Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulator as a Protective Treatment against Intensive Care Unit Muscle Wasting in Sepsis/Septic Shock Patients.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficacy of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) application in preventing muscle wasting in intensive care unit (ICU) patients diagnosed with sepsis/septic shock. STUDY DESIGN: A single-centre, unblinded, parallel-group, prospective, randomised clinical study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Ondokuz Mayis University, Faculty of Medicine Hospital, Level 3 ICU, between October 28th 2018, and October 1st, 2020. METHODOLOGY: Eighty patients from a single centre who were diagnosed with sepsis/septic shock, followed up at level 3 ICU, and met the criteria were included. The patients were evaluated in 2 groups: One who received physiotherapy alone (n=40) and the other who received physiotherapy + NMES (n=40). The development of intensive care unit-muscle wasting was evaluated in patients of both groups. Muscle wasting was identified by anthropometric and ultrasonographic measurements. The day the patients were diagnosed with sepsis was determined as the first day and the bilateral anthropometric and ultrasonographic measurements of the biceps brachii and rectus femoris muscles were obtained on days 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the groups in the ultrasonographic and anthropometric measurements on days 1, 3, and 7 (p>0.005). However, the ultrasonographic measurements of the group that received physiotherapy + NMES demonstrated a significantly lower loss in the upper extremities on days 14 and 21 compared to the group that received physiotherapy alone (p=0.003 and p=0.028, respectively). No significant difference was found in the anthropometric measurements. CONCLUSION: The NMES, which have been increasingly used as new treatment protocols in the prevention of ICU-AW, yield favourable results in patients with sepsis/septic shock. KEY WORDS: Intensive care unit, Acquired weakness, Neuromuscular electrical stimulation, Muscle wasting, Sepsis.

The Effect of Fluid Challenge Test on Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of the fluid challenge test on the optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) change. STUDY DESIGN: Quasi-experimental study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Ondokuz Mayis University Hospital, Samsun, Turkey, from January to November 2021. METHODOLOGY: A fluid challenge was defined as a 500 mL crystalloid infusion administered over 10 minutes, and fluid responsiveness was defined as a subsequent increase in stroke volume of at least 15% administered to the ICU patients. The ONSD and hemodynamic variables were measured by ultrasonography before (T0), at the end (T1), and 30 min after the fluid challenge (T2). The primary outcome of the study was the change in ONSD measurements associated with the fluid challenge, and the secondary outcome was the relationship between fluid responsiveness and the change in ONSD. RESULTS: A total of 60 patients were included. The ONSD (mm) value was significantly higher at T1 compared to T0 (mean ± standard deviation: 5.12±0.30 mm vs. 5.10±0.32 mm; p=0.011). However, at T2, the ONSD was similar to that at T0 (5.10±0.31 mm vs. 5.10±0.32 mm; p=0.662). The stroke volume (mL) was also significantly higher at T1 and T2 compared to T0 [median IQR 60 (6) mL vs. 60 (4.7) mL vs. 52 (5) mL, respectively, p <0.01]. No significant relationship was found between the ONSD and the change in fluid responsiveness (p=0.621). CONCLUSION: The fluid challenge test increases ONSD and may cause an increase in intracranial pressure. KEY WORDS: Fluid therapy, Stroke volume, Intracranial pressure, Ultrasonography, Optic nerve sheath diameter.

The effect of transitional vertebrae and spina bifida occulta on disc herniation, disc degeneration, and end-plate changes in pediatric patients with low back pain.

The aim of the study is to investigate the assumption whether lumbosacral transitional vertebrae (LSTV) and spina bifida occulta (SBO) cause lumbar disc herniation (LDH), intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD), and vertebral endplate changes / Modic changes (MCs) in children and adolescents with low back pain (LBP). Four hundred patients (aged 10-17) with LBP persisting for at least six weeks were included in the study. Lumbosacral X-rays were examined for the presence of LSTV and SBO. The prevalence of IDD/MCs and LDH at L4-5 and L5-S1 levels were investigated by evaluating the lumbosacral MRI of the patients with and without LSTV-SBO. The study population consisted of 219 girls and 181 boys with mean age 14.9±1.9. LSTV was determined in 67 (16.8%) patients and SBO in 62 (15.5%). No significant difference was observed in the prevalence of IDD, MCs, and LDH in patients with and without LSTV/SBO. LSTV and SBO were not observed in approximately 80% of patients without LDH and IDD/MCs. The presence of LSTV and SBO does not appear to represent a risk factor for early degeneration in lumbar spine and LDH in children and adolescents with LBP.

Evaluation of intra-cranial pressure changes by measuring the optic nerve sheath diameter during the lung recruitment maneuver in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: A prospective study.

Background: The lung recruitment maneuver (LRM) applied in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) may increase the intra-cranial pressure (ICP). Aims: This study evaluated the effect of LRM on intra-cranial pressure changes in patients with ARDS by measuring the optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD). Patients and Methods: LRM was applied to patients undergoing follow-up for ARDS, with a positive pressure of 30 cmH2O for 30 s. ONSD on ultra-sonography, dynamic lung compliance (Cdyn), oxygen saturation (SpO2), and hemodynamic parameters were measured before (T0), immediately after (T1), and 10 min after (T2) LRM. The primary endpoint was the effect of LRM on ONSD changes. The secondary endpoints included the effect of LRM on Cdyn, SpO2 change, and relationship between Cdyn and ONSD changes. Results: The study included 60 patients. ONSD was higher at T1 than at T0 (median [interquartile range]: 5.13 [0.4] vs. 5.3 [0.3] mm, P < 0.001) but was similar at T0 and T2 (5.13 [0.4] vs. 5.09 [0.37] mm, P = 0.36). Cdyn and SpO2 were significantly higher at T1 and T2 than at T0 (Cdyn: 22.3 [5.8] vs. 23.7 [7.5] vs. 19.4 [6.6] mL/cmH2O, P < 0.001; SpO2: 90[2] vs. 92[4] vs. 88[4] %, P = 0.013). A significant correlation existed between Cdyn and ONSD changes, which increased at T2 compared to T0 (P < 0.001). Conclusion: LRM applied in ARDS causes a short-term increase in ONSD. However, Cdyn increases 10 min after LRM and causes ONSD, thereby leading to a decrease in ICP.

Red blood cell transfusion and hemoglobin level on neurological outcome in the first 24 hours of traumatic brain injury.

OBJECTIVES: Target hemoglobin (Hb) level is not clearly determined in patients followed up in the intensive care unit (ICU) for traumatic brain injury (TBI). This study aims to investigate the impact of red blood cell (RBC) transfusion and Hb level on the neurological outcome in the first 24 h in patients with TBI. METHODS: In this retrospective study, we reviewed the 2-year organizational database. We evaluated data from patients who underwent RBC transfusion and whose Hb values were 7-9 g/dL and >9 g/dL in the first 24 h. We considered that a Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS) of 1-3 at the time of discharge from the ICU was a poor neurological outcome (PO) and that a GOS > 3 was a good neurological outcome (GO). RESULTS: A total of 147 patients were included in the study 28.6% of whom were discharged from the intensive care unit with PO. The Hb (g/dL) values of PO patients in the first 24 h were lower compared to those of GO patients (median [interquartile range]; 9.2 [2.5] vs 11 [3.4], p < 0.01). RBC transfusion of PO patients in the first 24 h was also less compared to that of GO patients (median [interquartile range]; 15 [35.7] vs. 19 [18.1], p = 0.038). In logistic regression analyses, neither RBC transfusion (OR [95%CI]; 0.786 (0.108-5.740), p = 0.81) nor Hb level (OR [95% CI]; 0.50 (0.057-4.362), p = 0.53) was an independent risk factor for PO. CONCLUSION: In patients followed up in the ICU due to TBI, RBC transfusion and Hb values in the first 24 h are not associated with PO at the time of discharge from the ICU.

Poor Accuracy of Clinical Diagnosis in Pes Anserine Tendinitis Bursitis Syndrome.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the characteristics of the patients who are clinically diagnosed with pes anserine tendinitis bursitis syndrome (PATBS), and to determine the sensitivity and specificity of clinical diagnose based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS: Included in this cross-sectional clinical study were 156 patients who were evaluated based on the clinical presence or absence of PATBS. All patients underwent Q-angle measurement, knee osteoarthritis (OA) grading according to the Kellgren-Lawrence classification, and medial joint space measurement, and their cartilage thickness, and any periarticular and intraarticular knee pathologies were recorded from an assessment of knee MRIs. RESULTS: Of the total, 64 cases (41%) were diagnosed clinically with PATBS and 92 (59%) were not. There was no difference in the Q angles of the two groups (p > 0.05), while the medial joint spaces were significantly lower in the PATBS patients (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the two groups in an MRI assessment of meniscus and ligament lesions, chondromalacia patella, cyst, bursitis, effusion and synovial pathologies (p > 0.05). The sensitivity and specificity of the PATBS clinical diagnoses relative to the MRI findings were determined as 41.2% and 59.5%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The medial joint space was found to be significantly lower in patients with PATBS, while there was no difference in any other knee pathologies between the two groups. The sensitivity and specificity of a PATBS clinical diagnosis were found to be low, and so it was concluded that clinical PATBS diagnoses may be inaccurate, particularly in the presence of such invasive therapies as injection, and that diagnoses based on imaging methods would be more accurate.

The effect of preemptive airway pressure release ventilation on patients with high risk for acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to investigate the use of early APRV mode as a lung protective strategy compared to conventional methods with regard to ARDS development. METHODS: The study was designed as a randomized, non-blinded, single-center, superiority trial with two parallel groups and a primary endpoint of ARDS development. Patients under invasive mechanical ventilation who were not diagnosed with ARDS and had Lung Injury Prediction Score greater than 7 were included in the study. The patients were assigned to APRV and P-SIMV + PS mode groups. RESULTS: Patients were treated with P-SIMV+PS or APRV mode; 33 (50.8%) and 32 (49.2%), respectively. The P/F ratio values were higher in the APRV group on day 3 (p = 0.032). The fraction of inspired oxygen value was lower in the APRV group at day 7 (p = 0.011).While 5 of the 33 patients (15.2%) in the P-SIMV+PS group developed ARDS, one out of the 32 patients (3.1%) in the APRV group developed ARDS during follow-up (p = 0.197). The groups didn't differ in terms of vasopressor/inotrope requirement, successful extubation rates, and/or mortality rates (p = 1.000, p = 0.911, p = 0.705, respectively). Duration of intensive care unit stay was 8 (2-11) days in the APRV group and 13 (8-81) days in the P-SIMV+PS group (p = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS: The APRV mode can be used safely in selected groups of surgical and medical patients while preserving spontaneous respiration to a make benefit of its lung-protective effects. In comparison to the conventional mode, it is associated with improved oxygenation, higher mean airway pressures, and shorter intensive care unit stay. However, it does not reduce the sedation requirement, ARDS development, or mortality.

Effects of personality traits on severity of sepsis.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to reveal the effect of the individual's lifestyle and personality traits on the disease process in patients with sepsis and to have clinical predictions about these patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was planned as a multi-center, prospective, observational study after obtaining the approval of the local ethics committee. Patients were hospitalized in different intensive care units. Besides demographics and personal characteristics of patients, laboratory data, length of hospital and ICU stay, and mortality was recorded. Two hundred and fifty-nine patients were followed up in 11 different intensive care units. Mortality rates, morbidities, blood analyses, and personality traits were evaluated as primary outcomes. RESULT: Of the 259 patients followed up, mortality rates were significantly higher in men than in women (p= 0.008). No significant difference was found between the patients' daily activity, tea and coffee consumption, reading habits, smoking habits, blood groups, atopy histories and mortality rates. Examining the personal traits, it was seen that 90 people had A-type personality structure and 51 (56.7%) of them died with higher mortality rate compared to type B (p= 0.038). There was no difference between personalities, in concomitant ARDS occurrence, need for sedation and renal replacement therapies. CONCLUSIONS: Among individuals diagnosed with sepsis/septic shock, mortality increased significantly in patients with A-type personality trait compared to other personality traits. These results showed that personal traits may be useful in predicting the severity of disease and mortality in patients with sepsis/septic shock.

Low back pain in children and adolescents: Real life experience of 106 patients.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the demographic data, etiologies and risk factors of 106 children and adolescents with low back pain (LBP) who applied to our clinic. METHODS: The medical records of patients with low back pain under 18 presenting to our clinic in 2014-2018 were examined retrospectively. Patients' demographic data, physical examination findings, laboratory and imaging results, and risk factors for low back pain were evaluated; diagnosis and treatment modalities were recorded. RESULTS: In this study, 106 children and adolescents 8-17 (mean 14.24±2.33) years, 55 girls (51.8%) and 51 boys (48.1%) were included. Sixty-two patients (58.4%) were diagnosed with non-specific low back pain, 24 (22.6%) with lumbar disc herniation, six (5.6%) with inflammatory low back pain, five (4.7%) with spondylolysis (with accompanying listhesis in two), five (4.7%) with scoliosis, and four (3.7%) with Scheuermann Disease. Three patients were operated and another patient underwent an algological intervention for persistent pain. Six patients diagnosed as spondyloarthropathy were referred to the pediatric rheumatology department. Pain in the remaining cases was brought under control using conservative methods in a combination of medical treatment, rest and physiotherapy. CONCLUSION: Low back pain is a frequent complaint in the child-adolescent age group. The causes of low back pain are as diverse as adults in this age group. The contrary common belief that severe problems, such as malignancy are common, mechanical reasons as the most common cause of low back pain.

Effect of visceral fat tissue on superior mesenteric artery configuration: Is it superior to BMI?

BACKGROUND/AIMS: To determine the effect of visceral fat volume measured via computed tomography (CT) images of umbilical slices on superior mesenteric artery (SMA) configuration, as compared with body mass index (BMI). In addition, this study aims to determine the effect of lumbar lordosis angle (LLA) on SMA configuration. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 310 patients who underwent abdominal CT. On CT images, the aortomesenteric angle (AMA), the distance between SMA and aorta at three levels, and LLA were measured. Visceral fat volume was measured using three consecutive images obtained at the level of the umbilicus. The relationship among AMA, and distances measured between SMA and aorta, and visceral fat tissue volume were determined. The effect of LLA on AMA and distances measured between SMA and aorta was analyzed. RESULTS: There was a significant positive correlation between visceral fat volume, and patient age, AMA, distances between SMA and aorta, LLA, and BMI (p<0.001). There were not any significant differences in AMA, distances between SMA and aorta, BMI, or visceral fat volume between the patients with an LLA of 20°-45° and those with an LLA >45° (p>0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between BMI, and AMA, distances between SMA and aorta (p<0.001). There was a significant positive correlation between visceral fat volume, and AMA, distances between SMA and aorta (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Visceral fat tissue volume is more valuable than BMI for evaluating the SMA configuration.

The Effect of Lumbosacral Transitional Vertebrae (LSTV) on Paraspinal Muscle Volume in Patients with Low Back Pain.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: To determine if psoas, multifidus, and erector spina muscle volume at intervertebral disc levels differ in patients with lumbosacral transitional vertebrae (LSTV) and low back pain (LBP), and in LBP patients without LSTV. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study included 101 patients that underwent lumbar spinal MRI due to LBP. The patients were divided into two groups according to the presence of LSTV, as those with LSTV (LSTV group) and those without LSTV (control group). Those in the LSTV group were classified according to Castellvi classification, and whether or not LSTV was bilateral or unilateral. The lumbar lordosis angle was measured using sagittal T2-weighted MR images. Axial T2-weighted images were used to bilaterally measure psoas, multifidus, and erector spina muscle volume at intervertebral disc levels. RESULTS: Among the 101 participants, 33 were male (32.7%) and 68 were female (67.3%). Left multifidus muscle volume at the L4-5 level was significantly lower in the LSTV group than in the control group (p = 0.033). Right and left erector spina muscle volume at the L5-S1 level was significantly lower in the LSTV group than in the control group (right side: p = 0.010; left side: p = 0.003). The mean lumbar lordosis angle was 47.54 ± 12.69° in the LSTV group, versus 35.34 ± 11.53° in the control group (p < 0.001). There were not any significant differences in psoas, multifidus, or erector spina muscle volume between the patients with unilateral and bilateral LSTV (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The present findings indicate that paraspinal muscle volume can be used to understand LSTV symptomatology.

Prognostic evaluation of cases with thoracic trauma admitted to the intensive care unit: 10-year clinical outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Multiple traumas are a leading cause of mortality among young adults worldwide. Thoracic trauma causes approximately 25% of all trauma-associated deaths. This study aims to determine the independent prognostic factors of mortality in cases with thoracic trauma (isolated or with accompanying organ injuries) who were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed data from patients with thoracic trauma who were admitted to our ICU between 2007 and 2016. After excluding pediatric patients (aged <18 years), the study sample included 564 cases. From the records, we collected the patients' demographical data, comorbid diseases, primary trauma as an indication for ICU admission, other traumas accompanying thoracic trauma, type of thoracic injury, and therapeutic interventions. The study sample was divided into two subsets: survival and non-survival groups. These two groups were compared with regards to first ICU day laboratory results and intensive care scores, mechanical ventilation times, and ICU stay lengths. RESULTS: Of the 8063 patients admitted to the ICU between 2007 and 2016, 616 (7.6%) had thoracic trauma. The median age (min-max) of the 564 patients eligible for this study was 43 (18-87) years. Mortality occurred in 159 (28.1%) cases, while 405 (71.8%) were discharged from the ICU. Multivariate regression analyses were also performed, in which every increment in age was associated with a 1.025-fold increase in the odds of mortality due to thoracic trauma. Additionally, the presence of central nervous system (CNS) trauma was associated with a 2.147-fold increase, and the presence of pulmonary contusion was associated with a 1.752-fold increase. CONCLUSION: Results of this study indicate that advanced age, the presence of pulmonary contusion, and accompanying CNS trauma are independent predictors of mortality in patients with thoracic trauma in the ICU. Our non-invasive approach is further supported by the trauma and injury severity score (TRISS) scoring system, which is one of the latest scoring systems used in trauma cases.

Non-infectious Fever After Acute Spinal Cord Injury in the Intensive Care Unit.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the frequency, etiology, risk factors and clinical outcomes in acute traumatic SCI patients who develop fever and to evaluate the relationship between fever and mortality. DESIGN: Retrospective data were collected between January 2007 and August 2016 from patients diagnosed with persistent fever from SCI cases observed in the ICU. PARTICIPANTS: Among 5370 intensive care patients, 435 SCI patients were evaluated for the presence of fever. A total of 52 patients meeting the criteria were evaluated. OUTCOME MEASURES: Fever characteristics were evaluated by dividing the patients into two groups: infectious (group-1) and non-infectious (group-2) fever. Demographic and clinical data, ICU and hospital stay, and mortality were evaluated. RESULTS: In the patients with noninfectious fever, mortality was significantly higher compared to the group with infectious fever (P < 0.001). Of 52 acute SCI cases, 25 (48.1%) had neurogenic fever that did not respond to treatment in intensive care follow-up, and 22 (88%) of these patients died. Maximal fever was 39.10 ± 0.64 °C in Group-1 and 40.22 ± 1.10 ° C in Group-2 (P = 0.001). There was a significant difference in the duration of ICU stay and hospital stay between the two groups (P = 0.005, P = 0.001, respectively), while there was no difference in the duration of mechanical ventilation between the groups (P = 0.544). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that patients diagnosed with neurogenic fever following SCI had higher average body temperature and higher rates of mortality compared to patients diagnosed with infectious fever.

[From carbonmonoxide intoxication to organ donation; organ protective mechanic ventilation in severe pulmonary damage]. / Karbonmonoksit intoksikasyonundan organ donasyonuna; agir pulmoner hasarda organ koruyucu mekanik ventilasyon.

Organ donation is a matter of concern in critically ill patients who need intensive care after carbonmonoxide (CO) intoxication. A 26-year-old female patient was unconscious after having spent 20 minutes in the bathroom with a water heater (70% butane and 30% propane mixture). In the CT of the patient with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) 3, ventricular system was erased, white-gray matter separation was lost and fissures were observed as erased. Torax CT showed conspicuous areas showing air bronchograms in both lung bases and posterior areas and diffuse frosted glass densities in other areas. In a patient with no improvement in consciousness; apnea test, neurological examination and CT angiography showed that there was no blood flow in the brain and brain death was confirmed. On the second day of hospitalization, the relatives gave their approval for the donation. It may also be advantageous to use oxygen at high concentrations in carbonmonoxide poisoning as it may allow recruitment of closed alveoli. Successful kidney, heart, lung, liver and pancreas transplants from donors exposed to CO have been reported. Carbonmonoxide intoxication may be appropriate for transplantation for patients who are waiting for organs of brain death cases where the organ preservation is well done. Although carbonmonoxide intoxication has failed in the literature, it shows that there is no definite contraindication.

The Association Between Serum Uric Acid Level and Prognosis in Critically Ill Patients, Uric Acid as a Prognosis Predictor.

BACKGROUND: Uric acid is synthesized from xanthine via xanthine oxidase as an end-product of purine metabolism. Uric acid is a major non-enzymatic antioxidant in the blood, and it exerts a protective action on vitamin C. There are a limited number of ICU studies related to uric acid, which is a valuable prognostic biomarker. This study aimed to evaluate the utility of uric acid as a biomarker in predicting the outcomes of critically ill patients. METHODS: This prospective, multi-centered cohort study included 128 patients from two different intensive care units who met the study inclusion criteria between May 2017 and October 2017. Study inclusion criteria were first admission to the ICU, age > 18 years, and ICU stay > 24 hours. In each patient, baseline serum uric acid levels were measured after acute interventions, prior to the initiation of the treatment process. RESULTS: When comparing the last uric acid levels of patients, the median last uric acid levels in the non-survival and survival groups were significantly different (p = 0.001). A last uric acid level > 4.5 mg/dL was associated with a 2.638 times higher risk (relative risk) for mortality. According to ROC analysis, a cutoff value of 1.5 for the ratio between the last two uric acid levels had a sensitivity of 0.21 and a specificity of 0.96 for predicting mortality. A 1.5-fold increase in the uric acid level yielded a positive predictive value of 92.6% and a negative predictive value of 65.2% for predicting mortality. The median uric level in the patient subset with ARDS, was significantly higher than those without ARDS (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Results of this study indicate that a time-dependent increase in uric acid levels can be used as an important biomarker for predicting mortality in critically ill patients; further, uric acid levels should possibly be included in the current mortality risk scoring systems. In addition, elevation of uric acid, a simple, inexpensive, and readily available biomarker, may provide guidance in the diagnostic stage and in predicting clinical outcomes of patients with sepsis or ARDS.

Management of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome with H1N1 Influenza Virus in Pregnancy: Successful Mechanical Ventilation and Weaning with Airway Pressure Release Ventilation.

In pregnancy, infection with H1N1 influenza virus may produce symptoms similar to infection with seasonal influenza virus. Patients may rarely come with a clinical condition causing severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and death. Therefore, mechanical-ventilation strategies to manage these events are vital. We report a case of ARDS after an infection with H1N1 influenza A in a 33-year-old patient pregnant at 27-weeks. The ARDS was successfully managed by airway pressure release ventilation (APRV). APRV can be used successfully as an alternative to conventional mechanical ventilation modes in pregnant patients experiencing severe respiratory failure.

[Hemophagocytic syndrome in a patient followed for IgG4-related disease in intensive care unit]. / Yogun bakimda IgG4 iliskili hastalik nedeniyle takip edilen hastada gelisen hemafagositik sendrom.

IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a set of diseases that can affect multiple organs, produce an immune-mediated fibroinflammatory response, and lead to tissue destruction and organ failure. Hemophagocytic syndrome is a life-threatening hyperinflammatory fatal disease caused by defect and excessive macrophage activity in natural killer cells. The disease can often be confused with other immune-mediated diseases such as cancer, infection, interstitial lung disease, sjogren's syndrome, wegener's vasculitis, or temporal arteritis. Hemophagocytic syndrome is defined as hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) which is a pathological and clinical condition caused by phagocytosis of erythrocyte, leukocyte, platelet and precursor cells which are the cellular elements of the macrophages which are activated due to various reasons. Although there are two types as primary (familial) and secondary (depending on infections), the clinical findings are the same. Presence of familial disease/known gene defect and/or at least 5 of 8 clinical and laboratory diagnostic criteria is required for diagnosis. The first target is the suppression of hyperinflammation urgently, the second is the elimination of the stimulus triggering the event. In secondary HLH, treatment should be planned according to the underlying cause. As a rare complication of a rare disease, a case with the diagnosis of IgG4-related disease complicated with hemophagocytic syndrome is presented with the literature.

Anesthetic Management of Urgent Cesarean Section with Undiagnosed Transposition of Great Arteries.

We consider that general anesthesia will be an appropriate and safe method as regional methods could lead to significant time loss in the prevention or minimization of complications. High blockage required for regional anesthetic methods in pregnant women with TGA and the maintenance of hemodynamic stability may become difficult due to neuroaxial sympathectomy even if a successful neuroaxial block has been provided. Agents with minimal effect on cardiovascular functions should be preferred for anesthesia induction and maintenance and close hemodynamic monitoring should be done during intraoperative and postoperative periods.

Are healthcare workers' mobile phones a potential source of nosocomial infections? Review of the literature.

Mobile communication devices help accelerate in-hospital flow of medical information, information sharing and querying, and contribute to communications in the event of emergencies through their application and access to wireless media technology. Healthcare-associated infections remain a leading and high-cost problem of global health systems despite improvements in modern therapies. The objective of this article was to review different studies on the relationship between mobile phones (MPs) and bacterial cross-contamination and report common findings. Thirty-nine studies published between 2005 and 2013 were reviewed. Of these, 19 (48.7%) identified coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), and 26 (66.7%) identified Staphylococcus aureus; frequency of growth varied. The use of MPs by healthcare workers increases the risk of repetitive cyclic contamination between the hands and face (e.g., nose, ears, and lips), and differences in personal hygiene and behaviors can further contribute to the risks. MPs are rarely cleaned after handling. They may transmit microorganisms, including multiple resistant strains, after contact with patients, and can be a source of bacterial cross-contamination. To prevent bacterial contamination of MPs, hand-washing guidelines must be followed and technical standards for prevention strategies should be developed.

A case of severe babesiosis treated successfully with exchange transfusion.

Babesiosis is a zoonotic disease that may be asymptomatic or result in severe clinical conditions, with severe hemolysis, hepatic, and renal failure, in humans. Clinical symptoms depend on the species and immune status of the host. The disease is especially severe in those of advanced age, those with an immune deficiency, and the splenectomized. A severe case of babesiosis that developed in a splenectomy patient is presented here; the patient was admitted from a rural region with severe anemia and a deterioration in her general condition, with an initial diagnosis of malaria. In such situations, an exchange transfusion (ET), in addition to antimicrobial treatment, could be lifesaving.