Transpassive Metal Dissolution vs. Oxygen Evolution Reaction: Implication for Alloy Stability and Electrocatalysis.

Multi-principal element alloys (MPEAs) are gaining interest in corrosion and electrocatalysis research due to their electrochemical stability across a broad pH range and the design flexibility they offer. Using the equimolar CrCoNi alloy, we observe significant metal dissolution in a corrosive electrolyte (0.1 M NaCl, pH 2) concurrently with the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in the transpassive region, despite the absence of hysteresis in polarization curves or other obvious corrosion indicators. We present a characterization scheme to delineate the contribution of OER and alloy dissolution, using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) for OER-onset detection, and quantitative chemical analysis with inductively coupled-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and ultraviolet visible light (UV/Vis) spectrometry to elucidate metal dissolution processes. In situ electrochemical atomic force microscopy (EC-AFM) revealed that the transpassive metal dissolution on CrCoNi is dominated by intergranular corrosion. These results have significant implications for the stability of MPEAs in corrosion systems, emphasizing the necessity of analytically determining metal ions released from MPEA electrodes into the electrolyte when evaluating Faradaic efficiencies of OER catalysts. The release of transition metal ions not only reduces the Faradaic efficiency of electrolyzers but may also cause poisoning and degradation of membranes in electrochemical reactors.

Emotional Dysregulation and Temperament-Character Traits in Adolescents With Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder (Conversion Disorder).

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to evaluate emotion dysregulation and temperament-character traits in adolescents with functional neurological symptom disorder (FNSD). Forty adolescents with FNSD and 40 healthy adolescents were evaluated by a semiconstructed diagnosis interview, Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), Regulation of Emotions Questionnaire (REQ), and Children's Somatization Inventory-24 (CSI-24). The external and internal dysfunctional emotion regulation scores of REQ, all subscales of DERS, except the awareness subscale, and CSI-24 scores were significantly higher in FNSD patients compared with healthy controls. There were significant differences between the groups in terms of harm avoidance and reward dependence subscale scores of TCI. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the external dysfunctional emotion regulation strategy, somatization, and reward dependence are significant predictors of FNSD. Our results provide evidence that adolescents with FNSD experience emotional dysregulation and that the differential value of some temperament-character traits in the diagnosis of FNSD.

Vestibular Evaluation of Children Diagnosed with Specific Learning Disorder.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the vestibular function of children diagnosed with specific learning disorders (SLD). Methods: This study was conducted with 30 children diagnosed with SLD and 30 healthy children matched for age and sex, and vestibular tests were applied. Results: Optokinetic and head shake test values in videonystagmography subtests were found to be pathological in the study group, and the lateral asymmetry value in video head impulse test (v-HIT) was found to be significantly higher in the study group. Also, a significant difference was found in the N1 latency, P1-N1 interlatency, P1-N1 amplitude values in the cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential test, and asymmetry values in the ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential test. Conclusion: The current study showed that vestibular functions may differ from normal in SLD patients and that vestibular dysfunction may play a role in symptoms such as postural instability, balance, and gross and fine motor disorders that are frequently observed in these children.

Investigation of physical playfulness in physiotherapy students.

BACKGROUND: Physiotherapists show a positive attitude towards playing games in order to be a role model for pediatric patients and to increase the success of therapy. The aim of the present study is to investigate the physical playfulness of physiotherapy students and the relationship of physical playfulness and individual and environmental factors. METHODS: The sociodemographic data, regular physical activity habits of the students were examined as well as their computer game playing status and duration. "Attitudes of 18-22 Age Adults for Playing Games That Contain Physical Activity" scale was used for assessing playfulness. RESULTS: A total of 268 students participated in the study. Among the game proneness scale subsections, the highest score was obtained in the Social Adjustment while the lowest scores were obtained in the "Desire to Play Game" and "To take pleasure from playing game" subsections. Male students scored higher in "Risk Taking and "To take pleasure from playing game" in comparison with the female students. There was a statistically significant difference between physical activity habits and "Game Compassion", "Risk Taking", "Social Adjustment" and "To take pleasure from playing game scores". CONCLUSION: Physiotherapy students were found to be more playful, particularly in terms of social adaptation. Men take more risks in the plays and also play the games more enjoyable. Students with regular physical activity habits were more playful overall. The present study suggests that monitoring physical activity levels, computer games types might be beneficial for evaluating the playfulness.

Biocompatible Macroion/Growth Factor Assemblies for Medical Applications.

Growth factors are a class of proteins that play a role in the proliferation (the increase in the number of cells resulting from cell division) and differentiation (when a cell undergoes changes in gene expression becoming a more specific type of cell) of cells. They can have both positive (accelerating the normal healing process) and negative effects (causing cancer) on disease progression and have potential applications in gene therapy and wound healing. However, their short half-life, low stability, and susceptibility to degradation by enzymes at body temperature make them easily degradable in vivo. To improve their effectiveness and stability, growth factors require carriers for delivery that protect them from heat, pH changes, and proteolysis. These carriers should also be able to deliver the growth factors to their intended destination. This review focuses on the current scientific literature concerning the physicochemical properties (such as biocompatibility, high affinity for binding growth factors, improved bioactivity and stability of the growth factors, protection from heat, pH changes or appropriate electric charge for growth factor attachment via electrostatic interactions) of macroions, growth factors, and macroion-growth factor assemblies, as well as their potential uses in medicine (e.g., diabetic wound healing, tissue regeneration, and cancer therapy). Specific attention is given to three types of growth factors: vascular endothelial growth factors, human fibroblast growth factors, and neurotrophins, as well as selected biocompatible synthetic macroions (obtained through standard polymerization techniques) and polysaccharides (natural macroions composed of repeating monomeric units of monosaccharides). Understanding the mechanisms by which growth factors bind to potential carriers could lead to more effective delivery methods for these proteins, which are of significant interest in the diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative and civilization diseases, as well as in the healing of chronic wounds.

Synthesis and characterization of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) anchored polystyrene microparticles as a synthetic model system for attachment studies.

Outer membrane lipopolysaccharides (LPS) play a crucial role in determining attachment behavior and pathogenicity of bacteria. The aim of this study was to develop a simple procedure for anchoring bacterial lipopolysaccharides to polystyrene (PS) microparticles as a model system for in situ attachment studies. By using a swell-capture methodology, commercially available LPS of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (strain ATCC 27316 serotype 10.22) was anchored onto PS microparticles in a proof-of-concept study. A detailed chemical and morphological characterization has proven the success of LPS incorporation. It was shown that the coverage and structure of the LPS film was concentration dependent. The procedure can easily be adapted to LPS of other bacterial strains to generate a synthetic model toolkit for attachment studies.

Physiotherapists' knowledge on pressure ulcer prevention.

Pressure ulcers can develop in bedridden or immobile patients which physiotherapists frequently encounter. Although physiotherapists receive training for preventing pressure ulcers, there is limited evidence of physiotherapists' knowledge level. Our study evaluated physiotherapists' pressure ulcer prevention knowledge. The level of knowledge for pressure ulcer prevention was inquired with the Turkish version of the Pressure Ulcer Prevention Knowledge Assessment Instrument (PUPKAI-T). Two hundred and sixty-five physiotherapists participated in our study. The median PUPKAI-T total score ranged from 8 to 21. Only two physiotherapists (0.8%) got good points from the questionnaire. The highest score was Nutrition (Theme 4; 59.2%), and the lowest score belonged to the contact preventive interventions that reduce pressure/shearing (Theme 5; 26.7%). The question with the lowest success rate was the positioning question of Theme 5 (Question 2; 12.5%). In our study, physiotherapists' pressure ulcer prevention knowledge was evaluated with a relatively high number of participants compared to the literature. These results brought to mind that training programs that specifically emphasise techniques to prevent pressure ulcers and positioning manoeuvres to be organised increase the knowledge level of physiotherapists.

The relationship between smoking, alcohol, and substance abuse and psychiatric diseases among adolescents treated in a child and adolescent psychiatry inpatient unit.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of smoking, alcohol, and substance abuse disorders among adolescents hospitalized in a university hospital child and adolescent psychiatry inpatient unit with different diagnoses, and to determine the rates of these disorders according to the mental illness diagnosis groups. METHODS: The study was conducted with 346 adolescents aged 12-18 who had been hospitalized with any psychiatric diagnosis between September 2016 and January 2020 in the child and adolescent psychiatry inpatient unit. The study considered the psychiatric diagnoses, based on the results of the DSM-5-based psychiatric interview; sociodemographic and clinical characteristics; the psychopathology history of first-degree relatives; comorbidities; length of hospital stay; income levels, and smoking, alcohol, and substance abuse. RESULTS: Twenty-four percent (n=83) of the participants had been smoking for 18 months or longer, 6.9% (n=24) were using alcohol, and 1% (n=28) were substance abusers. When the diagnosis distributions were examined, smoking was found to be higher in those with depressive disorders and trauma and related disorders, while smoking, alcohol, and substance use were found to be higher in the disruptive behavior disorder group. Smoking was found to be significantly lower in the obsessive-compulsive disorder group. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking, alcohol, and substance use among inpatient children and adolescents may worsen their existing psychopathology, so health professionals working in this field should consider this situation.

The nutritional behavior of children with autism spectrum disorder, parental feeding styles, and anthropometric measurements.

BACKGROUND: Although autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is known to include problems relating to nutrition, information about nutritional behavior, caregiver feeding styles, and anthropometric measurements is still limited. AIMS: We aimed to assess the nutritional behavior, anthropometric measurements, and caregiver feeding styles of children with ASD. METHOD: One hundred and four children with ASD and 100 controls were enrolled in the study. Children's weight and height were measured and recorded by the researchers. The Children's Eating Behavior Questionnaire, Parental Feeding Style Questionnaire, Development Assessment Form, and Sociodemographic Data Form were conducted by their caregivers. RESULTS: Children with ASD were difficult to feed as babies, experienced more problems in the transition to supplementary food, were more selective about food, and were fed diets with a more limited variety than the control group. The BMI z-scores for children with ASD were higher than those for children without ASD, while their height z-scores were lower. Children with ASD displayed more responsiveness to food, emotional overeating, enjoyment of food, desire for drinks, emotional undereating, and food selectivity behaviors, while the parents of these children were found to use more emotional feeding, instrumental feeding, and tolerance-controlled feeding styles than the parents of the controls. CONCLUSIONS: Children with ASD are more selective about foods and have greater difficulty in switching to supplementary food. The BMI-z score for children with ASD is higher and the height-z score is lower. Children with ASD have different eating and feeding styles compared to children in the control group.

Effect of Impairment on the Prevalence and Comorbidities of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in a National Survey: Nation-Wide Prevalence and Comorbidities of ADHD.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the prevalence and comorbidities of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) by evaluating a large-scale nation-wide sample of children. METHOD: The inclusion criterion was being enrolled as a 2nd, 3rd, or 4th-grade student. A semi-structured diagnostic interview (K-SADS-PL), DSM-IV-Based Screening Scale for Disruptive Behavior Disorders, and assessment of impairment (by both parents and teachers) were applied to 5,842 participants. RESULTS: The prevalence of ADHD was 19.5% without impairment and 12.4% with impairment. Both ADHD with and without impairment groups had similar psychiatric comorbidity rates except for oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD) diagnoses. Impairment in the ADHD group resulted in significantly higher ODD and CD diagnoses. CONCLUSION: Even when impairment is not described, other psychiatric disorders accompany the diagnosis of ADHD and may cause impairment in the future. Impairment in the diagnosis of ADHD significantly increases the likelihood of ODD and CD.

Estimation of the Development of Depression and PTSD in Children Exposed to Sexual Abuse and Development of Decision Support Systems by Using Artificial Intelligence.

The most common diagnoses after childhood sexual abuse are Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and depression. The aim of this study is to design a decision support system to help psychiatry physicians in the treatment of childhood sexual abuse. Computer aided decision support system (CADSS) based on ANN, which predicts the development of PTSD and Major Depressive Disorder, using different parameters of the act of abuse and patients was designed. The data of 149 girls and 21 boys who were victims of sexual abuse were included in the study. In the designed CADDS, the gender of the victim, the type of sexual abuse, the age of exposure, the duration until reporting, the time of abuse, the proximity of the abuser to the victim, number of sexual abuse, whether the child is exposed to threats and violence during the abuse, the person who reported the event, and the intelligence level of the victim are used as input parameters. The average accuracy values for all three designed systems were calculated as 99.2%. It has been shown that the system designed by using these data can be used safely in the psychiatric assessment process, in order to differentiate psychiatric diagnoses in the early post-abuse period.

Towards a definitive symptom structure of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a factor and network analysis of 87 distinct symptoms in 1366 individuals.

BACKGROUND: The symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are highly heterogeneous and it is unclear what is the optimal way to conceptualize this heterogeneity. This study aimed to establish a comprehensive symptom structure model of OCD across the lifespan using factor and network analytic techniques. METHODS: A large multinational cohort of well-characterized children, adolescents, and adults diagnosed with OCD (N = 1366) participated in the study. All completed the Dimensional Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale, which contains an expanded checklist of 87 distinct OCD symptoms. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were used to outline empirically supported symptom dimensions, and interconnections among the resulting dimensions were established using network analysis. Associations between dimensions and sociodemographic and clinical variables were explored using structural equation modeling (SEM). RESULTS: Thirteen first-order symptom dimensions emerged that could be parsimoniously reduced to eight broad dimensions, which were valid across the lifespan: Disturbing Thoughts, Incompleteness, Contamination, Hoarding, Transformation, Body Focus, Superstition, and Loss/Separation. A general OCD factor could be included in the final factor model without a significant decline in model fit according to most fit indices. Network analysis showed that Incompleteness and Disturbing Thoughts were most central (i.e. had most unique interconnections with other dimensions). SEM showed that the eight broad dimensions were differentially related to sociodemographic and clinical variables. CONCLUSIONS: Future research will need to establish if this expanded hierarchical and multidimensional model can help improve our understanding of the etiology, neurobiology and treatment of OCD.

Anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in adolescents during the COVID-19 outbreak and associated factors.

INTRODUCTION: Outbreaks of infectious diseases have negative effects on mental health. Currently, there is very little information about the psychological effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on adolescents and associated factors affecting their mental health. The aim of the present study is to determine the severity of anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in adolescents during the COVID-19 outbreak, and to investigate the associated factors with these symptoms. METHODS: The present study was conducted with a total of 447 adolescents. Psychiatric symptoms were evaluated by the use of DSM-5 Level 2 Anxiety Scale, DSM-5 Level 2 Depression Scale and National Stressful Events Survey PTSD Short Scale. The association between age, gender, residential area, presence of COVID-19 in the participant, presence of COVID-19 in the family or environment and psychiatric symptoms were evaluated with linear regression analysis. RESULTS: The mean age of participants was 15.06, and 38.3% of the participants were men and 61.7% were women. The rate of participants with moderate or high levels of anxiety, depression and PTSD symptoms was 28%, 37.6% and 28.5%, respectively. High age and living in an urban area were associated with increased anxiety, depression and PTSD symptoms. In addition, female gender was associated with increased depression symptoms, and the presence of COVID-19 in the family or environment was associated with increased anxiety symptoms. CONCLUSION: The present study shows that adolescents have serious levels of anxiety, depression and PTSD symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. These results emphasise the need for mental health interventions that are appropriate for the characteristics of this age group.

Effect of the Anchoring Layer and Transport Type on the Adsorption Kinetics of Lambda Carrageenan.

The kinetics of lambda carrageenan (λ-car) adsorption/desorption on/from anchoring layers under diffusion- and convection-controlled transport conditions were investigated. The eighth generation of poly(amidoamine) dendrimers and branched polyethyleneimine possessing different shapes and polydispersity indexes were used for anchoring layer formation. Dynamic light scattering, electrophoresis, streaming potential measurements, optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy, and quartz crystal microbalance were applied to characterize the formation of mono- and bilayers. The unique combination of the employed techniques enabled detailed insights into the mechanism of the λ-car adsorption mainly controlled by electrostatic interactions. The results show that the macroion adsorption efficiency is strictly correlated with the value of the final zeta potentials of the anchoring layers, the transport type, and the initial bulk concentration of the macroions. The type of the macroion forming the anchoring layer had a minor impact on the kinetics of λ-car adsorption. Besides significance to basic science, the results presented in this paper can be used for the development of biocompatible and stable macroion multilayers of well-defined electrokinetic properties and structure.

Psychiatric morbidity in children and adolescents with dermatological disorders.

BACKGROUND: Understanding the existence of a cycle, where psychological disturbances cause skin diseases and in turn, skin diseases cause psychological disorders, provides the basis for good dermatological practice. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this case-control study is to examine the psychiatric morbidity of dermatological disorders in children and adolescents with no history of psychiatric disorders. METHOD: In this study, 502 participants (251 patients and 251 healthy individuals) were evaluated according to DSM-IV criteria. All participants were interviewed and evaluated using the Turkish version of the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia - Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAI-1 and STAI-2), the Childhood Depression Inventory (CDI), adolescent and parent forms of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ-A and SDQ-P) and a questionnaire evaluating child's level of school success. RESULTS: Our results indicated that the rates of general psychiatric comorbidity, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and adjustment disorders were significantly higher in the study group compared to the control group. The CDI, STAI-1, STAI-2, and SDQ (and subscales) scores were significantly higher in the study group. Moreover, psychiatric comorbidity was higher in inflammatory and allergic dermatoses compared to other dermatological subgroups. Having a dermatological disease restricts physical activity thus increasing the risk of psychiatric comorbidity. CONCLUSIONS: Investigating the education, attitudes, and awareness of dermatologists about psychocutaneous disorders might contribute to the development of new educational strategies and elicit appropriate biopsychosocial approaches.

Is contrast sensitivity a physiological marker in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder?

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common childhood-onset psychiatric disorders. Although the etiology is complex and has not yet been clarified, dopamine is thought to play a role in the etiology. Methylphenidate (MPH) is a psychostimulant drug used as first-line treatment for ADHD and it inhibits dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake transporters. Dopamine also has an effect on retina and contrast sensitivity. Despite evidence indicating the effects of dopamine on contrast sensitivity, the results of studies examining contrast sensitivity in ADHD patients are inconsistent. Also, no studies have been encountered examining the possible effect of MPH on contrast sensitivity. The hypotheses of this study are that children with ADHD who have not used MPH will have lower contrast sensitivity levels than the members of the control group, that contrast sensitivity levels increase after the use of MPH, and that contrast sensitivity is a potential physiological marker for ADHD. The study was conducted with 30 children with ADHD and 30 children without ADHD. Psychiatric evaluations of the participants were conducted with the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children-Present and Lifetime-Turkish version, Conner's Parent Rating Scale-Revised Short form and the Turgay DSM-IV-based Child and Adolescent Behavioral Disorders Screening and Rating Scale. Photopic contrast sensitivity was measured using the Functional Acuity Contrast Test (FACT). Results showed that FACT mean values of the control group were significantly higher than those of the ADHD group (pre-treatment) in all spatial frequencies. In four spatial frequencies (CPD 1.5, 3, 12 and 18), the FACT mean values of the control group were significantly higher than the ADHD group (during the OROS-MPH treatment). At all spatial frequencies, the mean values of the ADHD group during the OROS-MPH treatment were significantly higher than before the OROS-MPH treatment. In conclusion, the present study showed that contrast sensitivity is low in children with ADHD and increases significantly after OROS-MPH medication, but still did not reach the levels of the children without ADHD. Our findings suggest that contrast sensitivity may be a potential physiological marker in ADHD.

Determining the probability of juvenile delinquency by using support vector machines and designing a clinical decision support system.

It is a known fact that individuals who engaged in delinquent behavior in childhood are more probable to carry on similar behavior in adulthood. If the factors that lead children to involve in delinquency are defined, the risk of dragging children into crime can be detected before they are involved in crime and delinquency can be prevented with appropriate preventive rehabilitation programs, in the early period. However, given that delinquent behavior occurs under the influence of multiple conditions and factors rather than a single risk factor; the need for diagnostic tools to evaluate multiple factors together is obvious. Artificial intelligence-based clinical decision support systems have already been used in the field of psychiatry as well as many other fields of medicine. In this study, we assume that thanks to artificial intelligence-based clinical decision support systems, children and adolescents at risk can be detected before the criminal behavior occurs by addressing certain factors. In this way, we anticipate that it can provide psychiatrists and other experts in the field.

Iron to Gas: Versatile Multiport Flow-Column Revealed Extremely High Corrosion Potential by Methanogen-Induced Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (Mi-MIC).

Currently, sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) is regarded as the main culprit of microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC), mainly due to the low reported corrosion rates of other microorganisms. For example, the highest reported corrosion rate for methanogens is 0.065 mm/yr. However, by investigating methanogen-induced microbiologically influenced corrosion (Mi-MIC) using an in-house developed versatile multiport flow test column, extremely high corrosion rates were observed. We analyzed a large set of carbon steel beads, which were sectionally embedded into the test columns as substrates for iron-utilizing methanogen Methanobacterium IM1. After 14 days of operation using glass beads as fillers for section separation, the highest average corrosion rate of Methanobacterium IM1 was 0.2 mm/yr, which doubled that of Desulfovibrio ferrophilus IS5 and Desulfovibrio alaskensis 16109 investigated at the same conditions. At the most corroded region, nearly 80% of the beads lost 1% of their initial weight (fast-corrosion), resulting in an average corrosion rate of 0.2 mm/yr for Methanobacterium IM1-treated columns. When sand was used as filler material to mimic sediment conditions, average corrosion rates for Methanobacterium IM1 increased to 0.3 mm/yr (maximum 0.52 mm/yr) with over 83% of the beads having corrosion rates above 0.3 mm/yr. Scanning electron images of metal coupons extracted from the column showed methanogenic cells were clustered close to the metal surface. Methanobacterium IM1 is a hydrogenotrophic methanogen with higher affinity to metal than H2. Unlike SRB, Methanobacterium IM1 is not restricted to the availability of sulfate concentration in the environment. Thus, the use of the multiport flow column provided a new insight on the corrosion potential of methanogens, particularly in dynamic conditions, that offers new opportunities for monitoring and development of mitigation strategies. Overall, this study shows (1) under certain conditions methanogenic archaea can cause higher corrosion than SRB, (2) specific quantifications, i.e., maximum, average, and minimum corrosion rates can be determined, and (3) that spatial statistical evaluations of MIC can be carried out.

The prevalence of childhood psychopathology in Turkey: a cross-sectional multicenter nationwide study (EPICPAT-T).

AIM: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of childhood psychopathologies in Turkey. METHOD: A nation-wide, randomly selected, representative population of 5830 children (6-13 years-old) enrolled as a 2nd,3rd or 4th grade student in 30 cities were evaluated for presence of a psychiatric or mental disorder by a Sociodemographic Form, Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL), and DSM-IV-Based Screening Scale for Disruptive Behavior Disorders in Children and Adolescents scales. Impairment criterion was assessed via a 3 point-Likert scale by the parent and the teacher independently. RESULTS: Overall prevalence of any psychopathology was 37.6% without impairment criterion, and 17.1% with impairment criterion. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder was the most frequent diagnosis, followed by anxiety (19.5% and 16.7% without impairment, 12.4% and 5.3% with impairment, respectively). Lower education level and presence of a physical or psychiatric problem of the parents were independent predictors of any psychopathology of the offspring. CONCLUSION: This is the largest and most comprehensive epidemiological study to determine the prevalence of psychopathologies in children and adolescents in Turkey. Our results partly higher than, and partly comparable to previous national and international studies. It also contributes to the literature by determining the independent predictors of psychopathologies in this age group.

Mussel-Inspired Multivalent Linear Polyglycerol Coatings Outperform Monovalent Polyethylene Glycol Coatings in Antifouling Surface Properties.

Biofouling constitutes a major challenge in the application of biosensors and biomedical implants, as well as for (food) packaging and marine equipment. In this work, an antifouling surface coating based on the combination of mussel-inspired dendritic polyglycerol (MI-dPG) and an amine-functionalized block copolymer of linear polyglycerol (lPG-b-OA11, OA = oligo-amine) was developed. The coating was compared to a MI-dPG surface which was postfunctionalized with commercially available amine-terminated polyethylene glycol (HO-PEG-NH2) of similar molecular weight. In the current work, these coatings were compared in their chemical stability, protein fouling characteristics, and cell fouling characteristics. The lPG-b-OA11-functionalized coating showed high chemical stability in both phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solutions and reduced the adhesion of fibrinogen from human plasma with 99% and the adhesion of human serum albumin with 96%, in comparison to the bare titanium dioxide substrate. Furthermore, the proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was reduced with 85% when the lPG-b-OA11 system was compared to bare titanium dioxide. Additionally, a reduction of 94% was observed when the lPG-b-OA11 system was compared to tissue culture polystyrene.