Short and Long-Term Prognostic Significance of Galectin-3 in Patients with ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.

This study evaluated the short and long-term prognostic value of galectin-3 in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Patients (n = 143) were admitted with STEMI and followed up for 2 years. The study population was divided into high and low galectin-3 groups based on the admission median value of serum galectin-3. Primary clinical outcomes consisted of cardiovascular (CV) mortality, non-fatal reinfarction, stroke, and target vessel revascularization (TVR). CV events were recorded in hospital and at 1 and 2 years. The primary clinical outcomes (in-hospital, 1 year and 2 year) were significantly higher in the high galectin-3 group. (P = .008, P = .004, P = .002, respectively). High galectin-3 levels were also associated with heart failure development and re-hospitalization at both 1 year (P = .029, P = .009, respectively) and 2 years (P = .019, P = .036, respectively). According to Cox multivariate analysis, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was an independent predictor of 2-year cardiovascular mortality (P = .009), whereas galectin-3 was not (P = .291). Although high galectin-3 levels were not independent predictors of long-term CV mortality in patients with acute STEMI who underwent primary PCI, it was associated with short-term and long-term development of adverse CV events, heart failure, and re-hospitalization.

Assessment of the Relationship between Mortality and Troponin I Levels in Hospitalized Patients with the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19).

Background and Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between mortality and cardiac laboratory findings in patients who were hospitalized after a positive PCR for COVID-19 infection. Materials and Methods: This study included patients who were admitted to or referred to the hospital between 20 March and 20 June 2020, diagnosed with COVID-19 via a positive RT-PCR from nasal and pharyngeal swab samples. The troponin I level was measured from each patient. Medical records of patients were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed. Results: A hundred and five patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19 and hospitalized, or who died in the hospital due to COVID-19, were included in this study. There was a statistically significant difference between the troponin I high and low level groups in terms of age (years), BMI, shortness of breath (SB), oxygen saturation (%), hypertension, length of stay in the ICU; and for mortality, C-reactive protein, the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, hemoglobin, lactate dehydrogenase, ferritin, D-dimer, creatine kinase-MB, prothrombin time, calcium, and 25-hydroxy vitamin 25(OH)D3 (all p < 0.05). In the logistic analyses, a significant association was noted between troponin I and the adjusted risk of mortality. A ROC curve analysis identified troponin I values > 7.8 pg/mL as an effective cut-off point in mortality for patients with COVID-19. A troponin I value of higher than 7.8 pg/mL yielded a sensitivity of 78% and a specificity of 86%. Conclusions: The hospital mortality rate was higher among patients diagnosed with COVID-19 accompanied by troponin levels higher than 7.8 pg/mL. Therefore, in patients diagnosed with COVID-19, elevated troponin I levels >7.8 pg/mL can be considered an independent risk factor for mortality.

Assessment of the relationship between endocan and obstructive sleep apnea severity.

INTRODUCTION: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and endothelial dysfunction are associated with cardiovascular risk factors and the development of atherosclerosis. Endocan is a marker of endothelial dysfunction, while obstructive sleep apnea is one of the causes of endothelial dysfunction. In this study, we investigated the relationship between endocan and obstructive sleep apnea severity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 179 patients with snoring complaints were included. All patients underwent polysomnography, and based on the results, the participations were allocated to the control group (n = 39) or to the obstructive sleep apnea group (n = 140). The OSA group was classified as having mild (apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) = 5-15; n = 43), moderate (AHI = 15-30; n = 42), or severe OSA (AHI > 30; n = 55). All participations had their endocan levels measured. RESULTS: Endocan levels in OSA patients were significantly higher than in the control group (11.8 (3.13-200) vs 3.13 (3.13-23) ng/ml, p < 0.001). Also, endocan levels were significantly higher in the severe OSA group than moderate and mild obstructive OSA (13.2 (3.13-200), 12.6 (3.13-200) and 8.44 (3.13-50.5) ng/ml, p = 0.015, respectively). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that smoking, age and endocan levels were independent predictors of OSA severity (p = 0.024, p = 0.037, p = 0.004, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Endocan seems to be a potential risk stratification marker in this patient population.

The relationship between erectile dysfunction and the Atherogenic Index of Plasma.

The objective of this study was to compare the Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP) values as indicators of subclinical atherosclerosis among 124 patients with erectile dysfunction, which was thought to be vasculogenic and 126 control subjects who had no erectile dysfunction, and to compare cardiac performance values between both the groups using exercise stress tests (EST). Erectile function was assessed using the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) questionnaire form. AIP values were studied and compared between patients with ED (IIEF < 22) and those without ED (IIEF > 22) using the log10 TG/HDL-C formula. In addition, the correlation between the severity of ED and AIP was investigated according to IIEF-5 scoring. Metabolic equivalent (MET) values, maximal heart rates (max HR), and heart rate recovery (HRR) were evaluated with effort tests. AIP values were significantly higher in the ED group than in the control group (0.45 ± 0.27, and 0.37 ± 0.27; p = 0.015). According to IIEF-5 scoring, AIP values increased as ED scores decreased. In the EST, MET score and max HR values were significantly lower in the ED group (METs: 11.1 ± 2.2, and 11.6 ± 2.2; p = 0.045; Max HR: 162.8 ± 6.1, and 165 ± 8.7; p = 0.019). Although not statistically significant, HRR values were lower in the ED group. Higher AIP values were found in the ED group, and a positive correlation was established between AIP and the severity of ED. In addition, lower performance during the EST and lower HRR values, again in the ED group, confirms cardiac interaction with ED. These results indicate the importance of referral of patients with ED from urology clinics to cardiology units for risk determination and cardiac assessment, even if they areasymptomatic.

Triple Coronary Artery Thrombosis Presenting as Acute Anterior ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction.

Simultaneous multivessel epicardial coronary artery thrombosis is an uncommon finding in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). It generally leads to cardiogenic shock and sudden cardiac death in the hospital. We report a 42-year-old male patient presenting with acute anterior STEMI with triple coronary artery thrombosis. An emergency coronary angiogram showed total occlusion of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) with thrombus formation. At the same time, thrombus formations were also seen in the circumflex artery (CXA), the second obtuse marginal (OM2) branch, and the distal right coronary artery (RCA). We unsuccessfully attempted thrombus aspiration of the LAD. Subsequently, we decided to stent the LAD, and a successful percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was performed for the LAD. In a second procedure, RCA thrombosis regressed with 24-hour tirofiban (glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitor) perfusion, although CXA thrombosis and OM thrombosis did not regress. Therefore, we performed stenting of the CXA and OM with a newer provisional technique called the flower petal technique. Thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow grade III was seen after stenting. The patient was discharged from the hospital 5 days after PCI without any symptoms.

Assessment of the relationship between the ambulatory electrocardiography-based micro T-wave alternans and the predicted risk score of sudden cardiac death at 5 years in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

OBJECTIVE: Micro T-wave alternans (MTWA) has been associated with poor arrhythmic prognosis in various cardiac disorders. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between the presence of MTWA and the predicted 5-year risk of sudden cardiac death (HCM Risk-SCD) among patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). METHODS: A total of 117 consecutive HCM patients were included in this prospective observational study. Patients were divided into two groups, according to the presence [MTWA (+) group (n=44)] or absence [MTWA (-) group (n=73)] of MTWA on ambulatory (Holter) electrocardiography. RESULTS: The risk of HCM Risk-SCD (%), the rate of high-risk patients (HCM Risk-ECG >6%), the requirement for cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and implanted cardioverter defibrillator therapy, the percentage of some clinical, echocardiographic, and Holter findings were all statistically higher in the MTWA (+) group than in the MTWA (-) group (all p<0.05). Both in the univariate and multivariate analyses, T-wave alternans (+) and the New York Heart Association's functional classification assigned that the HCM Risk-SCD is an independent predictor of high risk. In the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the HCM Risk-SCD >4.9% was identified as an effective cutoff point in the MTWA (+) for HCM. The HCM Risk-SCD value of more than 4.9 yielded a sensitivity of 93.2% and a specificity of 84.5%. CONCLUSION: The presence of the MTWA on ambulatory electrocardiogram seems to be significantly associated with increasing percentages of the predicted HCM Risk-SCD score in patients with HCM. The MTWA was determined as an independent high-risk indicator for HCM Risk-SCD.

Evaluation of the association between serum uric acid level andthe predicted risk score of sudden cardiac death in five years in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between serum uric acid (UA) level and the predicted risk score for sudden cardiac death in 5 years (the HCM Risk-SCD), galectin-3 level, and positive fragmented QRS (fQRS) on electrocardiography (ECG) in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). METHODS: This was a prospective, observational study. In all, 115 consecutive patients (age >17 years) with HCM and 80 healthy participants were included in the study. The HCM Risk-SCD score (%), galectin-3 level, and fQRS on ECG were evaluated in all patients. RESULTS: The serum UA, galectin-3 level, UA/Creatinine ratio, incidence of ventricular tachycardia (VT) and syncope, and some echocardiographic parameters were significantly higher in the patient group than in the control group (all p<0.05). The UA value was significantly higher in patients with a high score on the HCM Risk-SCD, a positive fQRS, a high galectin-3 level, VT incidence, and need for implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) implantation or cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) than in those without (HCM Risk-SCD >6%. Namely, HCM Risk-SCD >6%, UA: 6.71±1.29 mg/dL, HCM Risk-SCD ≤5.9%, UA: 5.84±1.39 mg/dL, p=0.001; fQRS(+), UA: 6.56±1.20 mg/dL, fQRS(-), UA: 5.63±1.49 mg/dL, p<0.001; galectin-3 >6.320 pg/mL, UA: 6.56±1.27 mg/dL, galectin-3 ≤6.310 pg/mL, p=0.016; left atrium anterior-posterior dimension (LAAPD) >36 mm, UA: 6.31±1.33 mg/dL, LAAPD <36 mm, UA: 5.20±1.60 mg/dL, p=0.005; VT(+), UA: 6.83±1.19 mg/dL, VT(-), UA: 5.97±1.42 mg/dL, p=0.008; ICD(+), UA: 7.08±0.88 mg/dL, ICD(-), UA: 6.06±1.42 mg/dL, p=0.022; CPR(+), UA: 7.03±0.96 mg/dL, CPR(-), UA: 6.04±1.42 mg/dL, p=0.018. A statistically significant correlation was observed between UA and HCM Risk-SCD, galectin-3 level, LAAPD, and left ventricular (LV) mass (LVM) (r and p values, respectively: 0.355, <0.001; 0.297, 0.002; 0.309, 0.001; 0.276, 0.003. CONCLUSION: The serum UA level was significantly higher in patients with HCM compared with the control group. A high UA level was associated with a higher HCM Risk-SCD score, positive fQRS, higher galectin-3 level, greater LAAPD, VT incidence, and the need for ICD implantation and CPR in patients with HCM.

Assessment of the association between the presence of fragmented QRS and the predicted risk score of sudden cardiac death at 5 years in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

OBJECTIVE: It has been shown that the presence of fragmented QRS (fQRS) is associated with poor prognosis in many cardiovascular diseases and in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). However, no study has shown an association with the absolute risk score of sudden cardiac death. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between QRS and the predicted risk score of sudden cardiac death at 5 years (HCM Risk-SCD) in HCM patients. METHODS: In total, 115 consecutive HCM patients were included in this prospective observational study. The patients were divided into two groups according to the presence [fQRS(+) group (n=65)] or absence [fQRS(-) group (n=50)] of fQRS on a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG). RESULTS: The HCM Risk-SCD (%) HCM Risk-SCD (>6%) values and some echocardiographic parameters, including ventricular extrasystole, ventricular tachycardia, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, implantable cardioverter defibrillator implantation, appropriate shock, and heart failure at the time of admission, were significantly higher in the fQRS(+) group than in the fQRS(-) group (all p<0.05). Both univariate and multivariate analyses revealed fQRS and New York Heart Association (NYHA) class as independent predictors of HCM Risk-SCD. In a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, an HCM Risk-SCD value of >4 was identified as an effective cut-off point in fQRS for HCM. An HCM Risk-SCD value of >4 yielded a sensitivity of 77% and a specificity of 76%. CONCLUSION: fQRS is determined to be an independent high-risk indicator of HCM Risk-SCD. It seems to be associated with increased ventricular arrhythmias and some echocardiographic parameters.

Predictive values of D-dimer assay, GRACE scores and TIMI scores for adverse outcome in patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.

PURPOSE: To determine the predictive values of D-dimer assay, Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) and Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) risk scores for adverse outcome in patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 234 patients (mean age: 57.2±11.7 years, 75.2% were males) hospitalized with NSTEMI were included. Data on D-dimer assay, GRACE and TIMI risk scores were recorded. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine the risk factors predicting increased mortality. RESULTS: Median D-dimer levels were 349.5 (48.0-7,210.0) ng/mL, the average TIMI score was 3.2±1.2 and the GRACE score was 90.4±27.6 with high GRACE scores (>118) in 17.5% of patients. The GRACE score was correlated positively with both the D-dimer assay (r=0.215, P=0.01) and TIMI scores (r=0.504, P=0.000). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that higher creatinine levels (odds ratio =18.465, 95% confidence interval: 1.059-322.084, P=0.046) constituted the only significant predictor of increased mortality risk with no predictive values for age, D-dimer assay, ejection fraction, glucose, hemoglobin A1c, sodium, albumin or total cholesterol levels for mortality. CONCLUSION: Serum creatinine levels constituted the sole independent determinant of mortality risk, with no significant values for D-dimer assay, GRACE or TIMI scores for predicting the risk of mortality in NSTEMI patients.

The importance of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

INTRODUCTION: Previous studies have demonstrated the predictive value of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in many cardiovascular disorders. The aim of this study was to assess whether NLR is associated with echocardiographic or electrocardiographic parameters, or with predicted five-year risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD), in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). METHODS: This prospective observational study included 74 controls and 97 HCM patients. Three years of follow-up results for HCM patients were evaluated. RESULTS: NLR was significantly higher in patients with fragmented QRS, ventricular tachycardia, and presyncope than in those without (p=0.031, 0.030, and 0.020, respectively). NLR was significantly higher in patients whose predicted five-year risk of SCD was more than 6% and whose corrected QT interval was greater than 440 ms (p=0.022 and 0.001, respectively). It was also significantly higher in patients whose left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was <60% than in those with LVEF >60% (p=0.017). CONCLUSION: NLR was significantly higher in patients with HCM compared to the control group. A high NLR is associated with a higher five-year risk of SCD in patients with HCM.

Junctional ectopic tachycardia in late period after early postoperative complete atrioventricular block: Messenger of return to normal sinus rhythm? : Explanation with four case series.

Junctional ectopic tachycardia(JET) is a rare childhood arrhythmia originating from the area adjacent to the atrioventricular(AV) node. It often occurs after surgical procedures like repair of Tetralogy of Fallot, atrioventricular septal defect and ventricular septal defect, which are all performed in that area. While AV block (AVB) can occur after JET, it is very rare for late JET occurring after early postoperative AVB to be followed by normal sinus rhythm (NSR). There is no information in the literature related to the pathophysiology of this phenomenon. In this text, we present 4 patients who developed complete AV block(CAVB) in the early postoperative period (within the first 24h) after JET in late period (>72h) and returned to NSR with first-degree AV block and then NSR during follow-up. Based on these cases, we hypothesize that there is a link between late JET after early postoperative CAVB and return to NSR.

Assessment of relationship between galectin-3 and ambulatory ECG-based microvolt T-wave alternans in sustained systolic-diastolic hypertension patients.

OBJECTIVES: Galectin-3 is a marker associated with myocardial fibrosis and left ventricular myocardial index (LVMI). Myocardial fibrosis and LVMI have been reported in many studies to be associated with microvolt T-wave alternans (MTWA) positivity. In this study, galectin-3 levels of normotensive individuals and sustained systolic-diastolic hypertensive patients were compared and the association between galectin-3 levels and ambulatory ECG-based MTWA was investigated. METHODS: A total of 184 individuals were included in the study, among whom, 43 were normotensive and 141 had sustained systolic-diastolic hypertension without cardiovascular or chronic renal failure. Galectin-3, MTWA, and LVMI were evaluated in all participants. Galectin-3 levels of hypertensive and normotensive participants were compared. The association between galectin-3, MTWA, LVMI, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was investigated in hypertensive patients. RESULTS: LVMI and galectin-3 levels were higher among hypertensive patients compared with normotensives (94.9±26.8 vs. 76.4±22.9 g/m, 7.325±2.123 vs. 5.233±1.506 ng/ml; P<0.001, P<0.001). Correlation analysis carried out among the hypertensive patients showed that the galectin-3 level was correlated positively to LVMI, age, and MTWA positivity (r=0.396, P<0.001; r=0.358, P<0.001; r=0.361, P<0.001, respectively), whereas it was correlated negatively to eGFR and male sex (r=-0.364, P<0.001; r=-0.280, P=0.001, respectively). Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that LVMI and galectin-3 showed an independent association with MTWA positivity in hypertensive patients (P=0.003 and 0.005, respectively). CONCLUSION: Increased galectin-3 levels are associated with ambulatory ECG-based MTWA positivity, decreased eGFR, and increased LVMI in hypertensive patients. This association may be used for risk classification in this patient group.

The value of coronary artery calcium score in the early diagnosis of coronary artery disease in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to assess the value of coronary artery calcium score (CACS) in the early diagnosis of coronary artery disease in Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stage II chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients and to identify high-risk patients. METHODS: Forty-two patients with GOLD stage II COPD and 31 healthy control subjects were enrolled in the study. This study was designed as a prospective observational cross-sectional study. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used for comparisons between groups. Criteria for stage II COPD diagnosis were forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) of <70% and 50%≤FEV1<80%. Excluded from the study were individuals who had a previous diagnosis of coronary artery disease, GOLD stage I-III-IV COPD, or left ventricular systolic dysfunction. RESULTS: As compared with the control group, CACS values were significantly higher in the patient group (p=0.030 and 0.001, respectively). CACS was significantly higher in male patients with a positive family history, physical inactivity, long duration of disease, and low FEV1 (0.027, 0.008; 0.001 and 0.001; 0.001, respectively). Logistical regression analysis of sex, age, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cigarette smoking, family history, physical inactivity, and FEV1 values showed that physical inactivity was independently correlated with high CACS [odds ratio (OR): 7; confidence interval (CI): 3-20; p=0.001]. CONCLUSION: The value of CACS is high in stage II COPD patients. Male stage II COPD patients with a disease duration of 10 years, physical inactivity, and/or a positive family history should be monitored for early stage coronary artery disease and coronary events, regardless of risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia.

Heart rate variability improvement in children using transcatheter atrial septal defect closure.

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated autonomic behavior by examining heart rate variability (HRV) in the time domain and frequency domain in pediatric patients who underwent transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect (ASD). METHODS: A prospective study design was used. Holter ECG was performed in a control group of 30 healthy subjects and a group of 47 patients who underwent transcatheter ASD closure. ECG was taken one day before, one day after, and six months after the procedure to evaluate changes in the time domain [SDNN, rMSSD, NN, pNN50(%), and SDANN] and frequency domain (VLF, LF, HF, VHF, and LF/HF) in the patient group. Student's t-test was used to evaluate changes prior to and after the procedure. RESULTS: There were 28 females (60%) in the patient group and 21 females (70%) in the control group. The mean age and weight of the participants in the patient group were 9.61±4.72 years and 32.40±19.60 kg, respectively; the mean age and weight of the control subjects were 10.43±5.31 years and 32.83±13.00 kg, respectively. In both the time domain and frequency domain analyses, the patient group values were found to be lower than those in the control group prior to the procedure; the values in the patient group were found to approach the values in the control group following the procedure. By the sixth month, the values in the patient group reached the control levels with no statistically significant difference (SDNN: 145±0.84, 137.50±42.50; rMSSD: 72.18±48.22, 58.14±28.49; SDANN: 125.13±13.50, 122.40±41.06; VLF: 112.85±29.07, 114.41±98.39; LF: 50.40±24.09, 45.69±15.13; HF: 39.28±19.86, 44.29±13.14; VHF: 10.29±4.24, 9.99±6.47; LF/HF: 1.90±1.44, 1.24±0.81; p>0.05). CONCLUSION: The transcatheter closure of secundum ASDs was found to have a positive effect on HRV. Consequently, it may contribute to reduced mortality and morbidity. We can conclude that in children, HRV recovers approximately six months after transcatheter ASD closure.

Comparison of periprocedural and long term outcomes of proximal versus distal cerebral protection method during carotid artery stenting.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess the periprocedural and one-year outcomes of two different cerebral protection systems used during carotid artery stenting (CAS). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We enrolled 90 consecutive patients with carotid artery stenosis who underwent CAS with a proximal flow blockage protection system (mean age 69.7 ± 8) or distal protection with a filter (mean age 70.8 ± 7). RESULTS: CAS was performed successively on 89 patients (99 %). Adverse events were defined as major stroke, minor stroke, transient ischemic attack (TIA), myocardial infarction, and death. Two strokes, one TIA, one death, and one myocardial infarction were observed in-hospital. There were no significant differences in safety or benefits between the proximal flow blockage embolic protection system (n = 45) and the distal filter protection system (n = 45) in terms of clinically apparent cerebral embolism, TIA, death, or myocardial infarction during the periprocedural stage or during the one-year follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: Although it has been shown that the proximal flow blockage cerebral protection system decreases the risk of silent cerebral embolism, it has no advantage over the distal filter protection system in terms of adverse cerebrovascular or cardiac events during the periprocedural stage or during the long-term follow-up period.

Long-term prognostic value of elevated pentraxin 3 in patients undergoing primary angioplasty for ST-elevation myocardial infarction.

OBJECTIVES: The prognostic value of pentraxin 3 (PTX3) has been documented in patients with acute coronary syndrome. However, its long-term prognostic value in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) remains unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of PTX3 in patients with STEMI undergoing a primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS: We prospectively enrolled 499 consecutive STEMI patients undergoing primary PCI. The high-PTX3 group (n=141) was defined as having values in the third tertile (≥3.2 ng/ml) and the low-PTX3 group (n=358) included patients with values in the lower two tertiles (<3.2 ng/ml). RESULTS: The patients in the high-PTX3 group were older (mean age 54.3±11.8 vs. 58.5±13.1 years, P=0.002). Higher in-hospital cardiovascular mortality and 2-year all-cause mortality rates were observed in the high-PTX3 group (9.9 vs. 2.8%, respectively, P<0.001; 21 vs. 6.2%, respectively, P<0.001). In a Cox multivariate analysis, a high admission PTX3 value (>3.2 ng/ml) was found to be an independent predictor of 2-year all-cause mortality (odds ratio: 2.3, 95% confidence interval: 1.20-4.90, P=0.025). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that a high admission PTX3 level was associated with increased in-hospital cardiovascular mortality and 2-year all-cause mortality in patients with STEMI undergoing primary PCI.