Correlation between Higher Brain Dysfunction and Cerebral Blood Flow after Carotid Artery Stenting.

Objective: This study investigated the changes in higher brain function and cerebral blood flow (CBF) after carotid artery stenting (CAS), the relationship with CBF, and the impact of high intensities in diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) after CAS. Methods: We performed CAS between September 2017 and September 2019 in our department in 88 patients. Patients who did not undergo higher brain function tests according to our protocol or those who did not consent to participate in our study were excluded. This study targeted the 26 patients who were able to undergo the tests, including the Kana Pick-out Test (KPOT) II, three times: before, 1 week after, and 1-3 months after CAS. We investigated the chronological changes in higher brain function and their relationship with high intensity on DWI. Results: The results of Symbol Digit Modalities Tests (SDMT) and KPOT I and II improved significantly. There was a significant correlation between the improvement of higher brain function and CBF in patients with stenosis exceeding 60%, a score of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) of 26 or less, and without other cause of higher brain dysfunction, including known dementia. High-intensity spots on DWI after CAS had no significant impact on higher brain function. Conclusion: Higher brain function associated with attention and working memory improved significantly after CAS. There was a correlation between the improvement of higher brain function and CBF in patients with severe stenosis, mild cognitive impairment, and no known dementia. The prevention of subsequent ischemic attack and higher brain function should both be taken into account when performing CAS.

Dysfunction of the left angular gyrus may be associated with writing errors in ALS.

Background: Language dysfunction is a feature of cognitive impairment in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) that may compromise communication. Objective: To elucidate language dysfunction in patients with ALS and its relationship with other neuropsychological tests and to identify the brain regions associated with this dysfunction using perfusion image. Methods: Overall, 37 patients with ALS were included in this study. Their neuropsychological function was investigated using the Western Aphasia Battery (WAB), Frontal Assessment Battery and Behavioral Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome. N-isopropyl-p-[123I] iodoamphetamine single-photon emission computed tomography was used to examine regional cerebral blood flow and its relationship with WAB scores was investigated using multiple regression analyses, controlled for age, sex and years of education. Results: Frequency of language abnormality in ALS was 8.5% for spontaneous speech, 25.7% for auditory verbal comprehension, 8.8% for repetition, 14.7% for naming, 17.6% for reading and 51.4% for writing. The writing error was mainly omission and substitution of kana letters. Executive tests were correlated with naming (r > 0.5, p < 0.001) and reading (r > 0.4, p < 0.01) scores. With respect to the writing sub-test, positive perfusional relationship was only detected in the left angular gyrus. Conclusions: The left angular gyrus is the region associated with the writing errors observed in ALS.

Predicting Neurocognitive Change after Bilateral Deep Brain Stimulation of Subthalamic Nucleus for Parkinson's Disease.

OBJECTIVE: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the bilateral subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a standard surgical treatment option in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease. Adverse effects on cognitive function have been reported, impacting the quality of life of patients and caregivers. We aimed to investigate a quantitative predictive preexisting cognitive factor for predicting postoperative cognitive changes. METHODS: Thirty-five patients underwent STN-DBS. A battery of neuropsychological tests were used to examine executive function, processing speed, and visuospatial function both preoperatively and 1 year postoperatively. A multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the relationships between preoperative factors and cognitive outcomes. The predictive value of the preoperative factors for global cognitive decline during long-term follow-up were evaluated. RESULTS: The patients exhibited significant changes in processing speed and visuospatial function after surgery. Using reliable change index values, lower preoperative scores on the Similarities and Object Assembly subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale III were associated with decreases in visuospatial function at 1 year after DBS. The odds ratios were 10.2 for Similarities and 9.53 for Object Assembly. The proportion of Mini Mental State Examination-maintained patients with low scores on the Similarities subtest was significantly lower than that of patients with high scores at 3 and 5 years. No factors were found to be related to decreases in processing speed. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative evaluation of the Similarities and Object Assembly subtests may be useful to identify patients who are at a greater risk of experiencing decreases in visuospatial functioning after STN-DBS. Furthermore, a low score on the Similarities subtest may predict future global cognitive deterioration.

Decline in drawing ability and cerebral perfusion in Parkinson's disease patients after subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation surgery.

BACKGROUND: Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN DBS) is an established therapy for alleviating motor symptoms in advanced Parkinson's disease (PD) patients; however, a postoperative decline in cognitive and speech function has become problematic although its mechanism remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the properties of language and drawing ability and cerebral perfusion in PD patients after bilateral STN DBS surgery. METHODS: Western aphasia battery, including drawing as a subcategory, and perfusion (N-isopropyl-p-[123I] iodoamphetamine) SPECT scan was conducted in 21 consecutive PD patients, before, and three to six months after, bilateral STN DBS surgery while on stimulation. Perfusion images were compared with those of 17 age- and gender-matched healthy volunteers. In the parametric image analysis, the statistical peak threshold was set at P < 0.001 uncorrected with a cluster threshold set at P < 0.05 uncorrected. RESULTS: Although motor symptoms were improved and general cognition was preserved in the patient group, 11 patients (52.4%) showed a decline in the drawing subcategory after surgery, which showed a reduction in Frontal Assessment Battery score in this group of patients. Statistical parametric analysis of the brain perfusion images showed a decrease of cerebral blood flow in the prefrontal and cingulate cortex after surgery. Patients whose drawing ability declined showed decreased perfusion in the middle cingulate cortex comparing before and after surgery. CONCLUSION: Present results show that some PD patients show a decline in drawing ability after bilateral STN DBS which may attributable by dysfunction in the cingulate network.

Predictive potential of preoperative electroencephalogram for neuropsychological change following subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease.

BACKGROUND: Deep brain stimulation of the bilateral subthalamic nucleus (STN-DBS) improves motor fluctuation and severe dyskinesia in advanced Parkinson's disease (PD). Effects on non-motor symptoms, such as neurocognitive side effects, can also influence the quality of life of both patients with PD and caregivers. Predictive quantitative factors associated with postoperative neurocognitive deterioration therefore warrant further attention. Here, we evaluated preoperative electroencephalogram (EEG) as a predictive marker for changes in neurocognitive functions after surgery. METHODS: Scalp EEG was recorded preoperatively from 17 patients with PD who underwent bilateral STN-DBS. Global relative power in the theta, alpha, and beta bands was calculated. Cognitive function was assessed with neuropsychological batteries preoperatively and 1 year after STN-DBS. RESULTS: Performance on the Symbol Search subtest of the WAIS III declined 1 year after DBS. The theta band was chosen for analysis with a 40% cutoff point for increased (≥ 40%) and decreased (< 40%) power. No significant differences between the two groups in baseline performance on most neuropsychological batteries were found, except for the Digit Symbol Coding subtest of the WAIS III. Changes in visual spatial functions were significantly different between groups. The increased theta band power group demonstrated a significant deterioration in performance on the WAIS III Matrix Reasoning subtest and the copy and immediate recall tasks of the Rey-Osterrieth complex figure test. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that preoperative increases in theta power are related to postoperative deterioration of visuospatial function, which indicates the predictive potential of preoperative quantitative EEG for neurocognitive changes after STN-DBS.

Optical detection of specific genes for genetically modified soybean and maize using multiplex PCR coupled with primer extension on a plastic plate.

A novel DNA microarray method to detect one line of genetically modified (GM) soybean and five lines of GM maize was developed using multiplex PCR coupled with primer extension on a plastic plate. Multiplex PCR products were applied on an extension primer-immobilized plate and the spots corresponding to the DNA sequences were visualized. This method is a rapid and simple way to detect GM soybean and GM maize optically.

Structural and functional glycosphingolipidomics by glycoblotting with an aminooxy-functionalized gold nanoparticle.

Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) synthesized in Golgi apparatus by sequential transfer of sugar residues to a ceramide lipid anchor are ubiquitously distributing on vertebrate plasma membranes. A standardized method allowing for high-throughput structural profiling and functional characterization of living cell surface GSLs is of growing importance because they function as crucial signal transduction molecules in various processes of dynamic cellular recognitions. However, methods are not available for amplification of GSLs, while the genomic scale PCR amplification permits large-scale mammalian proteomic analysis. Here we communicate such an approach to a novel "omics", namely, glycosphingolipidomics based on the "glycoblotting" method. The method, which involves selective ozonolysis of the C-C double bond in the ceramide moiety and subsequent enrichment of generated GSL aldehydes by chemical ligation using an aminooxy-functionalized gold nanoparticle (aoGNP) should be of widespread utility for identifying and characterizing whole GSLs present in the living cell surfaces. The present protocol using glycoblotting permitted MALDI-TOFMS-based high-throughput structural profiling of mouse brain gangliosides such as GM1, GD1a/GD1b, and GT1b for adult or GD3 in the case for the embryonic mouse. When mouse melanoma B16 cells were subjected to this protocol, it was demonstrated that gangliosides enriched from the plasma membranes are the only GM3 bearing microheteogeneity in the structure of the N-acyl chain. Surface plasmon resonance analysis revealed that aoGNP displaying whole GSLs blotted from mouse B16 melanoma cell surfaces can be used directly for monitoring the specific interaction with the self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of Gg3Cer (gangliotriaosylceramide). Our results indicate that GSL-selective enrichment onto aoGNP from living cell surfaces allows for rapid reconstruction of plasma membrane models mimicking the intact GSL microdomain feasible for further structural and functional characterization.

Increased thiol biosynthesis of transgenic poplar expressing a wheat O-acetylserine(thiol) lyase enhances resistance to hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide toxicity.

O-acetylserine(thiol) lyase (OASTL), a key enzyme of the plant sulfur assimilatory pathway, catalyses the formation of cysteine from sulfide and O-acetylserine. Transgenic hybrid poplar (Populus sieboldi x P. grandidentata 'Y63') plants expressing cys1, encoding a wheat cytosolic OASTL, were developed in order to examine the role of this enzyme in thiol production following hydrogen sulfide or sulfur dioxide exposure and in the extent of damage induced in the plants by these pollutants. The transgenic cys1 plants accumulated up to several-fold higher cysteine and glutathione levels and were significantly more resistant in terms of foliar damage to the pollutants than WT plants. The transgenic poplar also showed higher tolerance to sulfite and hydrogen peroxide and, interestingly, accumulated several-fold higher sulfite reductase transcripts than WT plants in response to sulfur dioxide. These data clearly demonstrate the important role of OASTL and the sulfur reduction pathway in sulfur and oxidative stress amelioration, and support the notion that transgenic trees resistant to such pollutants can be generated for phytoremediation strategies.

Real-time PCR method using capturing oligo-immobilized PCR tubes to determine the specific gene for soybean and genetically modified soybean in food matrices.

A new real-time PCR method using capturing oligo-immobilized PCR tubes is described. This method was used to detect specific genes for soybean and genetically modified (GM) soybean in food matrices. In a standard reaction using soybean genomic DNA and a capturing oligo for the lectin gene (Le1) immobilized on the tube, we examined the effects of such hybridization conditions as the location, length, and amount of the capturing oligo, and the incubation time and temperature. Under optimized conditions, the copy number of Le1 was determined in a concentration-dependent manner from soybean genomic DNA and soybean lysate (DNA 10-1000 ng, r=0.99; lysate 1-100%, r=0.99). The copy number of a Roundup Ready soybean (RRS) gene was also successfully detected in a concentration-dependent manner (1-100%, r=0.99) from GM soybean lysate, using PCR tubes with an immobilized capturing oligo for the transgene. Our data indicate that this is a rapid and simple method to determine specific genes for soybean and GM soybean in food matrices.

An interactive effect of simultaneous death of dwarf bamboo, canopy gap, and predatory rodents on beech regeneration.

To clarify the interactive effect of the simultaneous death of dwarf bamboo (Sasa kurilensis), forest canopy gap formation, and seed predators on beech (Fagus crenata) regeneration, we analyzed beech demography from seed fall until the end of the first growing season of seedlings in an old-growth forest near Lake Towada, northern Japan. The simultaneous death of S. kurilensis took place in 1995. We established four types of sampling site differing in forest canopy conditions (closed or gap) and Sasa status (dead or alive). Beech seed survival and emergence ratio were both highest in gaps with dead Sasa (gap-dead), because rate of predation was lowest. Seedling survival during the first growing season was also highest in the gap-dead treatment, because of less predation and less damping off. As a result, even though density of seed fall was lowest in the gap-dead treatment, the living seedling density there was highest at the end of the first growing season. Predation, which caused the greatest mortality during the seed and seedling stages, was significantly lower at both sites in gaps and sites with dead Sasa. This was probably due to changes in the behavior of rodents in response to the structure of the forest canopy and undergrowth. Both the death of Sasa and canopy gap formation allowed seedlings to avoid damping off because of the high light availability. The indirect effect of the simultaneous death of Sasa and canopy gap formation in reducing predation contributed more to beech regeneration than their direct effect in increasing light for the seedlings.