Performance comparison of BD Phoenix CPO detect panel with Cepheid Xpert Carba-R assay for the detection of carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to compare the performance of carbapenemase classification in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) obtained using the BD Phoenix CPO Detect panel (CPO panel) and Cepheid Xpert Carba-R assays. We analyzed 55 CRKP strains from clinical specimens collected between November 2020 and November 2022. The CPO panel was used to detect both antibiotic susceptibility and phenotypic carbapenemase classes, while Xpert Carba-R was employed to identify KPC, NDM, VIM, OXA-48, and IMP genes. Due to the limited availability of molecular kits, we arbitrarily selected 55 isolates, identified as carbapenemase-producing according to the CPO panel and with meropenem minimum inhibitory concentration values > 8 mg/L. RESULTS: According to the Xpert Carba-R assay, 16 of the 55 isolates (29.1%) were categorised as Ambler Class A (11 of which matched CPO panel Class A identification); three isolates (5.5%) were identified as Class B and 27 isolates (49.1%) as Class D (in both cases consistent with CPO panel B and D classifications). A further eight isolates (14.5%) exhibited multiple carbapenemase enzymes and were designated as dual-carbapenemase producers, while one isolate (1.8%) was identified as a non-carbapenemase-producer. The CPO panel demonstrated positive and negative percent agreements of 100% and 85.7% for Ambler Class A, 100% and 100% for Class B, and 96.4% and 100% for Class D carbapenemase detection, respectively. CONCLUSION: While the CPO panel's phenotypic performance was satisfactory in detecting Class B and D carbapenemases, additional confirmatory testing may be necessary for Class A carbapenemases as part of routine laboratory procedures.

An evaluation of a Stenotrophomonas maltophilia outbreak due to commercial arterial blood gas collection kit.

BACKGROUND: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a gram-negative bacterium that can cause hospital infections and outbreaks within hospitals. This study aimed to evaluate an outbreak of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, caused by ready-to-use commercial syringes containing liquid lithium and heparin for arterial blood gas collection in a university hospital. METHODS: Upon detecting an increase in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia growth in blood cultures between 15.09.2021 and 19.11.2021, an outbreak analysis and a case-control study (52 patients for the case group, 56 patients for the control group) were performed considering risk factors for bacteremia. Samples from possible foci for bacteremia were also cultured. Growing bacteria were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The genetic linkage and clonal relationship isolates were investigated with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) in the reference laboratory. RESULTS: In the case-control study, the odds ratio for the central venous catheter [3.38 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.444, 8.705 ; p = 0.006)], for surgery [3.387 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.370, 8.373 ; p = 0.008)] and for arterial blood gas collection history [18.584 (95% confidence interval [CI]:4.086, 84.197; p < 0.001)] were identified as significant risk factors. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia growth was found in ready-to-use commercial syringes used for arterial blood gas collection. Molecular analysis showed that the growths in the samples taken from commercial syringes and the growths from blood cultures were the same. It was decided that the epidemic occurred because the method for sterilization of heparinized liquid preparations were not suitable. After discontinuing the use of the kits with this lot number, the outbreak was brought under control. CONCLUSIONS: According to our results, disposable or sterile medical equipment should be included as a risk factor in outbreak analyses. The method by which injectors containing liquids, such as heparin, are sterilized should be reviewed. Our study also revealed the importance of the cooperation of the infection control team with the microbiology laboratory.

A comparative study of ceftazidime/avibactam-based and fosfomycin plus meropenem-based regimens for managing infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in critically ill patients.

The main aim of this study was to compare and analyze the effectiveness of treatment regimens using ceftazidime/avibactam (CAZ/AVI) versus fosfomycin plus meropenem (FOS/MER) for managing bloodstream infections (BSI) or ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) caused by carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) in critically ill patients. Between 4 January 2019, and 16 July 2023, adult patients (≥18 years old) diagnosed with BSI or VAP due to culture confirmed CRKP in ICU of a tertiary care hospital were investigated retrospectively. A total of 71 patients were categorized into two groups: 30 patients in CAZ/AVI-based, and 41 patients in FOS/MER-based group. No substantial disparities were found in the total duration of ICU hospitalization, as well as the 14- and 30-day mortality rates, between patients treated with CAZ/AVI-based and FOS/MER-based therapeutic regimens. We consider that our study provides for the first time a comprehensive understanding of treatment outcomes and associated risk factors among patients with CRKP-related infections.

Surveillance of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli in perianal swab samples.

Our study aimed to detect carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) and/or carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli in perianal swab samples, exploring their link to bloodstream infections (BSIs) in a tertiary-care university hospital. CRKP-related BSIs ranged from 3.7% to 9.58%, emphasizing the need to understand local risk factors for effective infection control.

OXA-48 Dominance Meets Ceftazidime-Avibactam: A Battle Against Life-Threatening Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Infections in the Intensive Care Unit.

Objective In this study, we aimed to describe the outcomes in ICU patients with bloodstream infection (BSI) or ventilatory-associated pneumonia (VAP) due to carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) who received ceftazidime-avibactam treatment at a tertiary care university hospital. Methods Patients aged 18 years or older who were admitted to the Anesthesiology and Reanimation ICU at Bursa Uludag University Faculty of Medicine Hospital between June 13, 2021, and July 16, 2023, and diagnosed with BSI or VAP due to CRKP were included in this study. Results A total of 42 patients treated with ceftazidime-avibactam were included. Total crude mortality rates were 33.3% on day 14 and 54.8% on day 30. Mortality rates on the 14th and 30th days were 37.5% and 62.5% in patients with BSI and 27.8% and 44.4% in patients with VAP, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between monotherapy and combination therapy in terms of mortality rates on days 14 and 30, respectively (3/11 vs. 11/31, p=0.620; 5/11 vs. 18/31, p=0.470). Immunosuppression (10/11 vs. 13/31, p=0.005), the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score ≥8 (at the initiation of treatment; 19/25 vs. 4/17, p<0.001), INCREMENT-CPE score ≥10 (12/16 vs. 3/10, p=0.024) and longer duration (in days) from culture collection to treatment initiation (5.0 ± 0.61 vs. 3.11 ± 0.48, p=0.024) were found to have a statistically significant effect on 30-day mortality. In multivariate analysis, a SOFA score ≥8 at the initiation of treatment (p=0.037, OR: 17.442, 95% CI: 1.187-256.280) was found to be a significant risk factor affecting mortality (30-day). Conclusion The mortality rates of patients with CRKP infection who were followed up in the ICU were found to be high, and it was observed that whether ceftazidime-avibactam treatment was given as a combination or monotherapy did not affect mortality. Further multicentre studies with a larger number of patients are needed to gain a comprehensive understanding of the topic, given that this treatment is typically reserved for documented infections.

Evaluation of the combination treatments with intravenous fosfomycin for carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the combination treatments with intravenous fosfomycin for carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infections in a tertiary-care center. METHODS: Between December 24, 2018 and November 21, 2022, adult patients diagnosed with bloodstream infection or ventilator-associated pneumonia due to culture-confirmed carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in the anesthesiology and reanimation intensive care units were investigated retrospectively. RESULTS: There were a total of 62 patients fulfilling the study inclusion criteria. No significant difference was recorded in 14- and 30-day mortality among different types of combination regimens such as fosfomycin plus one or two antibiotic combinations. Hypokalemia (OR:5.651, 95%CI 1.019-31.330, p=0.048) was found to be a significant risk factor for 14-day mortality, whereas SOFA score at the time of diagnosis (OR:1.497, 95%CI 1.103-2.032, p=0.010) and CVVHF treatment (OR:6.409, 95%CI 1.395-29.433, p=0.017) were associated with 30-day mortality in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: In our study, high mortality rates were found in patients with bloodstream infection or ventilator-associated pneumonia due to carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, and no significant difference was recorded in 14- and 30-day mortality among different types of combination regimens such as fosfomycin plus one or two antibiotic combinations.

Effects of COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare-associated infections, antibiotic resistance and consumption rates in intensive care units.

Purpose: This paper aimed to evaluate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), antibiotic resistance and consumption rates in intensive care units (ICUs) of a tertiary care university hospital. Patients and Methods: Between 1 January 2018 and 31 December 2021, adult patients diagnosed with HAIs in ICUs were investigated retrospectively. Patients were divided into pre-pandemic (2018-2019) and pandemic periods (2020-2021). Antibiotic consumption index was calculated via using the formula of (total dose (grams)/defined daily dose (DDD) x total patient days) x1000. A p value below 0.05 was accepted as statistically significant. Results: The incidence of HAIs (per 1000 patient days) in the ICU of COVID-19 patients was 16.59, while it was 13.42 in the other ICUs during the pandemic period (p=0.107). The bloodstream infection (BSI) incidence was 3.32 in the pre-pandemic period and 5.41 in the pandemic period in ICUs other than the ICU of COVID-19 patients (p<0.001). In the pandemic period, the BSI incidence rate was significantly higher in the ICU of COVID-19 patients than in the other ICUs (14.26 vs 5.41, p<0.001). Central venous catheter bloodstream infections incidence rate was 4.72 in the pre-pandemic and 7.52 in the pandemic period in ICUs other than the ICU of COVID-19 patients (p=0.0019). During the pandemic period, the bacteraemia episode rates of Acinetobacter baumannii (5.375 vs 0.984, p<0.001), Enterococcus spp. (1.635 vs 0.268, p<0.001) and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (3.038 vs 1.297, p=0.0086) in the ICU of COVID-19 patients were significantly found higher than others. The extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) positivity rates for Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli were 61% and 42% in the pre-pandemic period; 73% and 69% in the pandemic period in ICUs other than the ICU of COVID-19 patients (p>0.05). In the pandemic period, the ESBL positivity rates for K. pneumoniae and E. coli were 83% and 100% in the ICU of COVID-19 patients, respectively. Meropenem (p<0.001), teicoplanin (p<0.001) and ceftriaxone (p<0.001) consumptions were increased while ciprofloxacin (p=0.003) consumption was decreased in all ICUs after the pre-pandemic period. Conclusions: BSI and CVCBSI incidence rates were significantly increased in all ICUs after the COVID-19 pandemic in our hospital. Bacteraemia episode rates of A. baumannii, Enterococcus spp. and S. maltophilia in ICU of COVID-19 patients were significantly found higher than others. In addition, meropenem, teicoplanin and ceftriaxone consumptions were increased in all ICUs after the COVID-19 pandemic.

Evaluation of antioxidant films of chitosan with Aquilaria agallocha extract as packaging material.

In this study, the bark of the Aquilaria agallocha was extracted, and the phenolic content of A. agallocha extract was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector. The A. agallocha extract-chitosan edible films were prepared by using a different amount of A. agallocha extract (0, 1, 4, and 8 mL) and chitosan solution. Some physical properties of A. agallocha extract-chitosan edible films, water vapor permeability, solubility, swelling ratio, humidity ratio, thickness, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis were investigated. The antibacterial activities, total phenolic content, and antioxidant capacity analysis of the A. agallocha extract-chitosan edible films were performed. The total phenolic content (0, 1, 4, and 8 mL of A. agallocha extract-chitosan edible films 0.92 ± 0.09, 1.34 ± 0.04, 2.94 ± 0.10, and 4.62 ± 0.10 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g film, respectively) and antioxidant capacity (0, 1, 4, and 8 mL of A. agallocha extract-chitosan edible films 52.61 ± 2.85, 104.28 ± 4.78, 304.30 ± 18.23, and 592.11 ± 0.67 mg Trolox equivalent (TE)/g film, respectively) of A. agallocha extract-chitosan edible films increased with the increase in the amount of extract. At the same time, the increase in the amount of antioxidant capacity improved the physical features of the films. The results of the antibacterial activity studies showed that all of the A. agallocha extract-chitosan edible films prevented bacterial growth from Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus considering controlling group. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: To investigate the activity of antioxidant extract-biodegradable film, the A. agallocha extract-chitosan edible film had prepared. The results showed that A. agallocha extract-chitosan edible film was antioxidant and antibacterial properties and was used as food packaging material successfully.

Serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae and pneumococcal vaccine coverage in adults in Turkey between 2015 and 2018.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the serotype distribution and antibiotic resistance in pneumococcal infections in adults and to provide a perspective regarding serotype coverage of both current and future pneumococcal vaccines. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This passive surveillance study was conducted with the Streptococcus pneumoniae strains isolated from the specimens of patients with pneumonia (materials isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage), bacteraemia, meningitis, pleuritis and peritonitis between 2015 and 2018. Serogrouping and serotyping were performed by latex particle agglutination and by conventional Quellung reaction using commercial type-specific antisera, respectively. The strains were analysed for penicillin, cefotaxime, erythromycin and moxifloxacin susceptibilities by E-test. RESULTS: In the whole study group (410 samples from adults aged ≥18 years), the most frequent serotypes were 3 (14.1%), 19 F (12%) and 1 (9.3%). The vaccine coverage for PCV13, PCV15, PCV20 and PPV23 was 63.9%, 66.6%, 74.1% and 75.9%, respectively, in all isolates. Penicillin non-susceptibility in invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) was 70.8% and 57.1% in the patients aged <65 and ≥65 years, respectively. About 21.1% and 4.3% of the patients with and without IPD had cefotaxime resistance. Non-susceptibility to erythromycin and moxifloxacin was 38.2% and 1.2%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results revealed that novel PCV vaccines may provide improved coverage as compared with the currently available vaccine, PCV13. The significant antibiotic resistance rates imply the need to extend the serotype coverage of the vaccines. Continuing the surveillance in pneumococcal diseases is critical to explore the serotype distribution and incidence changes of IPD cases in the population and to inform policy makers to make necessary improvements in the national immunization programmes.Key messagesThis multicentre study demonstrated the most recent serotype distribution and antibiotic resistance in adult population in Turkey.Shifting from PCV13 to novel conjugated vaccines will significantly increase the coverage.Continuing the surveillance in pneumococcal diseases is critical to explore the serotype distribution changes and the incidence of cases with invasive pneumococcal disease in the population.

Trends of Bloodstream Infections in a University Hospital During 12 Years.

This study aims to investigate trends in bloodstream infections and their antimicrobial susceptibility profiles over 12 years in our hospital. This retrospective study was carried out in the Bursa Uludag University Hospital, Turkey, during 2008-2019. Blood cultures from patients were performed using BACTEC System. Isolates were identified with Phoenix System until 2018 and "matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry" (MALDI-TOF MS) in 2019. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed with Phoenix System. Patient data came from the BD EpiCenter™ data management system. Escherichia coli was found to be the most common Gram-negative (11.6%), and coagulase-negative staphylococci were the most common Gram-positive (10.1%) monomicrobial growth. Overall, there was a significant increase in rates of extended-spectrum ß-lactamase positive E. coli (p = 0.014) and Klebsiella pneumonia (p < 0.001), carbapenem-resistant E. coli (p < 0.001), and K. pneumoniae (p < 0.001) and colistin-resistant K. pneumoniae (p < 0.001) and Acinetobacter baumannii (p < 0.001) over 12 years. Carbapenem and colistin resistance has increased dramatically in recent years. We believe that regular monitoring of the distribution of pathogens and antibiotic susceptibility profiles, especially in intensive care units, can contribute to evidence for the increase in resistant microorganisms and help prevent their spread with antimicrobial stewardship and infection control policies.

An outbreak of Ralstonia insidiosa bloodstream infections caused by contaminated heparinized syringes.

INTRODUCTION: Ralstonia insidiosa, a gram-negative waterborne bacteria able to survive and grow in any type of water source, can cause nosocomial infections, and are considered emerging pathogens of infectious diseases in hospital settings. In this study, we report an outbreak of R. insidiosa at our center related to contaminated heparinized syringes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The present study was conducted in a tertiary care university hospital in Turkey. An outbreak analysis was performed between September 2021 and December 2021. Microbiological samples were obtained from environmental sources and from patient blood cultures. Species identification was performed using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). To investigate the clonality of strains, all confirmed isolates were sent to the National Reference Laboratory and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to perform molecular typing. RESULTS: Seventeen R. insidiosa isolates were identified from the blood cultures of 13 patients from various wards and intensive care units. Isolates from seven patient blood cultures and two heparinized blood gas syringes were characterized by PFGE. All isolates were found to belong to the same clone of R. insidiosa. CONCLUSION: R. insidiosa was identified as the cause of a nosocomial infection outbreak in our hospital, which was then rapidly controlled by the infection-control team. When rare waterborne microorganisms grow in blood or other body fluid cultures, clinicians and the infection-control team should be made aware of a possible outbreak.

Evaluation of serum indirect haemagglutination test results of suspected cystic echinococcosis cases from 2009-2017.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the serological, radiological and epidemiological analysis of suspected cystic echinococcosis patients, and to assess the positivity rate in the region. Methods: The retrospective study was conducted at Bursa Uludag University Hospital, Turkey and comprised data from January 2009 to December 2017 related to patients of either gender with suspected cystic echinococcosis who underwent indirect haemagglutination testing. Demographic and clinical data of patients who tested positive were analysed. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 23. RESULTS: Of the 3910 patients with a mean age of 41.6±19.35 years (range: 0-93 years) who underwent indirect haemagglutination testing, 692(17.7%) tested positive; 390(56.4%) females, and 302(43.6%) males. The highest seropositivity rate 107(15.5%) was observed in 2011, followed by 104(15%) in 2016. Seropositive cases were predominantly seen in those aged 40-49 years 131 (18.9%), followed by those aged 50-59 years 124 (17.9%). CONCLUSIONS: Cystic echinococcosis was found to be a public health problem in South Marmara region of Turkey.

Evaluation of Using Empiric Glycopeptides in Accordance with the IDSA Guidelines in Hematologic Malignancy Patients with Febrile Neutropenia.

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the appropriate use of empiric glycopeptide therapy in hematologic malignancy patients with febrile neutropenia (FN). Materials and Methods: Patients with FN who were hospitalized in our clinic and started empiric glycopeptide therapy were retrospectively analyzed. Empiric glycopeptide treatment initial indications were determined according to 7 specific criteria in the IDSA guidelines. In addition, the duration of glycopeptide use according to initial indications, causative pathogens in culture positivity, frequency of VRE infection, and the mortality rate was identified. Results: 87 patients were included. Of these, 102 episodes of FN were analyzed. Appropriate use of glycopeptides was observed in 98% of patients. The most common initial indication for glycopeptide was skin or soft-tissue infection, with 52% (n = 53). The mean duration of glycopeptide use was 11 (2-22) days. The time of glycopeptide use was longer in patients with catheter-related infections than in those with severe mucositis and hemodynamic instability (p = 0,041/p = 0,016). The duration of glycopeptide use was shorter in patients with consolidation therapy than in those without consolidation therapy. The mortality rate in culture-positive patients was significantly higher than in culture-negative patients (p = 0.041). At 72 h, glycopeptide therapy was discontinued in 8 of 79 FN episodes within culture-negative patients. Conclusion: This study showed that the mortality rate was higher in culture-positive patients. Additionally, glycopeptides should be discontinued early with no evidence of gram-positive infection.

Association of SARS-CoV-2 cycle threshold (Ct) values with clinical course and serum biomarkers in COVID-19 patients.

INTRODUCTION: Our knowledge has gaps regarding severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) replication levels and its association to severity of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The aim of this study was to investigate the association of SARS-CoV-2 viral load with disease severity and serum biomarkers in COVID-19 patients. METHODOLOGY: Viral load was determined via cycle threshold (Ct) values of SARS-CoV-2 real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in 214 adult patients. Ct values were compared with clinical severity, biochemical and hematological biomarkers. RESULTS: Clinical course of the disease was mild (49.1%), moderate (40.2%), and severe (10.7%). Median Ct value was 28.2 (IQR: 22.2-33.8) during the first week of the disease. Ct values were lower within five days after symptom onset [lowest Ct value on the third day (median: 24, IQR: 20.6-32.3)], but they increased significantly during the second and third weeks. No association was detected between admission Ct values and disease severity. Gender, age, co-morbidity, and mortality did not differ significantly in patients with low (≤ 25) and high (> 25) Ct values. White blood cell, neutrophil, platelet, and especially lymphocyte counts, were significantly lower in patients with low Ct values. CONCLUSIONS: No definitive/clear correlation between SARS-CoV-2 viral load and severity and mortality was found in the studied COVID-19 patients. However, neutrophil, platelet, and especially lymphocyte count were significantly lower in patients with a high viral load.

Nanobubble Ozone Stored in Hyaluronic Acid Decorated Liposomes: Antibacterial, Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Effect and Biocompatibility Tests.

PURPOSE: SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals may be asymptomatic, and therefore, the virus is highly contagious. We aimed to develop an agent to control viral replication in the upper respiratory tract and to prevent progression of the disease into the lower airways as well as inter-individual transmission. For this purpose, we investigated the antibacterial and antiviral activities of our novel nanobubble ozonated hyaluronic acid-decorated liposomal (NOHAL) solution, developed by using nanotechnology. METHODS: The MIC levels of NOHAL solution were determined on blood agar cultures of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Streptococcus pneumoniae (ATCC 49619) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922). The in vitro anti-viral activity of NOHAL solution was studied using recombinant SARS-CoV-2 copies of the original virus, grown in Vero cells generated by reverse genetic technology. Human primary lung epithelial cells obtained by bronchoscopy or lung resection were used for cell viability tests using flow cytometry analysis. The cytotoxicity testing was performed using the BALB/c 3T3 (CCL-163) cell line. Skin, oral, nasal and ocular irritation tests were performed using New Zealand albino rabbits, Syrian hamsters, BALB c mice and New Zealand albino rabbits of both sexes. RESULTS: Bacterial growth was prevented by NOHAL solution in a time-/dose-dependent manner. In vivo or in vitro experiments did not show any toxicity of NOHAL solution. No cytotoxicity was recorded on cell viability. No skin, oral, nasal or ocular toxicities were recorded. In addition, in a SARS-CoV-2 mouse infection model, NOHAL solution diminished the viral RNA levels effectively in nasopharyngeal and lung samples after its prophylactic intranasal application. CONCLUSION: NOHAL solution has the potential to reduce or prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2 through the nose and/or oral cavity. The clinical efficacy of this solution needs to be tested in order to determine its efficacy in the early phase of COVID-19.

In-vitro activity of fosfomycin against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream isolates and frequency of OXA-48, NDM, KPC, VIM, IMP types of carbapenemases in the carbapenem-resistant groups.

The aim of this study was to determine the in-vitro activity of fosfomycin against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) isolates and the frequency of OXA-48, NDM, KPC, VIM, IMP types of carbapenemases in the carbapenem-resistant (CR) groups. A total of 346 isolates (126 E. coli and 220 K. pneumoniae) from nosocomial bloodstream infections were included. Carbapenem and fosfomycin susceptibility were tested by Etest (bioMerieux, France) and agar dilution methods, respectively and evaluated in accordance with EUCAST criteria. The presence of OXA-48, NDM, KPC, VIM, IMP types of carbapenemases were conducted by using PCR method. Of the total 346 isolates, 185 (41 E. coli, 144 K. pneumoniae) were CR. Fosfomycin susceptibility of E. coli was higher than 95% and was not statistically significant between the CR and carbapenem-susceptible (CS) groups. Fosfomycin susceptibility of CS and CR K. pneumoniae was 90.7% and 69.4%, respectively, and statistically significantly lower in CR group. Of the total 185 CR isolates, 163 (32 E. coli, 131 K. pneumoniae) were producing carbapenemases. OXA-48 was the prominent carbapenemase type produced by E. coli (96.8%) and K. pneumoniae (70.9%). The frequency of NDM and KPC types produced by K. pneumoniae was 20.6% and 15.2%, respectively. Fosfomycin has substantial in-vitro activity against nosocomial CS and CR E. coli and CS K. pneumoniae bloodstream isolates. However, due to the risk of emerging resistance with fosfomycin monotherapy, combination therapy should be considered to obtain the possible additive or synergistic activity. Emerging fosfomycin resistance of CR K. pneumoniae isolates is alarming and OXA-48 is still the prominent carbapenemase type in Turkey.

Healthcare-Associated Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Bacteraemia: Retrospective Evaluation of Treatment and Outcome.

Introduction Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (SM) is one of the common gram-negative pathogens that cause nosocomial infections. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the treatment and outcome of SM bacteraemia. Materials and Methods We retrospectively evaluated antimicrobial treatment in adult patients with nosocomial SM bacteraemia, with the 14th and 30th-day mortality as the outcome. Results In total, 140 adult patients with SM bacteraemia who were diagnosed between January 1, 2002, and December 31, 2016 were enrolled in the present study. Seventy-one (50.7%) patients were in the intensive care unit (ICU). The 14th and the 30th-day mortality rates were 32.9% (n=46) and 45.7% (n=64), respectively. Female sex (OR, 7.47; 95% CI 1.61-34.47, p<0.01), steroid use within the last month (OR, 10.2; 95% CI 1.27-82.27, p=0.029), Pittsburgh bacteraemia score (PBS) ≥4 (OR, 39.9; 95% CI 4.96-321.32, p<0.001) and solid organ malignancy (OR, 9.6; 95% CI 1.73-53.72, p<0.01) were independent risk factors for 14th day mortality. Removal of the catheter was an independent protective factor for both 14th (OR, 0.05; 95% CI 0.22-0.010, p<0.001) and 30th day (OR, 0.039;95% CI 0.164-0.009, p<0.001) mortality. We did not detect any difference between treatment regimens including trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) or levofloxacin in terms of mortality. We found that TMP/SMX and levofloxacin combination did not significantly improve patient prognosis. Conclusion  Due to the high mortality rates associated with nosocomial SM bacteraemia, adequate antibiotic therapy should be initiated immediately in the suspicion of infection, and prompt removal of any indwelling central venous catheter is important.

Laboratory Results of Cystic Echinococcosis in 2017 and 2018

Objective: This study aimed to retrospectively examine the indirect haemagglutination (IHA) test results of patients suspected of cystic echinococcosis (CE) and admitted to Bursa Uludag University Health Practice and Research Center Hospital. Methods: Serum samples in the serology laboratory of our hospital were evaluated using the commercial Cellognost® echinococcosis IHA (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Marburg, Germany) test based on the manufacturer's recommendations. In the IHA test, ≥1:64 serum titres were accepted as positive. Results: Seropositivity was determined in 213 (19.9%) of 1.072 patients suspected of having CE by the IHA method. Of the patients with seropositivity, 120 (56.3%) were female and 93 (43.7%) were male. The highest positivity rate in both sexes was found in patients aged 20-29 years (22.5% in women; 14.1% in men). Conclusion: The results indicate that CE maintains its importance as a public health problem in Bursa as in Turkey.

Vancomycin-resistant enterococci infection and predisposing factors for infection and mortality in patients with acute leukaemia and febrile neutropenia.

BACKGROUND: Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE) is an infectious agent that can increase morbidity and mortality, especially in patients with neutropenia in haematology departments. We analysed VRE infections and mortality rates among VRE colonized patients with acute leukaemia, defined predisposing risk factors for infection and mortality, and investigated the influence of daptomycin or linezolid treatment on mortality. PATIENTS-METHODS: We included 200 VRE colonized adult acute leukaemia patients with febrile neutropenia between January 2010 and January 2016. Data were collected from electronic files. RESULTS: There were 179 patients in the colonized group, and 21 patients in the infected group. Enterococcus faecium (van A) was isolated from all patients. The infection rate was 10.5 %, and the types of infections noted were as follows: bloodstream (n = 14; 66.7 %), skin and soft tissue (n = 3; 14.3 %), urinary (n = 2; 9.5 %), and others (9.5 %). In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, exposure to invasive procedures, coinfection status, and >15 days of VRE positivity were independent risk factors for VRE infections. In hospital mortality rates were 57.1 % in the infected group, and 9.5 % in the colonized group (p < 0.001). Older age, female gender, absolute neutropenia, and coinfection status were statistically significant predictor of survival. CONCLUSION: Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus infections are associated with high morbidity and mortality in haematology patients with neutropenia. Clinicians should be aware of predisposing risk factors for VRE infection to avoid unfavourable outcomes. We believe that larger studies are necessary regarding the influence of treatment with daptomycin and linezolid.

Serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumonia in children with invasive disease in Turkey: 2015-2018.

Objectives: To determine the serotype distribution of pneumococcus causing invasive pneumococcal disease (meningitidis, bacteremia and empyema) in children in Turkey, and to observe potential changes in this distribution in time to guide effective vaccine strategies. Methods: We surveyed S. pneumoniae with conventional bacteriological techniques and with real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in samples of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood and pleural fluid. S. pneumoniae strains were isolated from 33 different hospitals in Turkey, which are giving health services to approximately 60% of the Turkish population. Results: A total of 167 cases were diagnosed with invasive pneumococcal disease between 2015 and 2018. We diagnosed 52 (31.1%) patients with meningitis, 104 (62.2%) patients with bacteremia, and 11 (6.6%) patients with empyema. Thirty-three percent of them were less than 2 years old and 56% less than 5 years old. Overall PCV13 serotypes accounted for 56.2% (94/167). The most common serotypes were 19 F (11.9%), 1 (10.7%) and 3 (10.1%). Conclusions: Besides the increasing frequency of non-vaccine serotypes, vaccine serotypes continue to be a problem for Turkey despite routine and high-rate vaccination with PCV13 and significant reduction reported for the incidence of IPD in young children. Since new candidate pneumococcal conjugate vaccines with more serotype antigens are being developed, continuing IPD surveillance is a significant source of information for decision-making processes on pneumococcal vaccination.