed. During infancy, the thyroid gland weights increased in the female rats in the exposed groups ( p < 0.05), but the T4 levels, gonadal hormone levels, and reproductive organ weights were not affected. In the male rats in the exposed groups, the T4 levels were increased ( p < 0.05), but the thyroid and reproductive organ weights, gonadal hormone levels were not affected. Organ histopathology was not affected in all groups. HMS and OD-PABA do not have endocrine disruptor effects on thyroid function and the pubertal development of female and male rats.

Transpulmonary Hypothermia with Cooled Oxygen Inhalation Shows Promising Results as a Novel Hypothermia Technique.

BACKGROUND: Therapeutic hypothermia was showed to improve neurologic outcome but current therapeutic hypothermia techniques have limitations. Novel techniques such as transpulmonary hypothermia with cooled oxygen inhalation may be beneficial. AIMS: To evaluate the performance of transthoracic hypothermia with cooled medical oxygen inhalation as a therapeutic hypothermia method. STUDY DESIGN: Animal experimentation. METHODS: A total of 36 adult male Wistar-Hannover rats were used in this research. Rats were randomised into four groups: group 1, Cooled oxygen group; group 2, IV cold fluid group; group 3, Surface cooling group; group 4, control group. No hypothermia method was applied in the control group. Hypothermia techniques were administered in the other three groups until the targeted core temperature was maintained. The target temperature was continued for one hour at 32-34 °C. After that, rats were heated up with hot blankets. Once the rectal temperature reached 38 °C, rats were euthanised. The main outcomes were the rate of temperature decrease (°C per minute) (S) and the time required to reach the target body temperature (T). RESULTS: All rats survived the study protocol. When compared to the control group, T and S values were better in the cooled medical oxygen inhalation group (p<0.001). The IV cold fluid group had lower S values and higher T values compared to the cooled oxygen group (p<0.001, and p=0.003, respectively). There was no meaningful pathology in the histological samples in any group. CONCLUSION: As an easy-to-use and inexpensive method, cooled oxygen inhalation may be a beneficial hypothermia technique.

Perineural dexmedetomidine effects on sciatic nerve in rat / Efeitos de dexmedetomidina perineural no nervo ciático em ratos

Abstract The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that high dose dexmedetomidine would increase the duration of antinociception to a thermal stimulus in a rat model of sciatic nerve blockade without causing nerve damage. The rats were anesthetized with isoflurane. After electromyography (EMG) recordings, right sciatic nerves were explored and perineural injections were delivered: Group D (n = 7), 40 µg µg kg-1 dexmedetomidine administration, Group II (n = 6), (0.2 mL) saline administration, Group III (n = 2), only surgically exploration of the right sciatic nevre. Time to paw withdrawal latency (PAW) to a thermal stimulus for both paws and an assessment of motor function were measured every 30 min after the nerve block until a return to baseline. The compound muscle action potential (CMAP) of right and left sciatic nerves were recorded 10 times per each nerve once more after perineural injections at 14 day. After EMG recordings, right and the part of left sciatic nerve were excised at a length of at minimum 15 mm for histopathological examination. Comparison of right/left CMAP amplitude ratios before and 14 days after the procedure showed a statistically significant difference (p = 0.000). There were no differences in perineural inflammation between the Group D, Group S, and Group E at 14 days.

Resumo O presente estudo foi desenvolvido para testar a hipótese de que dexmedetomidina em dose alta aumentaria a duração da antinocicepção a um estímulo térmico em modelo de rato de bloqueio do nervo ciático sem causar danos ao nervo. Os ratos foram anestesiados com isoflurano. Após os registros da eletromiografia (EMG), os nervos ciáticos direitos foram explorados e injeções perineurais foram administradas: Grupo D (n = 7) recebeu 40 µg/kg-1 de dexmedetomidina, Grupo II (n = 6) recebeu 0,2 mL de solução salina, Grupo III (n = 2) recebeu apenas exploração cirúrgica do nervo ciático direito. O tempo de latência de retirada da pata (LRP) a um estímulo térmico para ambas as patas e uma avaliação da função motora foram avaliados a cada 30 minutos após o bloqueio do nervo até o retorno à fase basal. O potencial de ação muscular composto (PAMC) dos nervos ciático direito e esquerdo foi registrado 10 vezes para cada nervo, mais uma vez, após as injeções perineurais no 14º dia. Após os registros da EMG, o nervo ciático direito e parte do esquerdo foram excisados com um comprimento de no mínimo 15 mm para exame histopatológico. A comparação das proporções da amplitude do PAMC direito/esquerdo antes e 14 dias após o procedimento mostrou uma diferença estatisticamente significativa (p = 0,000). Não houve diferenças em inflamação perineural entre os grupos D, S e E aos 14 dias.

[Perineural dexmedetomidine effects on sciatic nerve in rat]. / Efeitos de dexmedetomidina perineural no nervo ciático em ratos.

The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that high dose dexmedetomidine would increase the duration of antinociception to a thermal stimulus in a rat model of sciatic nerve blockade without causing nerve damage. The rats were anesthetized with isoflurane. After electromyography (EMG) recordings, right sciatic nerves were explored and perineural injections were delivered: Group D (n=7), 40µgµgkg-1 dexmedetomidine administration, Group II (n=6), (0.2mL) saline administration, Group III (n=2), only surgically exploration of the right sciatic nevre. Time to paw withdrawal latency (PAW) to a thermal stimulus for both paws and an assessment of motor function were measured every 30min after the nerve block until a return to baseline. The compound muscle action potential (CMAP) of right and left sciatic nerves were recorded 10 times per each nerve once more after perineural injections at 14 day. After EMG recordings, right and the part of left sciatic nerve were excised at a length of at minimum 15mm for histopathological examination. Comparison of right/left CMAP amplitude ratios before and 14 days after the procedure showed a statistically significant difference (p=0.000). There were no differences in perineural inflammation between the Group D, Group S, and Group E at 14 days.

Perineural dexmedetomidine effects on sciatic nerve in rat.

The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that high dose dexmedetomidine would increase the duration of antinociception to a thermal stimulus in a rat model of sciatic nerve blockade without causing nerve damage. The rats were anesthetized with isoflurane. After electromyography (EMG) recordings, right sciatic nerves were explored and perineural injections were delivered: Group D (n=7), 40µgµgkg-1 dexmedetomidine administration, Group II (n=6), (0.2mL) saline administration, Group III (n=2), only surgically exploration of the right sciatic nevre. Time to paw withdrawal latency (PAW) to a thermal stimulus for both paws and an assessment of motor function were measured every 30min after the nerve block until a return to baseline. The compound muscle action potential (CMAP) of right and left sciatic nerves were recorded 10 times per each nerve once more after perineural injections at 14 day. After EMG recordings, right and the part of left sciatic nerve were excised at a length of at minimum 15mm for histopathological examination. Comparison of right/left CMAP amplitude ratios before and 14 days after the procedure showed a statistically significant difference (p=0.000). There were no differences in perineural inflammation between the Group D, Group S, and Group E at 14 days.

Effects of ozone (O3) therapy on cisplatin-induced ototoxicity in rats.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of rectal ozone and intratympanic ozone therapy on cisplatin-induced ototoxicity in rats. Eighteen female Wistar albino rats were included in our study. External auditory canal and tympanic membrane examinations were normal in all rats. The rats were randomly divided into three groups. Initially, all the rats were tested with distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE), and emissions were measured normally. All rats were injected with 5-mg/kg/day cisplatin for 3 days intraperitoneally. Ototoxicy had developed in all rats, as confirmed with DPOAE after 1 week. Rectal and intratympanic ozone therapy group was Group 1. No treatment was administered for the rats in Group 2 as the control group. The rats in Group 3 were treated with rectal ozone. All the rats were tested with DPOAE under general anesthesia, and all were sacrificed for pathological examination 1 week after ozone administration. Their cochleas were removed. The outer hair cell damage and stria vascularis damage were examined. In the statistical analysis conducted, a statistically significant difference between Group 1 and Group 2 was observed in all frequencies according to the DPOAE test. In addition, between Group 2 and Group 3, a statistically significant difference was observed in the DPOAE test. However, a statistically significant difference was not observed between Group 1 and Group 3 according to the DPOAE test. According to histopathological scoring, the outer hair cell damage score was statistically significantly high in Group 2 compared with Group 1. In addition, the outer hair cell damage score was also statistically significantly high in Group 2 compared with Group 3. Outer hair cell damage scores were low in Group 1 and Group 3, but there was no statistically significant difference between these groups. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of stria vascularis damage score examinations. Systemic ozone gas therapy is effective in the treatment of cell damage in cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. The intratympanic administration of ozone gas does not have any additional advantage over the rectal administration.

Metabolic and histopathological effects of sleeve gastrectomy and gastric plication: an experimental rodent model.

INTRODUCTION: Obesity has recently become a major health problem, and researchers have been directed to work toward the development of surgical techniques, with new mediators playing an important role in nutrition. Gastric plication (GP) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) have become popular recently. These are widely used techniques in bariatric surgery. OBJECTIVES: In this study, we aimed to compare the efficiency of SG and GP techniques on rats. METHODS: Wistar-Hannover rats (n=18) were divided into three equal groups, namely SG, GP, and control. Blood samples were taken before the operation and on the 30th day after the operation. The weights of all rats were recorded both on first day and the 30th day after the operation. Serum gastrin, ghrelin, and leptin levels were also measured on the same days. For histopathological examination, gastrectomy was performed after the animals were sacrificed. RESULTS: Average weight loss was 10% for the SG group and 6.5% for the GP group. One month after the operations, the decrease in the ghrelin and leptin levels of GP and SG groups was significant compared with the levels of the control group. Gastrin levels of the SG group increased significantly compared with those of the control group. Histopathological examination revealed that there was significant decrease in the ghrelin and leptin levels of the GP and SG groups compared with those of the control group. Foveolar hyperplasia (FH), cystic glandular dilatation, and fibrosis were significantly higher in the GP and SG groups compared with the control group. CONCLUSION: Although GP is not as effective as SG in terms of weight loss, it provides the same effectiveness in decreasing ghrelin and leptin levels. Histopathological findings revealed that FH, fibrosis, and the cystic glandular dilatation development rates were similar.