Correction: Dynamic linkages between renewable energy, carbon emissions and economic growth through nonlinear ARDL approach: Evidence from Iran.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253464.].

Dynamic linkages between renewable energy, carbon emissions and economic growth through nonlinear ARDL approach: Evidence from Iran.

This study examines the relationship between economic growth, renewable energy consumption, and carbon emissions in Iran between 1975-2017, and the bounds testing approach to cointegration and the asymmetric method was used in this study. The results reveal that in the long run increase in renewable energy consumption and CO2 emissions causes an increase in real GDP per capita. Meanwhile, the decrease in renewable energy has the same effect, but GDP per capita reacts more strongly to the rise in renewable energy than the decline. Besides, in the long run, a reduction of CO2 emissions has an insignificant impact on GDP per capita. Furthermore, the results from asymmetric tests suggest that reducing CO2 emissions and renewable energy consumption do not have an essential role in decreasing growth in the short run. In contrast, an increase in renewable energy consumption and CO2 emissions do contribute to boosting the growth. These results may be attributable to the less renewable energy in the energy portfolio of Iran. Additionally, the coefficients on capital and labor are statistically significant, and we discuss the economic implications of the results and propose specific policy recommendations.

A multi-feature hybrid classification data mining technique for human-emotion.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The ideal treatment of illnesses is the interest of every era. Data innovation in medical care has become extremely quick to analyze diverse diseases from the most recent twenty years. In such a finding, past and current information assume an essential job is utilizing and information mining strategies. We are inadequate in diagnosing the enthusiastic mental unsettling influence precisely in the beginning phases. In this manner, the underlying conclusion of misery expressively positions an extraordinary clinical and Scientific research issue. This work is dedicated to tackling the same issue utilizing the AI strategy. Individuals' dependence on passionate stages has been successfully characterized into various gatherings in the data innovation climate. METHODS: A notable AI multi-include cross breed classifier is utilized to execute half and half order by having the passionate incitement as pessimistic or positive individuals. A troupe learning calculation helps to pick the more appropriate highlights from the accessible classes feeling information on online media to improve order. We split the Dataset into preparing and testing sets for the best proactive model. RESULTS: The execution assessment is applied to check the proposed framework through measurements of execution assessment. This exploration is done on the Class Labels MovieLens dataset. The exploratory outcomes show that the used group technique gives ideal order execution by picking the highlights' greatest separation. The supposed results demonstrated the projected framework's distinction, which originates from the picking-related highlights chosen by the incorporated learning calculation. CONCLUSION: The proposed approach is utilized to precisely and successfully analyze the downturn in its beginning phase. It will assist in the recovery and action of discouraged individuals. We presume that the future strategy's utilization is exceptionally appropriate in all data innovation-based E-medical services for discouraging incitement.

Machine learning-based mortality rate prediction using optimized hyper-parameter.

OBJECTIVE AND BACKGROUND: The current scenario of the Pandemic of COVID-19 demands multi-channel investigations and predictions. A variety of prediction models are available in the literature. The majority of these models are based on extrapolating by the parameters related to the diseases, which are history-oriented. Instead, the current research is designed to predict the mortality rate of COVID-19 by Regression techniques in comparison to the models followed by five countries. METHODS: The Regression method with an optimized hyper-parameter is used to develop these models under training data by Machine Learning Technique. RESULTS: The validity of the proposed model is endorsed by considering the case study on the data for Pakistan. Five distinct models for mortality rate prediction are built using Confirmed cases data as a predictor variable for France, Spain, Turkey, Sweden, and Pakistan, respectively. The results evidenced that Sweden has a fewer death case over 20,000 confirmed cases without observing lockdown. Hence, by following the strategy adopted by Sweden, the chosen entity will control the death rate despite the increase of the confirmed cases. CONCLUSION: The evaluated results notice the high mortality rate and low RMSE for Pakistan by the GPR method based Mortality model. Therefore, the morality rate based MRP model is selected for the COVID-19 death rate in Pakistan. Hence, the best-fit is the Sweden model to control the mortality rate.

Evaluating the characteristics of magnetic dipole for shear-thinning Williamson nanofluid with thermal radiation.

Objective A recent evolution in fluid dynamics has been the consideration of nanoliquids which retains exceptional thermal conductivity characteristics and upsurge heat transportation in fluids. Inspired by this, the current attempt develops a nonlinear mathematical model (Williamson fluid) towards moving surface heated convectively. Formulated problem further encompasses thermophoresis, magnetic dipole, heat source, Brownian diffusion, thermal radiation and thermo-solutal convective conditions. Upshots are simulated and unveiled graphically. Drag force along with heat/mass transportation rates is addressed numerically. Method The dimensionless expressions are highly non-linear and exact/analytic computations for such expressions are not possible. Thus we employed numeric (bvp4c) scheme for solution development. Conclusions Temperature of Williamson nanofluid intesifies through larger Nb (Brownian movement) factor and Nt (thermophoretic variable). Moreover, Buongiorno relation has reverse behavior for concentration ϕ(η) of Williamson nanofluid regarding Nt and Nt. Transportation rate of heat dwindles against both Nt and Nb.

A shear-rate-dependent flow generated via magnetically controlled metachronal motion of artificial cilia.

Cilia beating is a naturally occurring phenomenon that can be utilized in fluid transport in designing several biomechanical devices. Inspired by the ubiquity of bio-fluids (which are non-Newtonian), we report the characteristics of shear-rate-dependent viscosities on fluid flow generated by the wavy propulsion of magnetic cilia. We assume that the metachronal waves of these cilia form a two-dimensional wavy channel, which is filled with generalized Newtonian Carreau liquid. Galilean transformation is employed to relate fixed and moving frames. The constitutive equations are reduced under the classical lubrication assumption. The resulting fourth-order nonlinear differential equations are solved via a perturbation approach using the stream function. The effects of four dominant fluid parameters (shear thinning/thickening, power-law index, and zero- and infinite-shear-rate viscosity), magnetic parameter (Hartmann number), and metachronal wave parameters on fluid velocity, pressure rise per wavelength, and trapping phenomenon are shown in graphical results and explained thoroughly. This study could play an advisory role in designing a magnetic micro-bot useful in the biomedical industry.

On the evaluation of stratification based entropy optimized hydromagnetic flow featuring dissipation aspect and Robin conditions.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The scrutiny of nonlinear convected flow aspect has continuously appealed researchers attention because of its ample demands in processes like heat exchangers, building insulation, crystal growth, insulation of nuclear reactor, food processing, solar energy and electronic element chilling etc. Taking into consideration the aforesaid utilizations, we modeled differential type (second-grade) nanoliquid considering non-linear mixed convection. The considered differential type nonlinear model elaborates viscoelasticity (elastic and viscous) characteristics. Furthermore the thermal systems emphases on transportation of heat and irreversibility reduction. Especially, evaluating the systems via thermodynamic second relation is essential with the purpose of finding a standard communication between power input prerequisite and heat transference augmentation. METHOD: Formulated non-dimensional problem is non-linear subject to the assumptions (i.e., Non-linear mixed convection, magnetic field, viscous dissipation, double stratification, Joule heating and convective conditions). Analytic simulations for modeled non-linear systems is not possible. Hence we considered bvp4c scheme for non-linear analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Velocity [Formula: see text] of second grade (non-Newtonian) fluid intensifies for larger estimations of R* and λ* whereas it dwindles for M. Temperature of nanoliquid deteriorates with S1 while (θ(η)) rises against Ec. Entropy generation (EG) and (BN) (Bejan number) significantly affected by physical parameters M, α2 and Br.

Entropy optimized Darcy-Forchheimer nanofluid (Silicon dioxide, Molybdenum disulfide) subject to temperature dependent viscosity.

Background In this research communication, entropy optimized Darcy-Forchheimer flow with magnetohydrodynamic over a stretched surface is considered. Here Molybdenum disulfide (MOS2) and Silicon dioxide (SiO2) are taken as a nanoparticles and Propylene glycol as a continuous phase liquid. Electrically conducting fluid is considered and flow is generated via stretched surface of sheet. The total entropy rate which is depends on four types of irreversibilities i.e., heat transfer, porosity, fluid friction and dissipation) is calculated via second law of thermodynamics. The energy expression is mathematically modeled and discussed subject to heat generation/absorption, dissipation, thermal radiation and Joule heating. Furthermore, temperature dependent viscosity is accounted. Method The nonlinear PDE's (partial differential equations) are first changed to ODE's (ordinary differential equations) through implementation of appropriate similarity variables (transformations). The numerical results of ordinary ones are computed via Built-In-Shooting method. The results for the flow field, temperature, skin friction, Nusselt number and entropy generation are discussed against various sundry flow parameters graphically. Results Salient characteristics of sundry flow parameters on the entropy generation rate, velocity, Bejan number, gradients of velocity, gradient of temperature and temperature are examined and display graphically. The results are computed for both nanoparticles. From obtained results it is observed that temperature field increases versus higher thermal Biot number for both nanoparticles. It is also observed that the thermal field is more in presence of Molybdenum disulfide as compared to Silicon dioxide, because the thermal conductivity of Molybdenum disulfide is higher than Silicon dioxide. Entropy generation and Bejan number show contrast impact versus higher estimations of Brinkman number versus both nanoparticles.

Magnetic field influence in three-dimensional rotating micropolar nanoliquid with convective conditions.

BACKGROUND: Hybrid nanoliquids have several benefits in comparison to orthodox type liquids because of their revised attributes. The enhanced rheological along with thermo-physical attributes, create them additionally apposite for systems featuring solar energy. Thus, in the current analysis, the focus retained to pursue the diversity behave by hybrid nanofluid in comparison with traditional nanofluid considering the scheme of micropolar fluid in the environment of MHD, with rotating porous channel on the exponentially stretched surface. METHODS: For the solution of the generated differential model, a numerical technique BVP-4C is applied. The information extraction is done by the graphical representations of these solutions. RESULTS: The velocity, temperature, and micro-rotation are analyzed deeply under graphical representation. For nanofluid and hybrid nanofluid, we investigated a comprehensive behavior by the variation of skin friction and Nusselt number. As a result of these explorations, we found in depth the higher rate of heat transferring in the scenario of hybrid nanofluid in comparison with nanofluid in the manifestation of porosity and rotation.

Variable characteristics of viscosity and thermal conductivity in peristalsis of magneto-Carreau nanoliquid with heat transfer irreversibilities.

BACKGROUND: Peristaltic is a basic way of fluid transportation in physiology, engineering and nuclear industry. Importance of peristalsis is due to its contraction and compulsion property of symmetric and asymmetric type channel walls. Another beauty of this mechanism is that the channel walls propagates and push the material along the tube/conduit channel walls. This mechanism shows its presence in physiology while food particles are transferred through esophagus and stomach, urine through intestines, spermatoza transportation in reproductive tract. In industry it is found in roller and finger pumps, drug delivery and various nuclear materials e.g. toxic, corrosive, noxious etc. Magnetic field in peristalsis is found helpful in treatment of various treatments using magnets. Actually earth and human body as a whole comprises of magnetic and electric fields. The medical specialists found that unbalances of electromagnetic field in human body is the reason for emotional and physical disturbance. In addition it has significant and potential utilizations in modification of medical, industrial and chemical, procedures for example MRI, evaporation, convection, thermoregulation, MHD throttles, and in various types of tumor treatments. Entropy production work out irreversibility in complex systems which are frequently encountered in industrial mechanisms. In view of that, this methodology is effectually implemented in distinct technological applications covering porous media, propulsion ducts, electronic cooling, turbo-machinery and combustion. METHOD: Modelled flow mechanism is nonlinear and coupled due to considered assumptions (i.e. nanofluid, nonlinear porous channel, mixed convection, variable viscosity and thermal conductivity, activation energy and chemical reaction). Such nonlinear and coupled system is difficult to tackle analytically. Thus to obtain the solution we employed RK algorithm for numerical simulations. RESULTS: Stronger magnetic parameter shows resistive characteristics to the flow field. Nonlinear Darcy medium assists the fluid motion at channel center and resits at walls vicinity. Variable characteristics of thermal conductivity moderate the soak or disperse up heat ability which corresponds to temperature reduction. Thermal slip quantity increase the temperature whereas concentration slip deduct the concentration of Carreau nanomaterial. Entropy and Bejan number shows maximum response for higher dissipation estimations. Brownian and thermopherotic motions aspects has reverse impact on nanomaterial concentration. CONCLUSION: Entropy and Bejan number deduces for higher variable thermal conductivity values. Carreau material variable enhance the entropy of the system as a whole.

Fully developed entropy optimized second order velocity slip MHD nanofluid flow with activation energy.

Hydromagnetic second order velocity slip flow of viscous material with nonlinear mixed convection towards a stretched rotating disk is numerically examined here. Important slip mechanism of Buongiorno's nanofluid model i.e., Brownian motion and thermophoretic diffusion is incorporated in the mathematical modeling. Heat transport aspects are examined via Joule heating, thermal radiation and dissipation. Convective conditions at the stretchable surface of disk is implemented for the heat transport analysis. Chemical reaction subject to activation energy is also considered. Through appropriate transformations and shooting method the outcomes are computed and demonstrated graphically. The flow field, temperature, surface drag force, concentration and Nusselt number are deliberated subject to pertinent parameters. Total entropy rate is obtained. The outcomes show that magnetic field significantly affects the flow field as well as entropy rate.

Entropy optimized MHD nanomaterial flow subject to variable thicked surface.

Here we investigate the irreversibility aspects in magnetohydrodynamics flow of viscous nanofluid by a variable thicked surface. Viscous dissipation, Joule heating and heat generation/absorption in energy expression is considered. Behavior of Brownian diffusion and thermophoresis are also discussed. The nanoliquid is considered electrical conducting under the behavior of magnetic field exerted transverse to the sheet. Using similarity variables the nonlinear PDEs are altered to ordinary one. The obtained system are computed through Newton built in shooting method. Significant behavior of various involving parameters on entropy generation rate, velocity, concentration, Bejan number and temperature are examined. Gradient of velocity and heat transfer rate are numerically computed through tabulated form. Velocity field is augmented versus power index (n). Temperature and velocity profiles have opposite characteristics for larger approximation of Hartmann number. Concentration profile has similar impact against Brownian diffusion variable and Lewis number. Entropy optimization is boost up via rising values of Brinkman and Hartmann numbers. Bejan number is declined for increasing value of Hartmann number.

Transportation of heat generation/absorption and radiative heat flux in homogeneous-heterogeneous catalytic reactions of non-Newtonian fluid (Oldroyd-B model).

BACKGROUND: This study addresses the three-dimensional (3D) stagnation point flow of non-Newtonian material (Oldroyd-B) with magnetohydrodynamics. Furthermore, Ohmic heating and radiative flux are used in the modeling of energy expression. The surface is convectively heated. Equal strengths of diffusions for homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions are counted. Results are computed and presented graphically. Heat transfer rate is numerically discussed through table. METHOD: Here the nonlinear differential system first converted into ordinary differential equation through implementation of appropriate similarity variables. The obtained ordinary system is tackled through homotopy technique for convergent solutions. The outcomes are presented through different graphs and discussed in section six. OUTCOMES: The remarkable results of the present communication which is obtained from the semi analytical method i.e., "homotopy method" is summarized as (i) Opposite impact is noticed for velocity components i.e., (f'(ξ), g(ξ)) for rising fluid parameter and rotation parameter. (ii) The temperature is direct relation with Biot number and radiative variable. (iii) Heat transfer rate is more versus Biot number and radiation variable. (iv) The concentration field shows opposite impact versus homogeneous and heterogeneous parameters.

Mathematical modelling and analysis of gravitational collapse in curved geometry.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In the visible universe, it is believed that mass and energy are interchangeable. However, the physical and chemical processes in the hidden world put the scientist into the thought of matter and energy contents that are responsible for these phenomena. These are regarded as dark matter and dark energy. In this article, we study the effects of spacetime curvature on the gravitational collapse of dark energy in modified gravity, considering the collapse of the spherically symmetric star, which is composed of perfect and homogeneous fluid. We studied the collapse for closed, flat and hyperbolic geometry. METHOD: As a result of mathematical modeling, we achieved highly non-linear differential equations. For the solution, we needed the assumption of physical significance. Specifically, we have taken the dark energy collapse. Then we achieved a simple system and solved for the analytic solutions of the field equations. RESULTS: It is shown that the possible collapse is visibly influenced by spatial curvature. The collapse time is advanced for closed spacetime, delayed for the hypersurface, and the flat space behaves intermediately. We have taken here the equation of state in linear form to discuss the exhibition of fluid profile and a specific necessary criterion for the occurrence of spacetime singularity. CONCLUSION: In this paper, we study the mathematical model of gravitational collapse in modified gravity, which derives the field equations using the principle of least action. The significant outcomes are the influences of the spatial curvature on the collapsing process and the time of formation of spacetime singularity. The matching of boundary and the fundamental continuity of the 1-form and 2-form are discussed.

Exploring the features for flow of Oldroyd-B liquid film subjected to rotating disk with homogeneous/heterogeneous processes.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: In the working principle of magnetic devices, the thin film substances are the verified efficient ingredients. Several fields of physics and chemistry has taken advanced studies for the features and utilization of thin film for various aspects. Here, we extracted the features of thin film analysis for time-dependent Oldroyd-B liquid. More specifically, our emphasis is to explore transportation rate of mass/heat by considering mass/energy fluxes. Furthermore, space/temperature dependent heat source/sink are considered. Radiation aspects are taken into account for mathematical modeling of Oldroyd-B liquid. Additionally, Oldroyd-B liquid features are elaborated considering Dufour/Soret aspects. Moreover, the heated surface by convection and chemical aspects remained under consideration while designing the physical model. METHOD: Feasible variables are employed to achieve nonlinear structure. Computational analysis of such a nonlinear structure is too easy. Therefore, we have engaged numerical technique (bvp4c technique) to solve nonlinear system. RESULTS: Thickness of liquid film boosts for larger rotation whereas it dwindles against magnetic parameter. Liquid concentration intensifies for Soret number. Transportation rate of mass for larger rotation parameter. CONCLUSION: Velocity components (Radial, axial, azimuthal) rises via higher ω. Velocity of liquid increase for greater (ß2) while reverse trend is detected for (ß1). Temperature of liquid dwindles for heat sink (A* < 0, B* < 0) parameters while (θ(η)) rises for (A* > 0, B* > 0).

Transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: significance of extrahepatic collateral supply.

PURPOSE: Transarterial chemoemblization (TACE) is the most common treatment modality for treating patients of large unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Extrahepatic collateral arterial supply (ECS) to these large tumors is not uncommon. This study was designed to assess the significance and outcome of TACE in patients of HCC with ECS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 85 patients of HCC of Barcelona clinic liver cancer (BCLC) stage B/C who fulfilled the following inclusion criteria--Child's A/B cirrhosis, normal main portal vein and tumor bulk involvement less than 50% of the liver-were included. TACE was done using cisplatin 100 mg, doxorubicin 50 mg and 20 ml lipiodol followed by gelfoam embolization. Presence of extrahepatic supply to the tumor was looked for in suspected cases. When the collateral supply to the mass was documented, additional chemoembolization through the extrahepatic feeding collateral was attempted. If this was unsuccessful, then the treatment was completed by percutaneous acetic acid ablation (PAI). RESULTS: Eight patients showed the presence of additional extrahepatic supply to the liver tumor. The sources included inferior phrenic artery, intercostals, internal mammary artery, omental arteries, gastroduodenal artery and branch of the superior mesenteric artery. Successful chemoembolization through these collaterals was achieved in five cases and complete response was noted on follow-up. In the remaining three cases, chemoembolization could not be done and PAI was performed subsequently. CONCLUSIONS: Hepatocellular carcinoma having extrahepatic collateral supply requires additional chemoembolization through the collateral to enhance the efficacy of TACE failing which an alternative locoregional therapy of percutaneous ablation may be resorted to.

Multi detector computed tomography (MDCT) evaluation of small bowel obstruction: pictorial review.

Small bowel obstruction (SBO) is one of the most perplexing clinical situations encountered by a surgeon in the emergency room. The decision to operate or not depends upon many factors including the probable cause and chances of bowel strangulation/ischemia. The clinical, biochemical and radiological features help the surgeon in making this decision. Plain X-rays have been the mainstay in the radiological diagnosis of SBO and its complications. In the last 20 years, CT scan has ushered in a revolution in establishing the diagnosis of SBO, its causes and complications earlier than the traditional methods and has helped in reducing morbidity and mortality. Here, we have summarised the role of multidetector CT scan in diagnosing various aspects of SBO.

Primary hydatidosis of gluteus maximus.

Hydatid disease is a parasitic infestation of humans and herbivorous animals, caused by echinococcus granulosus. Dogs and some wild carnivores, like foxes, are definitive hosts, harboring worms in their intestines. Eggs are passed in feces and eaten by intermediate hosts and larvae encyst in the liver, lungs and other organs. Primary muscular hydatidosis without involving the thoracic or abdominal organs is extremely rare. A case of intramuscular gluteal hydatid cyst is being reported with the intent of highlighting this atypical localization of the disease. Since the soft tissue tumors may be confused with hydatid cysts, preoperative evaluation of these patients is critical for proper handling during surgery to avoid life-threatening complications. We report a case of a 24-year-old male patient with a cystic gluteal swelling turning out to be hydatid cyst on sonography and computerized scanning. Surgical excision with postoperative antihelmenthics formed the main modality of treatment.

Primary osteosarcoma of the skull.

Primary osteogenic sarcoma of the skull is an exceedingly rare condition. An adult male patient is described, who had a painless swelling in the right forehead that had rapidly enlarged in the previous 6 months. Radiological investigations showed a large destructive mass lesion involving the right side of the frontal bone with extension into the frontal sinus, causing marked extradural compression of brain parenchyma. Histopathological examination confirmed the lesion to be primary osteogenic sarcoma.

Awareness of palliative medicine among Pakistani doctors: a survey.

OBJECTIVE: To establish the awareness of palliative medicine in Pakistani doctors through a questionnaire. METHODS: A questionnaire was developed after consultation with the professionals working in palliative medicine. It was distributed, by hand, to a convenience sample of doctors who worked at various teaching hospitals in Pakistan. The distribution and collection of questionnaires was carried out within six months. RESULTS: The results suggested that 74% doctors felt that cancer was the commonest reason for the palliative care teams to be involved. Forty five percent mentioned tht pain control was their prime job; 54% said that they had some experience of palliative medicine; 64% wanted to be involved in palliative medicine; 60% thought that they broke bad news properly to the patients; 59% were satisfied with their own performance while dealing with an incurable patient (57% said that they had heard about a hospice). There was a wide range of drugs for the cancer pain. CONCLUSION: Amongst Pakistani doctors, there is a lack of training in palliative medicine. A significant number of doctors are interested and they are willing to have more training in pain control, breaking bad news, communication skills and terminal care.