Eco-Innovative UHPC-Enhancing Sustainability, Workability, and Ductility with Recycled Glass Cullet Powder and Plastic Bottle Hybrid Fibers.

Utilizing waste materials in producing ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) represents a highly effective approach to creating environmentally sustainable concrete using renewable resources. This study focused on incorporating ground glass cullet (GP) at various replacement levels in UHPC production. Additionally, plastic bottle fibers (PBFs) were derived from discarded plastic bottles and employed in the mix. The replacement levels for GP spanned from 0% to 40%. Single-use plastic bottles were transformed into strip fibers, both with and without the inclusion of microsteel fibers, at varying contents of 1.1% and 2.2% (volume-based). A single-fiber test was conducted on PBFs under different strain rates. The introduction of optimal GP content had a profound positive iMPact on compressive strength. Incorporating 2.2% plastic strips induced strain hardening behavior, while further inclusion of microsteel fibers resulted in substantial enhancements in mechanical properties. Two types of microsteel fibers were employed, characterized by different aspect ratios of 65 and 100. The optimum GP content was identified as 10%. Moreover, the UHPC mix achieved superior compressive strength, exceeding 140 MPa when composed of 1.3% (volume-based) microsteel fibers with an aspect ratio of 65 and 2.2% PBF (volume-based). Notably, mixtures featuring microsteel fibers with a higher aspect ratio demonstrated the highest flexural strength, exceeding 8000 N in the presence of 2.2% PBF. Longer microsteel fibers exhibited adequate slip properties, facilitating strain transfer and achieving a strain-hardening response in conjunction with plastic bottle fibers. These findings illuminate the potential for harnessing hazardous waste materials to improve the performance and sustainability of UHPC formulations.

Robust Machine Learning Framework for Modeling the Compressive Strength of SFRC: Database Compilation, Predictive Analysis, and Empirical Verification.

In recent years, the field of construction engineering has experienced a significant paradigm shift, embracing the integration of machine learning (ML) methodologies, with a particular emphasis on forecasting the characteristics of steel-fiber-reinforced concrete (SFRC). Despite the theoretical sophistication of existing models, persistent challenges remain-their opacity, lack of transparency, and real-world relevance for practitioners. To address this gap and advance our current understanding, this study employs the extra gradient (XG) boosting algorithm, crafting a comprehensive approach. Grounded in a meticulously curated database drawn from 43 seminal publications, encompassing 420 distinct records, this research focuses predominantly on three primary fiber types: crimped, hooked, and mil-cut. Complemented by hands-on experimentation involving 20 diverse SFRC mixtures, this empirical campaign is further illuminated through the strategic use of partial dependence plots (PDPs), revealing intricate relationships between input parameters and consequent compressive strength. A pivotal revelation of this research lies in the identification of optimal SFRC formulations, offering tangible insights for real-world applications. The developed ML model stands out not only for its sophistication but also its tangible accuracy, evidenced by exemplary performance against independent datasets, boasting a commendable mean target-prediction ratio of 99%. To bridge the theory-practice gap, we introduce a user-friendly digital interface, thoroughly designed to guide professionals in optimizing and accurately predicting the compressive strength of SFRC. This research thus contributes to the construction and civil engineering sectors by enhancing predictive capabilities and refining mix designs, fostering innovation, and addressing the evolving needs of the industry.

Multi-Criteria Optimization of Cost-Effective and Environmentally Friendly Reactive Powder Concrete Incorporating Waste Glass and Micro Calcium Carbonate.

In pursuit of developing an eco-friendly and cost-effective reactive powder concrete (RPC), we utilized a multi-objective optimization technique. This approach pivoted on the incorporation of byproducts, with a spotlight on ground glass powder (GP) as a pivotal supplementary cementitious material (SCM). Our goal was twofold: engineering cost-efficient concrete while maintaining environmental integrity. The derived RPC showcased robust mechanical strength and impressive workability. Rigorous evaluations, containing attributes like compressive strength, resistance to chloride ion penetration, ultrasonic pulse speed, and drying shrinkage, highlighted its merits. Notably, the optimized RPC, despite an insignificant decrease in compressive strength at 90 days compared to its traditional counterpart, maintained steady strength augmentation over time. The refinement process culminated in a notable 29% reduction in ordinary Portland cement (OPC) usage and a significant 64% decrease in silica fume (SF), with the optimized mix composition being 590 for cement, 100 for SF, 335 for GP, and 257 kg/m3 for calcium carbonate. Additionally, the optimized RPC stood out due to the enhanced rheological behavior, influenced by the lubricative properties of calcium carbonate and the water conservation features of the glass powder. The reactive properties of SF, combined with GP, brought distinct performance variations, most evident at 28 days. Yet, both mixtures exhibited superior resistance to chloride, deeming them ideal for rigorous settings like coastal regions. Significantly, the RPC iteration, enriched with selective mineral admixtures, displayed a reduced tendency for drying-induced shrinkage, mitigating potential crack emergence.

Flowability and Strength Characteristics of Binary Cementitious Systems Containing Silica Fume, Fly Ash, Metakaolin, and Glass Cullet Powder.

The present study examines the effects of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) on the flowability and strength development of binary mixes. This study was primarily motivated by the need to bridge the knowledge gap regarding paste and mortar mixes containing binary cement from a variety of performance perspectives. This study examined the flowability and strength development of binary mixes in their pastes and mortars when they contain various doses of silica fume (SF), fly ash (FA), metakaolin (MK), and glass cullet powder (GP) compared with the control mix. While the presence of SF and MK reduced workability because of the nature of their particles, the addition of FA and GP improved it to a certain extent because of the spherical and glassy nature of their particles, respectively. In addition, GP was used to compare its performance against SF, MK, and FA as an alternative cementitious material. In this study, the GP performed comparably to the other SCMs investigated and was found to be satisfactory. An investigation of the rheological properties, heat of hydration, thermal analysis, and pore systems of these mixes was conducted. Compared to the control mix, the presence of 5% GP improved the rheological properties and reduced the heat of hydration by 10%. The reduced workability in SF and MK mixes resulted in a lower content of pore water, while GP and FA incorporation enhanced it, owing to improved workability. The pore area is related to the pore water, which is directly related to improved workability. According to the following order, SF > MK > GP > FA, the strength was highest for mixes containing SF and MK, whereas, with GP and FA, there was a gradual reduction in the strength proportional to replacement level and improved workability. SF, GP, and FA can be identified as performance enhancers when formulating ternary and quaternary cementitious systems for low-carbon cement.

Structural Performance Improvement of Reinforced Concrete Beams by Strain-Hardening Cementitious Composite Layers.

A strain-hardening cementitious composite (SHCC) is a modern engineered material offering exceptional ductility and durability. A potential application of SHCCs for crack control and to improve structural members' load-bearing capabilities is due to its superior properties. In this study, SHCCs were used to enhance the load-carrying capacity and the cracking behavior of precast RC beams. In the bottom tension region of RC beams, the SHCCs of different layer thicknesses (0%, 15%, 30%, and 45% of section height) were cast. Laboratory-scale beams were used in 4-point bending tests. SHCC-layered RC beams showed improved flexural performance compared to control RC beams. Among retrofitted beams, the one with an SHCC layer of 30% of the section height was found to be the most efficient pertaining to strength, ductility, and cracking control. In this study, the flexural response of composite beams was also predicted using an analytical approach. The average difference between predicted and measured moment capacities was less than 10%.

Behavioral Evaluation of Strengthened Reinforced Concrete Beams with Ultra-Ductile Fiber-Reinforced Cementitious Composite Layers.

In the literature, there is little information available regarding the behavior of composite beams made up of reinforced concrete (RC) and ultra-ductile fiber-reinforced concrete (UDFRC). In this study, UDFRC was examined for its effectiveness in enhancing the strength of RC beams. With a tensile strength of 4.35 MPa and a strain capacity of 2.5%, PVA-based UDFRC was prepared. The performance of 12 medium-sized reinforced concrete (RC) beams was measured under four-point flexural loading. The beams measured 1800 mm long, 150 mm wide, and 200-260 mm deep. The experimental program on beam specimens was divided into two phases. In the first, four 150 × 200 × 1800 mm RC beams with UDFRC layer thicknesses of 0, 30, 60, and 90 mm were tested. Additionally, four concrete and four concrete-UDFRC beams were investigated, measuring 150 × 230 × 1800 mm and 150 × 260 × 1800 mm, respectively. The study focused on medium-sized, slender RC beams under quasi-static loads and room temperature with additional or substituted UDFRC layers. As a result of replacing concrete with UDFRC, the load-carrying capacity at first crack and steel yield significantly increased between 18.4 and 43.1%, but the ultimate load-carrying capacity increased only in the range of 6.3-10.8%. Furthermore, beams with additional UDFRC layers could carry 30-50% more load than their concrete counterparts. An RC-UDFRC beam had a load-carrying capacity 10-15% greater than that of a comparable RC beam. Generally, there is a lower deflection response in UDFRC-concrete composite RC beams than in control concrete beams. The UDFRC layering can potentially improve the load-carrying capacity of RC beams, at least when ductility provisions are considered.

Investigation of the Impact of Graphene Nanoplatelets (GnP) on the Bond Stress of High-Performance Concrete Using Pullout Testing.

Efficient load transmission between concrete and steel reinforcement by bonding action is a key factor in the process of the design procedure of bar-reinforced concrete structures. To enhance the bond strength of steel/concrete composites, the impact of graphene nanoplatelets (GnP) on the bond stress and bond stress-slip response of deformed reinforcement bars, embedded in high-performance concrete (HPC), was investigated using bar pullout tests. In the current study, 36 samples were produced and examined. The main variables were the percentages of GnP, the steel reinforcement bar diameter, and embedded length. Bond behavior, failure mode, and bond stress-slip response were studied. Based on the experimental findings, the inclusion of GnP had a significant favorable influence on the bar-matrix interactions due to the bridging action of GnP as a nano reinforcement. For 0.02 wt.% of GnP, the bond strength was enhanced by more than 41.28% and 53.90% for steel bar diameters of 10 and 16 mm, respectively. The HPC-GnP mixture displayed a reduction in the initial slippage in comparison to the control sample. The test findings were compared to the prediction models created by other researchers and the ACI 408R-12 code.

Strength and Acid Resistance of Ceramic-Based Self-Compacting Alkali-Activated Concrete: Optimizing and Predicting Assessment.

The development of self-compacting alkali-activated concrete (SCAAC) has become a hot topic in the scientific community; however, most of the existing literature focuses on the utilization of fly ash (FA), ground blast furnace slag (GBFS), silica fume (SF), and rice husk ash (RHA) as the binder. In this study, both the experimental and theoretical assessments using response surface methodology (RSM) were taken into account to optimize and predict the optimal content of ceramic waste powder (CWP) in GBFS-based self-compacting alkali-activated concrete, thus promoting the utilization of ceramic waste in construction engineering. Based on the suggested design array from the RSM model, experimental tests were first carried out to determine the optimum CWP content to achieve reasonable compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths in the SCAAC when exposed to ambient conditions, as well as to minimize its strength loss, weight loss, and UPVL upon exposure to acid attack. Based on the results, the optimum content of CWP that satisfied both the strength and durability aspects was 31%. In particular, a reasonable reduction in the compressive strength of 16% was recorded compared to that of the control specimen (without ceramic). Meanwhile, the compressive strength loss of SCAAC when exposed to acid attack minimized to 59.17%, which was lower than that of the control specimen (74.2%). Furthermore, the developed RSM models were found to be reliable and accurate, with minimum errors (RMSE < 1.337). In addition, a strong correlation (R > 0.99, R2 < 0.99, adj. R2 < 0.98) was observed between the predicted and actual data. Moreover, the significance of the models was also proven via ANOVA, in which p-values of less than 0.001 and high F-values were recorded for all equations.

Microscale Cohesive-Friction-Based Finite Element Model for the Crack Opening Mechanism of Hooked-End Steel Fiber-Reinforced Concrete.

The entire mechanical properties of steel fiber-reinforced concrete (SFRC) are significantly dependent on the fiber-matrix interactions. In the current study, a finite element (FE) model was developed to simulate the pullout response of hooked-end SFRC employing cohesive-frictional interactions. Plain stress elements were adapted in the model to exemplify the fiber process constituents, taking into consideration the material nonlinearity of the hooked-end fiber. Additionally, a surface-to-surface contact model was used to simulate the fiber's behavior in the pullout mechanism. The model was calibrated against experimental observations, and a modification factor model was proposed to account for the 3D phenomenalistic behavior of the pullout behavior. Realistic predictions were obtained by using this factor to predict the entire pullout-slip curves and independent results for the peak pullout load. The numerical results indicated that the increased fiber diameter would alter the mode of crack opening from fiber-matrix damage to that combined with matrix spalling, which can neutralize the sensitivity of the entire pullout response of hooked-end steel fiber to embedment depth. Additionally, the fiber-matrix bond was enhanced by increasing the fiber's surface area, sensibly leading to a higher pullout peak load and toughness. The developed FE model was also proficient in predicting microstructural stress distribution and deformations during the crack opening of SFRC. This model could be extended to fully model a loaded SFRC composite material by the inclusion of various randomly oriented dosages of fibers in the concrete block.

Simplex-Lattice Hydration Prediction and Microstructure Verification of Cementitious Systems.

In this investigation, the age-dependent hydration development of blended pastes containing Portland cement (PC), pulverized fuel ash (PFA) and silica fume (SF) was assessed by quantifying the amount of CH and non-evaporable water using thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). Microstructure was investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM). It was observed that the amount of liberated CH increases up to three-days in PC-PFA binary blended pastes, after which it progressively decreases and this reduction was proportional to the PFA dosage. The introduction of SF to PC-PFA binary mixtures to form ternary blended pastes has caused an early reduction of CH at one day where the majority of SF has been consumed during the first seven-days. The incorporation of 10% SF to PC-PFA pastes altered the low rate of hydration at early age. In addition, the presence of PFA showed insignificant influence on the non-evaporable water content until three-days then its effect became significant after seven-days. On the other hand, SF increased the non-evaporable water content from early ages up to seven-days. However, beyond 28 days, the presence of SF did not exhibit further pozzolanic activity. Furthermore, the ternary blended systems significantly increased the non-evaporable water content within three to seven days compared to the reference paste. Moreover, prediction nonlinear models of these hydration parameters were developed using the simplex-lattice design and validated against the experimental results. The latter have been further supported with SEM microstructural analysis showing good agreement between the predicted and realistic hydration.