Choroidal vascularity index and choroidal thickness assessment in vitiligo.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Vitiligo is a skin disease characterised by depigmentation and loss of melanocytes. Melanocyte loss may not be limited to the skin in vitiligo, and various abnormalities may occur in the choroid, which is dense in melanocytes. BACKGROUND: To evaluate structural changes in the choroid by measuring choroidal thickness and vascularity index using optical coherence tomography in patients with vitiligo and comparing them to healthy subjects. METHODS: This study included 168 participants: 84 with vitiligo (30 females, 54 males) and 84 controls (36 females, 48 males). Choroidal thickness and vascularity index were measured using the enhanced depth imaging mode in spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. The choroidal thickness was measured at the following five points; subfoveal (SF), 500 µm (NCT1) and 1000 µm (NCT2) nasal to the fovea; and 500 µm (TCT1) and 1000 µm (TCT2) temporal to the fovea. The choroidal vascularity index was calculated using the ImageJ software. RESULTS: SF (p < 0.001), NCT1 (p < 0.001), NCT2 (p = 0.021), TCT1 (p = 0.001), and TCT2 (p < 0.006) choroidal thicknesses were significantly smaller in the vitiligo group than in the control group. Total choroidal (p < 0.001) and stromal (p < 0.001) areas were significantly smaller in the vitiligo group than in the control group. Choroidal vascularity indices were significantly higher in the vitiligo group than in the control group (p < 0.001). However, luminal areas did not differ significantly between groups (p = 0.935). CONCLUSION: Patients with vitiligo should be regularly monitored for choroidal alterations and, if necessary, referred to an ophthalmologist.

Evaluation of Retinal Layers and Choroidal Structures Using Optical Coherence Tomography in Alopecia Areata.

Objective: To evaluate the macula, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), retinal layers, and choroidal thickness (CT) using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in patients with alopecia areata (AA). Methods: The right eyes of 42 AA patients (17 women, 25 men) and 42 controls (18 women, 24 men) were included in the study. Each subject underwent thorough ophthalmic examination and SD-OCT (Heidelberg Engineering) measurements. Central macular thickness (CMT), RNFL, the average thicknesses of the ganglion cell layer (GCL), inner plexiform layer (IPL), inner nuclear layer (INL), outer plexiform layer (OPL), outer nuclear layer (ONL), retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), inner retinal layers (IRL), photoreceptor layers (PRL) as well as subfoveal, temporal and nasal CT were measured. Results: In all sectors, no significant difference was observed between the AA group and the control group with regard to the mean values for CMT and RNFL (p>0.05, for all). There was not a significant difference between the AA group and the control group with regard to the thickness of the GCL, IPL, INL, OPL, ONL, RPE, IRL, and PRL (p>0.05 for all). CT at the subfoveal, temporal, and nasal regions was significantly thicker in the AA group than in the control group (p<0.05 for all). Conclusions: Along with T-lymphocyte-mediated hair follicle damage, choroidal melanocyte damage and inflammation can also be observed in AA patients. CT may increase secondary to melanocyte inflammation in AA patients.

Evaluation of Choroidal Vascular Structure in Hyperopic Anisometropic Amblyopia.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to investigate the choroidal structure of patients with anisohypermetropic amblyopia compared to that of healthy eyes in controls of the same age. Methods: The study comprises three groups: One group was the amblyopic eyes of patients with anisometropic hypermetropia (AE group), another group was the fellow eyes of patients with anisometropic hypermetropia (FE group), and a final group of healthy controls. Both the choroidal thickness (CT) and choroidal vascularity index (CVI) values were obtained using the spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) method of improved depth imaging (EDI-OCT; Heidelberg Engineering GmbH, Spectralis, Germany, Heidelberg). Results: This study included 28 anisometropic amblyopic patients (AE and FE groups) and 35 healthy controls. Regarding the distribution of ages and sexes (p=0.813 and p=0.745), the groups were the same. The mean best-corrected visual acuity in AE, FE, and the control group was 0.58±0.76, 0.008±1.30, and 0.004±1.20 logMAR units, respectively. There was a significant difference in terms of CVI, luminal area (LA), and all the CT values between groups. Post hoc univariate analyses indicated that CVI and LA were significantly higher in AE compared to FE and the control group (p<0.05, for each). The temporal, nasal, and subfoveal CT values were considerably higher in AE compared to FE and the control groups (p<0.05, for each). However, there was no difference between FE and the control group (p>0.05, for each). Conclusion: The AE group had larger LA, CVI, and CT values compared to the FE and control groups. These results show that choroidal changes in amblyopic eyes in children are permanent in adulthood if untreated and are involved in the pathogenesis of amblyopia.

Choroidal Vascular Index in Patients With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Methylphenidate.

PURPOSE: To investigate choroidal vascularity in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) who were not receiving therapy, children with ADHD who were regularly taking methylphenidate (MPH), and healthy controls. METHODS: The study included three groups: patients with newly diagnosed ADHD without treatment, patients diagnosed as having ADHD who were already being treated with oral MPH, and controls. Both choroidal vascularity index (CVI) and choroidal thickness were measured using an enhanced-depth imaging mode of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (EDIOCT) (Spectralis; Heidelberg Engineering GmbH). RESULTS: There was a significant difference in CVI and stromal area between groups. Post-hoc univariate analysis showed that CVI was significantly lower in patients with ADHD treated with MPH compared with the other groups (P < .001, for each); however, there was no difference between the treatment-free ADHD group and controls (P = .305). In contrast, stromal area was significantly higher in patients with ADHD treated with MPH than the other groups (P < .001, for each group). The correlation of CVI with MPH treatment duration in patients with ADHD treated with MPH showed a significant, moderate negative correlation (P = .01, r = - 0.66). CONCLUSIONS: CVI is reduced in patients with ADHD treated with MPH, and the decrease in CVI becomes significant with increasing duration of MPH treatment. This result reflects an indirect effect of MPH treatment on choroidal vascular structures. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2023;60(6):411-416.].

Assessment of Tear Meniscus Dimensions Using Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography in Vitamin D Deficiency in a Pediatric Population.

BACKGROUND: To investigate of the effect of vitamin D (Vit-D) deficiency on the tear film in children and compare it with that of healthy subjects. METHODS: This prospective and cross-sectional study comprised 75 eyes of children who had Vit-D deficiency (Group 1) and 85 eyes of age- and gender-matched healthy children (Group 2). The tear-film break-up time (TF-BUT) and Schirmer test values, as well as the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) scores, were recorded for the participants in all groups. Measurement of the tear meniscus area (TMA) and tear meniscus height (TMH) was performed 2 times in the same day via the use of anterior segment-optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT). RESULTS: The mean age of the participants in Group 1 was 12.42 ± 3.40 years, while in Group 2, it was 12.59 ± 2.32 years (p = 0.758). Group 1 comprised 43 females and 32 males, while Group 2 comprised 44 females and 41 males (p = 0.250). The mean TMH, TMA, and Schirmer test values were found to be significantly lower in children with Vit-D deficiency (Group 1) than in healthy children (Group 2), with p < 0.05 for all the values. It was concluded that there was no significant difference in the values for the mean TF-BUT and OSDI scores (p = 0.029 and p = 0.596, respectively). CONCLUSION: The children with Vit-D deficiency exhibited lower TMH, TMA, and Schirmer test values. The alterations that were observed in these parameters were more prominent in the participants who had lower Vit-D levels.

Evaluation of Retinal Layer Thicknesses in Patients with Keratoconus Using Retinal Layer Segmentation Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To conduct an evaluation of the effects of irregular astigmatism on the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and the retinal layers observed using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in patients who had keratoconus (KC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 255 eyes from 255 individuals, comprising 72 eyes of KC patients, 70 eyes of patients with astigmia, and 113 eyes of healthy controls were included in the analysis. RNFL scan maps (comprising global, temporal, superotemporal, inferotemporal, nasal, inferonasal, and superonasal maps) and macular thickness (MT) maps of a standard from the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) grid were assessed. The measurements were segmented automatically using Spectralis software, and included the RNFL, inner and outer plexiform layers (IPL, OPL), inner and outer nuclear layers (INL, ONL), ganglion cell layer, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in the central 6-mm ETDRS subfield. RESULTS: The RNFL thickness in the KC group was lower when compared with the other two groups; however, statistically significant differences were noted in the global, temporal, superotemporal, and inferotemporal sectors (p < 0.05 for all). All of the central MT parameters showed significant variation among the groups, while a statistically significant decrease was noted in the KC group, except in the inferior outer sector (p = 0.741). In the segmentation analysis, the KC group had the significantly lowest IPL, ONL, RPE, and outer retinal layer (ORL) thickness among the groups (p < 0.05 for each). The astigmatic group was similar to the control group with regard to these parameters (p > 0.05 for each). CONCLUSION: The eyes in the KC group appeared to have a thinner RNFL and MT when compared to those in the astigmatic and control groups. The ORLs, especially the ONL and RPE, were the most affected component of the macula in the KC group.

Local ocular surface findings in COVID-19 patients without ocular symptoms / Achados locais de superfície ocular em pacientes com COVID-19 sem sintomas oculares

ABSTRACT Purpose: To investigate subjective ocular symptoms and objectively measure tear secretion in patients with a confirmed diagnosis of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Methods: In this prospective cross-sectional study, 24 patients who had survived COVID-19 infection and 27 healthy controls were enrolled. Conjunctival impression cytology, the Schirmer test, tear-film break-up time, corneal staining scores were applied to all the participants. Results: No significant difference was noted with regard to the gender and mean age between the two groups (p=0.484 and p=0.599, respectively). The conjunctival impression cytology analysis revealed that the density of the goblet cells was decreased, while the counts of lymphocytes and neutrophils were increased in the COVID-19 group patients when compared with ethe control group patients. When the Nelson classification was applied to the conjunctival impression cytology samples, 25% of the COVID-19 group patients and 14.8% of the control group patients exhibited changes consistent with ≥grade 2. The mean tear-film break-up time, Schirmer test, and corneal staining score results were determined to differ between the COVID-19 and control groups (p=0.02, p<0.001, and p=0.003, respectively). Conclusions: The present study revealed the pathological conjunctival alterations of patients with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19, indicating the possibility of the occurrence of pathological ocular surface alterations to even at the end of COVID-19 infection, without the occurrence of any significant clinical ocular manifestations.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar sintomas oculares subjetivos e medir a secreção lacrimal objetivamente em pacientes com diagnóstico confirmado da doença coronavírus 2019 (COVID-19). Métodos: Vinte e quatro pacientes que sobreviveram à infecção pela COVID-19 e 27 controles saudáveis foram incluídos neste estudo transversal prospectivo. Citologia de impressão da conjuntiva, teste de Schirmer, tempo de separação do filme lacrimal, pontuações de coloração da córnea foram aplicados a todos os participantes. Resultados: Concluiu-se que não houve diferença significativa em relação ao gênero e idade média entre os dois grupos (p=0,484 e p=0,599, respectivamente). A análise dos resultados da citologia de impressão da conjuntiva revelou que a densidade das células do cálice diminuiu, enquanto os linfócitos e neutrófilos aumentaram nos pacientes do grupo COVID-19 quando comparados com os do grupo controle. Quando a classificação de Nelson foi aplicada às amostras de citologia de impressão da conjuntiva, determinou-se que 25% dos pacientes do grupo COVID-19 e 14,8% dos pacientes do grupo controle apresentaram alterações consistentes com grau 2 ou superior. O tempo médio de separação do filme lacrimal, teste de Schirmer e os resultados das pontuações de coloração da córnea foram determinados, diferindo entre o grupo COVID-19 e o grupo controle (p=0,02, p<0,001, and p=0,003, respectivamente). Conclusões: As análises realizadas neste estudo revelaram as alterações conjuntivais patológicas de pacientes com diagnóstico confirmado de COVID-19 e mostraram que é possível que alterações patológicas da superfície ocular ocorram mesmo no final da infecção pela COVID-19, sem a ocorrência de manifestações oculares clínicas significativas.

Local ocular surface findings in COVID-19 patients without ocular symptoms.

PURPOSE: To investigate subjective ocular symptoms and objectively measure tear secretion in patients with a confirmed diagnosis of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). METHODS: In this prospective cross-sectional study, 24 patients who had survived COVID-19 infection and 27 healthy controls were enrolled. Conjunctival impression cytology, the Schirmer test, tear-film break-up time, corneal staining scores were applied to all the participants. RESULTS: No significant difference was noted with regard to the gender and mean age between the two groups (p=0.484 and p=0.599, respectively). The conjunctival impression cytology analysis revealed that the density of the goblet cells was decreased, while the counts of lymphocytes and neutrophils were increased in the COVID-19 group patients when compared with ethe control group patients. When the Nelson classification was applied to the conjunctival impression cytology samples, 25% of the COVID-19 group patients and 14.8% of the control group patients exhibited changes consistent with ≥grade 2. The mean tear-film break-up time, Schirmer test, and corneal staining score results were determined to differ between the COVID-19 and control groups (p=0.02, p<0.001, and p=0.003, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The present study revealed the pathological conjunctival alterations of patients with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19, indicating the possibility of the occurrence of pathological ocular surface alterations to even at the end of COVID-19 infection, without the occurrence of any significant clinical ocular manifestations.

Assessment of corneal endothelial cell morphology and anterior segment parameters in COVID-19.

Background: The ocular manifestations of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vary from acute follicular, pseudomembranous, and hemorrhagic conjunctivitis to keratoconjunctivitis with subepithelial infiltrates and dendritic lesions. Similar to other respiratory viruses, such as adenoviruses, it is thought that COVID-19 may impact the cornea. However, its impact on the cornea and anterior segment parameters are currently poorly understood. Objective: This study aims to assess the corneal endothelial cell morphology and anterior segment parameters in patients who have recovered from COVID-19. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the COVID-19 group comprised 34 patients who had been diagnosed with and recovered from COVID-19, while the control group comprised age- and sex-matched individuals without any systemic or ocular diseases. The endothelial cell density (ECD), coefficient of variation (CV) of cell area, hexagonal cell percentage (HEX), anterior chamber depth (ACD), central corneal thickness (CCT), horizontal anterior chamber diameter (HACD), iridocorneal angle (ICA), horizontal visible iris diameter (HVID), pupillary diameter (PD), and keratometry values (K1 and K2) were analyzed for each participant. The differences in each of these between the groups were analyzed using either an independent samples t test or a Mann-Whitney U test based on the normality of the data. Results: Regarding corneal endothelial cell morphology, the ECDs for the COVID-19 and control groups were 2278.50 ± 186.78 cells/mm2 and 2420.15 ± 222.25 cells/mm2, respectively (p = 0.002). A significant increase was noted in CV values in the COVID-19 group compared with the control group (p < 0.001). The HEX values for the COVID-19 and control groups were 56.26 ± 5.75 and 61.50 ± 3.63, respectively (p < 0.001). Regarding the anterior segment parameters, no significant differences were observed between the groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions: It was hypothesized that individuals who had recovered from COVID-19 would demonstrate a reduction in their endothelial functional preserves. A decrease in ECD and HEX and an increase in CV were observed in the individuals during their early post-recovery period from COVID-19.

Retinal Neurovascular Structural Changes in Optical Coherence Tomography and the Relationship between These Changes and White Matter Hyperintensities in Patients with Migraine.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to reveal whether retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell layer (GCL) inner plexiform layer, and choroidal layer (CL) thicknesses differed in patients with migraine. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used to measure these neurovascular structural changes and determine the relationship between these structures and cranial white matter hyperintensities (WMHs). METHODS: This retrospective comparative registry study included a total of 155 individuals aged 18-55 (mean, 33.50 ± 8.34), consisting of 110 migraine patients and 45 healthy controls. RESULTS: RNFLs were thinner in the migraine group than the control group but not to a statistically significant degree. However, in both eyes, peripapillary RNLF thickness in some specific quadrants was found to be significantly thinner in the patient group than the control group. GCLs were significantly thinner in the migraine group than the control group. CLs were significantly thicker in the migraine group than in the control group. There was no significant difference between the OCT parameters of patients with and without WMH. An inverse correlation was found between disease duration and CL thickness. CLs were significantly thicker in patients in attack periods than those in attack-free periods. There was no significant difference between the OCT parameters of the migraine with aura and migraine without aura subgroups. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS: Retinal neural and vascular structures might be affected in migraine sufferers, including those in subgroups. Rebound vasodilation may cause alterations in CL thickness during a migraine attack. Factors other than hypoperfusion may contribute to the pathophysiology responsible for the formation of WMH.

Retinal vascular findings in patients with COVID-19.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the retinal vascular caliber of COVID-19 patients with that of healthy subjects. METHODS: This was a prospective case-control study. Forty-six patients who had COVID-19 were successfully treated, and 38 age- and gender-matched healthy subjects were enrolled in this study. Fundus photography was taken using fundus fluorescein angiography (FA; Visucam 500; Carl Zeiss Meditec, Jena, Germany). Retinal vascular caliber was analyzed with IVAN, a semi-automated retinal vascular analyzer (Nicole J. Ferrier, College of Engineering, Fundus Photography Reading Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA). Central retinal artery equivalent (CRAE), central retinal vein equivalent (CRVE), and artery-vein ratio (AVR) were compared between groups. RESULTS: The mean age was 37.8 ± 9.5 years in the COVID-19 group (n = 46) and 40 ± 8 years in the control group (n = 38) (p = 0.45). The mean CRAE was 181.56 ± 6.40 in the COVID-19 group and 171.29 ± 15.06 in the control group (p = 0.006). The mean CRVE was 226.34 ± 23.83 in the COVID-19 group and 210.94 ± 22.22 in the control group (p = 0.044). AVR was 0.81 ± 0.09 in the COVID-19 group and 0.82 ± 0.13 in the control group (p = 0.712). CONCLUSION: Patients who had COVID-19 have vasodilation in the retinal vascular structure after recovery. As they may be at risk of retinal vascular disease, COVID-19 patients must be followed after recovery.

Quantitative assessment of retinal changes in COVID-19 patients.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The SARS-COV 2 virus, which is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, acts on the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptor in the host cell. Ocular effects may occur because of the ACE-2 receptor in the retina. BACKGROUND: To investigate the impact of COVID-19 on the retinal layers and optic disc parameters in previously confirmed COVID-19 patients using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). METHODS: This study included 60 eyes of 60 subjects; 35 of them were in the COVID-19 group and the remaining 25 were in the control group. Patients with the diagnosis of COVID-19 that had a negative result after treatment were included in the study. Macular and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness measurements, each retinal layer thickness of all participants were done 14-30 days after COVID-19 symptom onset, following the negative result of real time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction test using SD-OCT. RESULTS: The mean value of central macular thickness was significantly higher in the COVID-19 group than the control group (p = 0.02). The mean values of the ganglion cell layer and inner nuclear layer thickness in the COVID-19 group were significantly thinner than control group (p = 0.04 and p = 0.04, respectively). Even though mean RNFL thickness measurements in all sections in the COVID-19 group was thinner than controls, there were no significant differences between groups (p > 0.05 for all). CONCLUSION: In the early recovery phase, changes in the macula, ganglion cell layer and inner nuclear layer could be seen. These patients should be followed up closely for the recognition of new pathologies that could be seen in the late recovery phase.

Peripapillary choroidal thickness in healthy Turkish subjects.

AIM: The objective of the study reported here was to investigate the normal peripapillary choroidal thickness (CT), measured by enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT), in healthy Turkish volunteers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this prospective cross-sectional study, 57 eyes of 57 healthy Turkish subjects were enrolled. Each participant underwent a comprehensive ophthalmic examination and peripapillary CT measurement using EDI-OCT. RESULTS: The mean age of the 25 female and 32 male patients in the study was 30.9±10.6 years (range, 18-56 years). The mean peripapillary CT at the superior, inferior, nasal, and temporal sites was 225±57, 183±47, 220±57, and 233±59 µm, respectively. The inferior peripapillary CT value was significantly lower than the peripapillary CT values (P<0.001 for all), whereas no significant differences were found between the superior, nasal, and temporal peripapillary CT values. CONCLUSION: The findings of the study revealed that Turkish people had significantly lower peripapillary CT values in the inferior quadrant than in the superior, nasal, and temporal quadrants.

Using liquid crystal glasses to treat ambyopia in children.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effectiveness of liquid crystal glasses (LCG) in the treatment of children with monocular amblyopia. METHODS: A total of 14 amblyopic eyes of 14 children with monocular amblyopia were enrolled in the study. LCG with appropriate refractive correction were ordered for each patient. Each patient was examined with the new LCG before treatment and monthly thereafter. The parents were informed about the use, care, and charging of the glasses. Best-corrected visual acuity was measured as Snellen decimal notation and converted to logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) for statistical analyses. RESULTS: The mean age of the study population was 7.4 ± 1.4 years. Ten patients (71%) had anisometropic amblyopia; 2 (14%), strabismic amblyopia; and 2 (14%), mixed amblyopia. The mean follow-up period was 4.0 ± 1.2 months (range, 3-7 months). The mean duration of using LCG was 8.2 ± 2.5 hours daily (range, 4-12 hours). All of 14 patients used the LCG as suggested. The mean logMAR best-corrected visual acuity of the amblyopic eyes was 0.6 ± 0.3 at baseline, improving to 0.3 ± 0.2 at final follow-up (P < 0.001). No side effects were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The current study demonstrated that LCG wear improved visual acuity in children with monocular amblyopia. Additional studies are needed to determine whether this effect is due to the LCG on/off feature or to refractive correction alone.

Effects of corrective surgery on social phobia, psychological distress, disease-related disability and quality of life in adult strabismus patients.

BACKGROUND: Corrective surgery is done for ocular alignment and disrupted facial expression in some cases of adult strabismus patients. The effects of corrective surgery on the presence of social phobia (SP) diagnosis, the severity of social anxiety symptoms, the disease-related disability and the quality of life (QoL) among strabismus patients have not been thoroughly studied yet. METHODS: The study sample was composed of patients who had undergone corrective surgery for strabismus. Preoperative and postoperative evaluations made by using standardised measures of social phobia diagnosis (DSM-IV-TR) and severity (Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS)), anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)), disability (Sheehan Disability Scale) and quality of life (short form-36). RESULTS: Preoperatively, SP diagnosis was detected in 17 of 31 (54.8%) patients, whereas postoperatively 6 of 31 (19.4%) patients had SP (p=0.001). Participants showed a significant decrease in all subscale scores and total score of both LSAS and HADS compared with their preoperative scores. Significant improvements were observed in QoL and disability scores as well. CONCLUSIONS: Adult strabismus patients seem to gain benefits from corrective surgery not only for their ocular misalignment but also for social anxiety levels that may be associated with improvements in their QoL and disability levels.

Choroidal thickness in healthy Turkish subjects.

AIM: To investigate choroidal thickness in healthy Turkish subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Refraction, axial length (AXL) measurement, anterior chamber, and fundus examinations were performed. Eyes that had any retinal or choroidal pathology were excluded from the study. Enhanced-depth imaging optical coherence tomography was used to evaluate choroidal thickness. RESULTS: 139 eyes from 70 subjects were investigated. The mean age, AXL, spherical equivalent refractive error (SE), and subfoveal choroidal thickness (SCT) were 34.7 +/- 12.7 years, 23.31 +/- 0.91 mm, -0.15 +/- 1.64 diopters (D), and 326 +/- 60 microm, respectively. A negative correlation was found between SCT and AXL (P = 0.043). The mean age, SE, AXL, and SCT were 31.7 +/- 9.3 and 34.6 +/- 14.3 years, -0.27 +/- 1.45 and 0.02 +/- 1.89 D, 23.52 +/- 0.94 and 23.02 +/- 0.75 mm, and 324 +/- 69 and 329 +/- 40 mirom in male and female subjects, respectively (P = 0.14, P = 0.31, P = 0.001, and P = 0.58, respectively). Regression analysis showed that SCT decreased by 0.93 microm for each year of age. CONCLUSION: In healthy Turkish subjects, SCT decreased by 0.93 pm for each year of age and was thicker in men when the results were adjusted according to AXL measurements.