The Efficiency of Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) Elastography in the Differentiation of Renal Cell Carcinoma and Oncocytoma.

PURPOSE: This study is to investigate the effectiveness of Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) elastography in differentiating radiologically similar renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and oncocytoma in solid masses of the kidney. METHODS: The patients with solid renal mass histopathological diagnosed after excision or tru-cat biopsy who underwent a preoperative ARFI elastography of the lesion during a 4-year period were included in this study. Preoperative shear wave velocity (SWV) values were measured in all the lesions. SWV results of RCCs and oncocytomas were compared by an independent t-test, and cut-off, sensitivity and specificity values were calculated. RESULTS: Forty-two of the 60 patients included in the study were men (70%) and, 18 were women (30%), and the mean age was 59.7 ± 14 (27-94) years. Among 46 RCCs (76.6%), 23 and 14 oncocytomas, 5 (23.4%) were located in the right kidney (p:0.34722). Mean SWV values were found to be significantly higher in RCCs (2.87± 0.74 (0.96-4.14) m/s) than oncocytomas (1.83 ± 0.78 (0.80-3.76) m/s) (p <0.001). In the ROC analysis, a cutoff value of 2.29 m/s was found to havean 80.4% sensitivity and a 78.6% specificity for the discrimination of RCCs from oncocytomas. CONCLUSION: ARFI elastography measurements may be useful in distinguishing RCC and oncocytomas that may have similar solid radiological imaging features.

Comparison of Computed Tomography Findings between Adult and Pediatric COVID-19 Patients.

PURPOSE: This study aims to compare chest computed tomography (CT) findings between adult and pediatric patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pneumonia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included 30 pediatric patients aged 1 to 17 years and 30 adult patients over 18 years of age with COVID-19 pneumonia confirmed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) who have findings related to COVID-19 on Chest Computed Tomography. The CT findings of adult and pediatric patients were compared with a z-test. RESULTS: Bilateral involvement (p:0.00056), involvement in all five lobes (p<0.00001), and central and peripheral involvement (p:0.01928) were significantly higher in the adult group compared to the pediatric group. In the pediatric group, the frequency of unilateral involvement (p:0.00056), involvement of solitary lobe (p:0.00132), and peripheral involvement (p: 0.01928) were significantly higher than in the adult group. The most common parenchymal finding in adults and pediatric patients was ground-glass opacities (100% and 83%, respectively). Among the parenchymal findings in adults, ground-glass opacities with consolidation (63%) were the second most common finding, followed by air bronchogram (60%) in adults, while in pediatric patients, halo sign (27%) and nodule (27%) were the second most common, followed by the ground-glass opacities with consolidation (23%). CONCLUSION: The CT findings of pediatric COVID-19 patients must be well-known as the course of the disease is usually less severe, and the radiological findings are uncertain when compared with adults.

Comparison of Medical Treatment Efficiency With Shear Wave Elastography Values of Thrombus in Patients With Lower Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis.

ABSTRACT: In lower-extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT), thrombus age is essential for successful treatment. The aim of our study was to compare the shear wave elastography (SWE) values measured before treatment and achieved lumen patency after treatment in lower-extremity DVT patients with total occlusion. Patients diagnosed with DVT in the acute-subacute stage (<4 week) with total thrombosis in lower extremity were included in this prospective study. Shear wave elastography measurements were performed where the thrombus was most prominent and homogeneous. To evaluate patient response to treatment, lumen patency (partial [>25%] or total recanalization) was examined using color Doppler imaging in the first and third months posttreatment. Shear wave elastography values with and without patency were compared using an independent t test. Among 75 patients in this study, at the first-month color Doppler imaging examination, the SWE values were 1.77 ± 0.49 (1.09-3.03) m/s in patients who achieved lumen patency (n = 42) and 2.21 ± 0.54 (1.24-3.36) m/s in those who did not show lumen patency (n = 33). The difference between the groups' mean elastography value was statistically significant ( P < 0.001). At the third-month examination, the SWE values were 1.76 ± 0.46 (1.09-3.03) m/s in patients with lumen patency (n = 55) and 2.52 ± 0.48 (1.74-3.36) in patients without lumen patency (n = 20). The difference between the 2 groups' mean elastography value was statistically significant ( P < 0.001). We concluded that it is more difficult to achieve lumen patency in veins occluded by thrombus with higher elasto values, and endovascular interventional procedures should be considered during the initial treatment of high SWE value thrombosis.

The Efficiency of Diffusion-weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Differentiation of Malign and Benign Cavitary Lung Lesions.

PURPOSE: The present study investigates the diagnostic efficiency of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values in differentiating between malignant and benign cavitary lesions on diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective study included 45 consecutive patients identified with a cavitary lung lesion with a wall thickness of ≥5 mm on thoracic computed tomography in our clinic between 2020 and 2022, and who underwent thoracic DWI within 1 week of their original computed tomography. ADC measurements were made on DWI by drawing a region of interest manually from the cavity wall, away from the lung parenchyma in the axial section where the lesion was best demonstrated. The patients were then classified into benign and malignant groups based on the pathology or clinico-radiologic follow-up. RESULTS: The sample included 29 (64.4%) male and 16 (35.6%) female patients, with a mean age of 59.06±17.3 years. Included in the study were 1 patient with 3 and 3 patients with 2 cavitary lesions each, with a total for the sample of 50 cavitary lesions. There were 23 (46%) malignant and 27 (54%) benign cavitary lung lesions. The mean ADC value (×10 -3  mm 2 /s) of the malignant and benign cavitary lesions was 0.977±0.522 (0.511 to 2.872) and 1.383±0.370 (0.930 to 2.213), respectively. The findings were statistically significant using an independent samples t test ( P =0.002). The mean wall thickness of the malignant and benign lesions was 12.47±5.51 mm (5 to 25 mm) and 10.11±4.65 mm (5 to 22 mm), respectively. Although malignant cavities had a higher mean wall thickness than benign cavities, the difference was statistically insignificant ( P =0.104). CONCLUSION: A significant difference was identified between the ADC values measured in DWI of the malignant and benign cavitary lung lesions. DWI, a noninvasive and rapid imaging method, can provide useful information for the differential diagnosis of cavitary lesions and can minimize unnecessary biopsies.

Radiological Evidence of Testicular Damage in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection: A Sonoelastography's Potential Role.

ABSTRACT: This preliminary study aimed to evaluate the possible damage to the male reproductive system that the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus causes by quantitatively measuring and comparing the tissue stiffness of the testis and epididymis with acoustic radiation force impulse sonoelastography in patients who have COVID-19 with a healthy control group. This prospective study was conducted between February and July 2021 with 65 cases. We used sonoelastography to evaluate male patients 18 years or older, who had applied to the urology clinic with nontesticular complaints, and were found to not have any underlying testicular pathology after a clinical-laboratory evaluation. The clinical-laboratory imaging findings and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction test results of all patients diagnosed with COVID-19 were reviewed from the hospital database. We measured the shear wave velocity values of the epididymis and the testes of 31 proven severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 patients and 34 healthy subjects and compared them with an independent t test. For the patient and control group subjects, the mean age was 37.55 ± 13.08 (23-71) and 40.5 ± 16.25 (18-81) years, respectively. The mean shear wave velocity values of the left-right and bilateral testes and epididymis of the patient group were statistically substantially higher ( P ˂ 0.05) than in the control group. In the receiver operating characteristic analysis, when the cutoff values for the bilateral testes and epididymis were determined as 1.39 and 1.64 m/s, respectively, the AUC was 77% to 73.4%, the sensitivity was 87% to 74%, and the specificity was 65% to 62%. Our findings show that testicular and epididymal tissue stiffness increased in patients with COVID-19. We recommend adding sonoelastography to urogenital examinations of male reproductive system in patients who are recovering from COVID-19.

Genotyping of Echinococcus granulosus Human Isolates Obtained from the Puncture, Aspiration, Injection, and Re-Aspiration (PAIR) Process in Türkiye.

Background: Echinococcus granulosus is spread by the excretion of cystic organs into the environment. The dog is infected via eating the cystic organ. It then contaminates the environment with eggs of E. granulosus, which are infective to humans and animals. We aimed to determine the E. granulosus genotypes that cause infection in humans in the Van region, Türkiye. Methods: Sixty patients between 18 and 100 years of age, who underwent the puncture, aspiration, injection, re-aspiration (PAIR) procedure in the Department of Radiodiognastics of Van Yüzüncü Yil University, Van, Türkiye were included in the study. PAIR fluids were examined microscopically and DNA was isolated from the fluids. After DNA isolation, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed using primers that amplify the E. granulosus NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (NAD1) gene region. After sequence analysis of the PCR amplicons, Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) was performed. Results: In the microscopic examination, protoscolex or hook was detected in 42 (70%) of the samples. DNA was successfully extracted from all of the cyst fluids containing protoscolex and hook, and the NAD1 gene region was PCR-amplified. After using BLAST, all of the samples were determined to be an E. granulosus sensu stricto G1 genotype. Sequence comparison revealed that four (9.5%) isolate sequences showed single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). Sequences of isolates with SNP submitted to the GenBank with accession numbers OR565864 to OR565867. Conclusion: E. granulosus s.s. G1 genotype, known as sheep strain, is common in human hydatid disease in the Van region of Türkiye.

Radiological evaluation of response to treatment in hepatobiliary fascioliasis / Evaluación radiológica de la respuesta al tratamiento en la fascioliasis hepatobiliar

Purpose: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the computed tomography (CT) findings of Fasciola hepatica infestations on initial and follow-up imagings after treatment, and also to describe the role of CT during diagnosis. Methods: In this retrospective study, patients with a diagnosis of fascioliasis by clinical and laboratory examination who underwent initial and follow-up contrast-enhanced abdominal CT scans after treatment (a single oral dose of 10mg/kg Triclabendazole) were included. The CT scans were evaluated regarding liver and spleen sizes, portal and splenic vein diameters, involved hepatic segment numbers and involvement patterns, the presence of focal perihepatic hyperdensity, gallbladder wall thickening, dilatation of the intrahepatic biliary tract, periportal-right subdiaphragmatic lymphadenopathy, hepatic subcapsular and intra-abdominal bleeding, and perihepatic/intraabdominal free fluid. Initial (pre-treatment) and post-treatment CT scans (average 25 months after the treatment) were compared with for these features. Results: A total of 36 patients with a mean age of 39.28±14.64 [15-83] years, were included in this study. After treatment, marked improvement in liver parenchymal involvement, biliary system findings, hepatomegaly-splenomegaly, periportal-peridiaphragmatic lymphadenopathy, and hepatic subcapsular hematoma were detected and focal perihepatic hyperdensity, free intraperitoneal fluid disappeared. Conclusion: Contrast-enhanced abdominal CT can be used in the diagnosis and post-treatment follow-up of fascioliasis. Awareness of intrahepatic/extrahepatic lesions and all the complications of fascioliasis can greatly aid the diagnosis and also evaluation of the response to treatment.(AU)

Objetivo: En este estudio, nuestro objetivo fue evaluar los hallazgos de la tomografía computarizada (TC) de las infestaciones de Fasciola hepatica en imágenes iniciales y de seguimiento después del tratamiento, y también describir el papel de la TC durante el diagnóstico. Métodos: En este estudio retrospectivo se incluyeron pacientes con un diagnóstico de fascioliasis por examen clínico y de laboratorio que se sometieron a TC abdominal con contraste inicial y de seguimiento después del tratamiento (una dosis oral única de 10mg/kg de triclabendazol). Las TC evaluaron el tamaño del hígado y del bazo, los diámetros de la vena porta y la vena esplénica, el número de segmentos hepáticos involucrados y los patrones de afectación, la presencia de hiperdensidad perihepática focal, el engrosamiento de la pared de la vesícula biliar, la dilatación de la vía biliar intrahepática, la adenopatía subdiafragmática periportal derecha, la hemorragia subcapsular e intraabdominal, y el líquido libre perihepático e intraabdominal. Se compararon las TC iniciales (antes del tratamiento) y posteriores al tratamiento (promedio de 25meses después del tratamiento) con respecto a las características anteriores. Resultados: En este estudio se incluyeron un total de 36 pacientes (39,28±14,64 [15-83] años). Después del tratamiento se detectó una marcada mejoría en la afectación del parénquima hepático, hallazgos del sistema biliar, hepatomegalia-esplenomegalia, linfadenopatía periportal-peridiafragmática y hematoma subcapsular hepático, y desaparecieron la hiperdensidad perihepática focal y el líquido intraperitoneal libre. Conclusión: La TC abdominal con contraste se puede utilizar en el diagnóstico y el seguimiento postratamiento de la fascioliasis. El conocimiento de las lesiones intrahepáticas/extrahepáticas y todas las complicaciones de la fascioliasis puede ayudar enormemente al diagnóstico y también a la evaluación de la respuesta al tratamiento.(AU)

Metastatic Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor Mimicking Interstitial Lung Disease Diagnosed by Transbronchial lung biopsie: A Case Report.

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) are rare malignancies characterized by insidious onset and mostly present with metastasis at the diagnosis. Lung metastasis manifesting diffuse ground-glass opacity is a very rare pattern that is difficult to distinguish from nonmalignant pulmonary diseases. Recognition of this atypical metastases pattern and avoidance of this potential pitfall are crucial. We report a unique case of the Metastatic Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor Mimicking Interstitial Lung Disease diagnosed by transbronchial lung biopsie. Keywords: Neuroendocrine Tumor, Metastasis, Groundglass opacity, interstitial lung disease.

Does contrast-enhanced computed tomography raise awareness in the diagnosis of the invisible side of celiac disease in adults?

PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the diagnosis and determine major and minor criteria of celiac disease (CD) with the malabsorption patterns (MABP) in the small intestine and colon on computed tomography (CT) and additional CT findings. METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted with 116 patients diagnosed with CD, 14 CD patients recovering with treatment, and 35 control patients with non-CD. All patients had CT examinations and histopathological diagnoses. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy values of each CT finding defined in the literature were statistically evaluated. According to the patient and control groups, the numerical values of the findings and the sensitivity and specificity values were measured according to this cut-off value. The distribution of CT findings according to pathological Marsh data was evaluated in CD patients. RESULTS: Sensitivity and specificity were found to be higher in small bowel MABP findings, mesenteric hypervascularity, and increased SMV/aorta diameter. There was a numerically significant difference in MDCT findings between the control and pathological Marsh groups. In the ROC analysis performed in terms of the total numerical values of each MDCT finding observed between the groups, it was found that there were more than 7 MDCT findings, 100% sensitivity, and 92% specificity. The presence of four major and three minor criteria or three major and four minor criteria were considered significant. CONCLUSIONS: Being aware of CT findings below the iceberg that may suggest CD in abdominal CT examinations performed in patients with atypical clinical and malabsorption findings or other nonspecific findings may prevent diagnostic delay and unnecessary procedures.

Radiological evaluation of response to treatment in hepatobiliary fascioliasis.

PURPOSE: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the computed tomography (CT) findings of Fasciola hepatica infestations on initial and follow-up imagings after treatment, and also to describe the role of CT during diagnosis. METHODS: In this retrospective study, patients with a diagnosis of fascioliasis by clinical and laboratory examination who underwent initial and follow-up contrast-enhanced abdominal CT scans after treatment (a single oral dose of 10mg/kg Triclabendazole) were included. The CT scans were evaluated regarding liver and spleen sizes, portal and splenic vein diameters, involved hepatic segment numbers and involvement patterns, the presence of focal perihepatic hyperdensity, gallbladder wall thickening, dilatation of the intrahepatic biliary tract, periportal-right subdiaphragmatic lymphadenopathy, hepatic subcapsular and intra-abdominal bleeding, and perihepatic/intraabdominal free fluid. Initial (pre-treatment) and post-treatment CT scans (average 25 months after the treatment) were compared with for these features. RESULTS: A total of 36 patients with a mean age of 39.28±14.64 [15-83] years, were included in this study. After treatment, marked improvement in liver parenchymal involvement, biliary system findings, hepatomegaly-splenomegaly, periportal-peridiaphragmatic lymphadenopathy, and hepatic subcapsular hematoma were detected and focal perihepatic hyperdensity, free intraperitoneal fluid disappeared. CONCLUSION: Contrast-enhanced abdominal CT can be used in the diagnosis and post-treatment follow-up of fascioliasis. Awareness of intrahepatic/extrahepatic lesions and all the complications of fascioliasis can greatly aid the diagnosis and also evaluation of the response to treatment.

Efficiency of diffusion-weighted MRI for differentiating radiologically similar simple and type I hydatid cysts of the liver.

BACKGROUND: Determining the nature of purely cystic hepatic lesions is essential because different kinds have different follow-ups, treatment options, and complications. PURPOSE: To explore the potential of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) for the differentiation of type I hydatid cysts (HC) and simple liver cysts (SLC), which have similar radiological appearances. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This single-center prospective study was conducted during 2016-2019. Round, homogenous, anechoic liver cysts >1 cm were classified according to at least two years of imaging follow-up, radiological features, serology, as well as puncture aspiration injection reaspiration procedure and pathology results. ADC values of 95 cysts (50 type I HCs and 45 SLCs) were calculated on DWI. The differences in ADC values were analyzed by independent t-test. RESULTS: Of 51 patients, 28 were female, 23 were male (mean age 32.07 ± 22.95 years; age range 5-82 years). Mean diameter of 45 SLCs was 2.59 ± 1.23 cm (range 1.2-7.6 cm) and ADCmean value was 3.03 ± 0.47 (range 2.64-5.85) while mean diameter of 50 type I HCs was 7.49 ± 2.95 cm (range 2.8-14 cm) and ADCmean value was 2.99 ± 0.29 (range 2.36-3.83). There was no statistically significant difference in ADC values between type I HCs and SLCs. CONCLUSION: Some studies report that ADC values of type I HCs are statistically significantly lower than those of SLCs. Others suggest no significant difference. In our study with a higher number of cases, using ADC parameters similar to those in previous studies, we did not find any statistically significant difference.

Clinical Impacts of Juxtapapillary Duodenal Diverticulum Detected on Computed Tomography.

BACKGROUND: Diverticula are commonly observed in the duodenum. Duodenal Diverticulum (DD) usually does not give symptoms throughout life and is diagnosed by coincidence. However, it may present with different symptoms in patients. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of DD and Juxtapapillary Duodenal Diverticulum (JDD) and its association with other possible pathologies and to determine its clinical impact by using Computed Tomography (CT). METHODS: This retrospective observational study, which was taken consecutively between the years of 2013-2020, was evaluated in the Radiology Department. The total number of cases was 4850 (male-2440; female-2410). CT images were evaluated by two experienced radiologists at the workstation. DD and JDD prevalence and clinical findings in the hospital registry system were examined. RESULTS: The age of the patients included in the study ranged from 17 to 92 years (mean age 46.94±16.42). In patients with DD (female-130; male-101), mean age was 62.24 ± 12.69 (21-92). The prevalence of DD was 4.76% (n=231). The prevalence of JDD was 4.02% (n=195) and increased with age (p<0.01). The average diameter of the JDD was measured as 23.29±8.22 (9.5-55.3) mm. A significant positive correlation was found between age and DD diameter (p=0.039). DDs were found most commonly 84.42% (n=195) in the second segment of the duodenum as JDD. In patients with JDD, the mean diameter of choledochus and wirsung canal were 6.7 ± 2.4 (3-15.3) mm and 0.31 ± 0.1 (0.1-6.5) mm respectively. The choledochal diameter was correlated with the JDD size (p = 0.004). Cholelithiasis (n=56), choledocholithiasis (n=20), cholecystitis (n=52), diverticulitis (n=15), duodenitis (n=37), pancreatitis (n=5) and hiatal hernia (n=60) with JDD were observed. Periampullary carcinoma was detected in one patient. CONCLUSION: Our study shows that cholelithiasis, choledocholithiasis, cholecystitis, diverticulitis, duodenitis, pancreatitis may be associated with JDD. Therefore, in contrast-enhanced abdominal CT scans taken for various reasons, investigation of the presence and characteristics of JDD and detection of pathologies that may be associated with JDD are important for patients to benefit from early diagnosis and treatment opportunities and to take precautions against possible complications.

Evaluation of celiac disease with uniphasic and multiphasic dynamic MDCT imaging.

PURPOSE: An analysis of dynamic contrast MRI has been shown to provide valuable information about disease activity in Crohn's disease and Celiac disease (CD). However, there are no reports of dynamic multi-detector computer tomography use in patients with CD. The aim of this study is to determine and compare the perfusion dynamics of the patients treated with control subjects and the perfusion dynamics in patients with untreated CD, using dynamic contrast in MDCT and compare studying contrast dynamics in Marsh types as well. METHODS: In this retrospective study, uniphasic and multiphasic MDCT, untreated, treated, incompatible CD patients and healthy control group duodenum wall thickness and HU values were compared in terms of patient groups and modified Marsh types. RESULT: In dynamic CT, the highest contrast curve was observed in the untreated group and Marsh type 1. While the contrast curve of the untreated and non-compliant patients increased rapidly and showed wash out, the type 4 contrast curve was observed, whereas the treated and control group slowly increased type 5 contrast curve. In the contrast-enhanced CT in the venous phase, in the ROC analysis between Marsh 1-2 and Marsh 3a-c, the sensitivity was 97% and the specificity was 87% when the cut off was taken as 4.45 mm for wall thickness (p: 0.005). CONCLUSION: Contrast-enhanced single-phase and dynamic MDCT imaging in CD patients may be useful in evaluating the inflammatory and pathological process in the small intestine.

Ultrasound Elastography in the Differentiation of Simple Cyst and Type I Hydatid Cyst of the Liver.

ABSTRACT: Hydatid cyst (HC) is a parasitic disease that is endemic particularly to the sheep-breeding regions of the world, our country included. Given their propensity to materialize most commonly in the liver, our study evaluates the value of ultrasound elastography in the differential diagnosis of simple cyst and type I HCs of the liver.The study involved a total of 73 cysts (22 simple cysts, 51 type I HCs) that were removed using the puncture aspiration injection reaspiration technique between 2016 and 2018. All measurements were made using a Siemens ACUSON S2000 (Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany) device with a 4-MHZ 4C1 convex probe, an acoustic radiation force impulse elastography procedure, and a Virtual Touch IQ option. The difference between the mean shearwave elastography (SWE) values of both groups was analyzed with an independent t test.Of the 70 patients involved in the study, 29 were female and 41 were male, with a mean ± SD age of 38.85 ± 17.62 years (range, 5-82 years). Upon the examination of the 22 simple cysts and the 51 HCs, the mean ± SD SWE values were found to be 2.6 ± 0.96 (0.96-4.25) and 2.8 ± 1.69 (0.66-4.84), respectively. No statistically significant difference was identified between the SWE values of type I HCs and simple cysts (P > 0.005).Although HCs and simple cysts had similar radiological appearances, and a relative difference was noted in the differentiation of the elastographic measurements, this difference was not statistically significant. Accordingly, more comprehensive and various studies are needed.

Spleen Stiffness Measurement by Using Shear-Wave Elastography as a Predictor of Progression to Secondary Myelofibrosis.

OBJECTIVE: Polycythemia vera (PV) and essential thrombocythemia (ET) are chronic myeloproliferative diseases that can transform to secondary myelofibrosis (SMF). In this study, we evaluated spleen stiffness using shear-wave elastography (SWE) as a predictor of progression to SMF. METHODS: Participants were grouped as healthy volunteers (HVs), PV/ET patients, and SMF patients. Participants' spleen sizes, spleen stiffness values, bone marrow fibrosis degrees, and the other parameters were evaluated. Spleen stiffness values and spleen sizes were compared between groups. RESULTS: Of the 121 participants included in this study, 52 patients were HVs, 52 patients were PV and/or ET patients, and 17 patients were SMF patients. In terms of age and sex, there was no difference between groups. Splenic parenchymal stiffness median values by using SWE were found to be 0.82 m/s in HVs, 1.41 m/s in PV/ET patients, and 2.32 m/s in SMF patients (P < 0.001). In terms of median length of the spleen, the difference between groups was significant (P < 0.001). In addition, we found a significant positive correlation between spleen stiffness and bone marrow fibrosis degree (P < 0.001, r = 0.757). However, in multivariate analysis, there was no strong independent risk factor for spleen stiffness. CONCLUSION: In this study, we showed that measurement of spleen stiffness using SWE can distinguish SMF from PV/ET patients and HVs. Therefore, we believe that SWE may be used as a noninvasive and easily accessible method to check the fibrotic progression of bone marrow in PV and ET patients to monitor the transformation to SMF, and enables to detect fibrosis in early phase.