The histopathological, cytopathological and ultrastructural effects of carbaryl on gills of Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758).

Ultrastructural and histopathological reponses in the organs of living organisms are important and useful tools to determine the health condition and the effects of pollutants, such as pesticides, on the organisms. The aim of this study is to determine possible histopathological, cytopathological and ultrastructural alterations in gills of Oreochromis niloticus individuals exposed to 850 µg/L carbaryl standart at 7th, 14th and 21st days with light and electron microscopes. The fish were exposed to carbaryl for 21 days and the histopatological, ultrastructural and cytopathological alterations occuring in the gill tissues of organisms were determined by light, Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopes (SEM and TEM). At the end of the study, it was observed that carbaryl caused both histopathological and cytopathological changes in the gills of O. niloticus. It has been determined that the most of the pathological changes in the exposed organisms are the metabolic defence reactions.

Association of serum YKL-40 level with tumor burden and metastatic stage of prostate cancer.

PURPOSE: To investigate the relationship between serum level of YKL-40 and Gleason score, grade and stage of the disease, and for the first time, with tumor burden in patients with prostate cancer (PCa). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Serum levels of YKL-40 and prostate-specific antigen were measured in 34 men (mean age: 66 years) with newly diagnosed and untreated PCa, in 34 men (mean age: 65 years) with biopsy proven benign prostatic hyperplasia, and in 29 healthy young men (mean age: 24 years). RESULTS: Serum YKL-40 concentration in men with PCa and benign prostatic hyperplasia, and in controls were 165.67 ± 107.84 ng/mL, 137.38 ± 82.04 ng/mL, and 69.69 ± 18.46 ng/mL, respectively. Serum level of YKL-40 was correlated with tumor burden in 30.4% of the patients with PCa (P = .04). A cut-off serum YKL-40 value of 92.696 ng/mL produced 70.6% sensitivity and 93.1% specificity. Elevated serum level of YKL-40 was strongly associated only with metastatic stage of the PCa. No association was observed between elevated level of YKL-40 and Gleason score groups or Gleason grade. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that elevated serum level of YKL-40 may be a useful indicator of tumor burden and metastatic stage of PCa. Further studies are warranted to better elucidate the meaning of YKL-40 in tumor burden and invasiveness.