Equitable inclusion of diverse populations in oncology clinical trials: deterrents and drivers.

The burden of cancer exerts a disproportionate impact across different regions and population subsets. Disease-specific attributes, coupled with genetic and socioeconomic factors, significantly influence cancer treatment outcomes. Precision oncology promises the development of safe and effective options for specific ethnic phenotypes and clinicodemographic profiles. Currently, clinical trials are concentrated in resource-rich geographies with younger, healthier, white, educated, and empowered populations. Vulnerable and marginalized people are often deprived of opportunities to participate in clinical trials. Despite consistent endeavors by regulators, industry, and other stakeholders, factors including diversity in trial regulations and patient and provider-related cultural, logistic, and operational barriers limit the inclusiveness of clinical trials. Understanding and addressing these constraints by collaborative actions involving regulatory initiatives, industry, patient advocacy groups, community engagement in a culturally sensitive manner, and designing and promoting decentralized clinical trials are vital to establishing a clinical research ecosystem that promotes equity in the representation of population subgroups.

Different RT-PCR Protocol used in SARS-Cov2 PCR Laboratory of Mymensingh Medical College, Bangladesh.

The novel corona virus (SARS CoV-2) was first detected on Wuhan, China. After that it spread worldwide and has caused many deaths till now. This virus is also known as novel corona virus because of being newly discovered. Scientifically it is named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It has positive-single stranded RNA and several proteins such as spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M), nucleocapsid (N) and the other helper proteins. On the basis of phylogenic evidence, it is the new member of beta corona viruses and this group of viruses causes respiratory illness in human. This virus is detected in laboratory by using RT-PCR, by which different target gene such as E gene, S gene, N gene and RdRP (ORF1a-ORF1b) etc. are detected. This study was carried out at Mymensingh Medical College from April 2020 to December 2020. Around 65000 samples (nasopharyngeal swab) were tested during this period by three PCR protocols. By Sansure PCR kit N and ORF1a target genes were detected, Basphore's target genes were E and ORF and by Neoplex PCR kit N and RdRp genes were detected. Most of samples were tested by Sansure kit (62500), 2000 samples were screened by Bosphore kit and 500 samples by Neoplex. Among them, 6876(11.0%) samples were positive by Sansure, 120(6.0%) by Bosphore and 66(13.2%) by Neoplex. Among the positive samples, N gene 6188(90.0%) was mostly found by Sansure kit, whereas ORF was 120(100.0%) mostly found by Bosphore.

Adsorption, thermodynamic, and quantum chemical investigations of an ionic liquid that inhibits corrosion of carbon steel in chloride solutions.

The purpose of this work lies in the use of ionic liquids as corrosion inhibitors due to the difficulty in some oil fields with the solubility of corrosion inhibitors and these materials can be miscible with water and thus provide a solution to such problems in the industry. The second purpose is concerned with the lower toxicity of these compounds compared with the most common corrosion inhibitors. The study covered the corrosion inhibition performance of the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethyl sulfonate ([BMIm]TfO) for carbon steel in 3.5% NaCl solutions. The study comprised electrochemical, adsorption, and quantum chemical investigations. The results manifested that [BMIm]TfO can be considered a promising corrosion inhibitor and the inhibition efficacy intensifies as the concentration rises. The observed inhibitive effect can be correlated to the adsorption of the ionic liquid species and the creation of protecting films on the surface. The mode of adsorption follows the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The polarization results showed that the ionic liquid [BMIm]TfO functions as a mixed inhibitor. Reliance of the corrosion influence on the temperature in the existence and absence of [BMIm]TfO was demonstrated in the temperature range of 303-333 K using polarization data. Activation parameters were determined and discussed. The observed inhibition performance of [BMIm]TfO was correlated with the electronic properties of the ionic liquid using a quantum chemical study.

Synthesis of Novel Tritopic Hydrazone Ligands: Spectroscopy, Biological Activity, DFT, and Molecular Docking Studies.

Polytopic organic ligands with hydrazone moiety are at the forefront of new drug research among many others due to their unique and versatile functionality and ease of strategic ligand design. Quantum chemical calculations of these polyfunctional ligands can be carried out in silico to determine the thermodynamic parameters. In this study two new tritopic dihydrazide ligands, N'2, N'6-bis[(1E)-1-(thiophen-2-yl) ethylidene] pyridine-2,6-dicarbohydrazide (L1) and N'2, N'6-bis[(1E)-1-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl) ethylidene] pyridine-2,6-dicarbohydrazide (L2) were successfully prepared by the condensation reaction of pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic hydrazide with 2-acetylthiophene and 2-acetylpyrrole. The FT-IR, 1H, and 13C NMR, as well as mass spectra of both L1 and L2, were recorded and analyzed. Quantum chemical calculations were performed at the DFT/B3LYP/cc-pvdz/6-311G+(d,p) level of theory to study the molecular geometry, vibrational frequencies, and thermodynamic properties including changes of ∆H, ∆S, and ∆G for both the ligands. The optimized vibrational frequency and (1H and 13C) NMR obtained by B3LYP/cc-pvdz/6-311G+(d,p) showed good agreement with experimental FT-IR and NMR data. Frontier molecular orbital (FMO) calculations were also conducted to find the HOMO, LUMO, and HOMO−LUMO gaps of the two synthesized compounds. To investigate the biological activities of the ligands, L1 and L2 were tested using in vitro bioassays against some Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and fungus strains. In addition, molecular docking was used to study the molecular behavior of L1 and L2 against tyrosinase from Bacillus megaterium. The outcomes revealed that both L1 and L2 can suppress microbial growth of bacteria and fungi with variable potency. The antibacterial activity results demonstrated the compound L2 to be potentially effective against Bacillus megaterium with inhibition zones of 12 mm while the molecular docking study showed the binding energies for L1 and L2 to be −7.7 and −8.8 kcal mol−1, respectively, with tyrosinase from Bacillus megaterium.

Coexistence of ESBL and MBL-mediated resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii in a Tertiary Care Hospital, Bangladesh.

Antimicrobial resistance mediated by extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL), AmpC beta-lactamase and metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) producing Acinetobacter species is an emerging problem worldwide. In this cross-sectional study total 341 specimens were collected over a period of one year from January 2017 to January 2018. Specimens were collected from ICU and Surgery unit of Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Specimens were collected from ICU and Surgery Unit of Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Samples were processed for culture by standard conventional methods and susceptibility testing and determined by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Antibiotic discs and their strength were according to the CLSI 2017 guideline. Molecular study was done to detect the species by OXA-51 gene and drug resistance genes (IMP, VIM, NDM, TEM, SHV, CTX, SPM, SIM and GIM). Species identification was done by OXA-51 gene which is intrinsic to Acinetobacter baumannii. Among the 46 isolates, 36(78.26%) were positive for Oxa-51 gene, 16(34.8%) for TEM gene, 9(19.6%) for VIM gene, 3(6.5%) for NDM gene and 1(2.2%) for IMP gene. This study gives an alarming sign towards high prevalence of cephalosporin and carbapenem resistance due to production of extended spectrum beta-lactamases and metallo-betalactamases, respectively. Early detection, proper antibiotic policies, and compliance towards infection control practices are the best defenses against these organisms.

Detection of Biocide Resistance Genes (qacE and qacΔE1) in Pseudomonas spp Isolated from Patients with CSOM at Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh.

Biocides, including disinfectants and antiseptics, are used for a variety of topical and hard surface applications in health care facilities. Biocides play a significant role for preventing and controlling nosocomial infections. However, failures in the antimicrobial activities of biocides have been reported. The resistance mechanism to disinfectants is usually determined by genes which are related to resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds, namely, qacE, qacΔE1 that are found in Gram-negative bacteria. The aim of this study is to detect the prevalence of Biocides resistance genes, qacE and qacΔE1, in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas spp. It was carried out from March 2017 to July 2018 in the department of Microbiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Samples were collected from Outpatient of ENT department, MMCH. In this study, 300 clinical samples of CSOM cases were tested by the PCR method. The present study shows detection of biocide resistance genes (qacE, qacΔE1) among 87 isolated Pseudomonas spp by uniplex PCR. Among 72 clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 67(93.05%) had the gene qacEΔ1 and 25(34.72%) had the gene qacE. In addition other 15 Pseudomonas spp 3(20%) isolates had the qacEΔ1 gene and 2(13.33%) isolates had the qacE gene. In this study there is a marked difference in detection of the qacEΔ1 gene between the MDR and non MDR P. aeruginosa isolates. The qacEΔ1 was identified in 50 of 54(92.59%) MDR isolates and 7 of 18(38.89%) non MDR strains respectively. While gene qacE was detect 25(46.29%) MDR isolates and did not show any qacEΔ1gene in non MDR isolates. This study shows that the genes, qacE, qacΔE1 are widespread among Pseudomonas aeruginosa, they are higher in MDR strains than non MDR strains.

Prevalence of ESBL Encoding Genes in Acinetobacter baumannii Strains Isolated from Various Samples of a Tertiary Care Hospital in Mymensingh.

The aim of this study was to find the prevalence of ESBL genes among A. baumannii isolates. In this cross sectional study, 49 Acinetobacter spp. were isolated from various clinical samples from March 2019 to February 2020 conducted in the department of Microbiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Clinical samples including endotracheal aspirates, wound swab/pus, urine and blood. A total of 380 samples were analyzed. Growth was obtained in 34.21% of the samples yielding 130 organisms. Out of 130 organisms, 49(37.69%) were Acinetobacter spp. Among 49 Acinetobacter spp, 39(79.59%) were Acinetobacter baumannii which was identified by PCR targeting OXA-51 like gene. Amplification of the ESBL encoding genes, namely CTX-M, TEM, SHV done by molecular technique PCR. The most antibacterial resistance was against ceftriaxone (79.48%) and lower resistance only showed in colistin (12.82%). All the isolates were sensitive to tigecycline. The distribution of ESBLs genes such as TEM 20(51.28%), CTX-M 16(41.02%) and SHV 0(0%). The high resistance to most of the antibiotics among the studied strains and also a high prevalence of TEM gene in A. baumannii strains found in our study gives alarming sign towards the treatment complexity of these strains.

Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern and ESBL Production among Clinical Isolates of Salmonella Species in Mymensingh, Bangladesh.

The occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica serovars (both typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonellae) is a major public health problem especially in developing countries, which have been associated with treatment failures. Therefore, the study was undertaken to determine the current antimicrobial resistance pattern and extended spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL) production among clinical isolates of Salmonella spp. during 2019-2020 in Mymensingh, Bangladesh. In this cross sectional study, 36 Salmonella enterica isolates were obtained from blood and stool culture of suspected 200 enteric fever and 100 gastroenteritis patients attending at Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Isolated Salmonella species were identified by biochemical tests and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Disk diffusion test was performed by modified Kirby Bauer method. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of ceftriaxone was detected by agar dilution method. Double disk synergy test was used as a screening test for ESBL production. PCR was done for detection of blaTEM, blaSHV and blaCTX-MU genes. The isolates showed 25% resistance to Ceftriaxone and 58.3% to Azithromycin. The highest sensitivity rates were 88.9% to Meropenem and 83.3% to Amikacin. Whereas 6(16.7%) isolates were Multi Drug Resistant (MDR). Eight (8) isolates were confirmed as ESBL producer by DDST. The marked increase in MIC was observed between 8->512µg/ml to ceftriaxone. blaTEM, blaSHV and blaCTX-MU genes were detected in 3, 5 and 8 isolates respectively. In conclusion, the current study observed, higher level of resistance to ceftriaxone and azithromycin. At the same times 22.2% isolates showed ESBL production, which is a cause for concern as it may lead to treatment failure. On the other hand the study also showed the re-emergence of chloramphenicol and Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim sensitivity.

Molecular Detection of Human Coronavirus from North Central Part of Bangladesh Depending on ORF1ab and N Gene.

The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) resulted severe respiratory illness such as pneumonia and lung dysfunctions that was first identified at Wuhan, the capital of Hubeiin China during the end of December 2019. The etiological cause of COVID-19 has been confirmed as a novel coronavirus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which was similar with the zoonotic virus SARS-CoV (2002). Now a days for early diagnosis of COVID-19 the nucleic acid based test like RT PCR (real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) is most consistent and used all over the world. In this study among 11,280 cases 825(7.31%) were positive by molecular RT PCR method on June 2020 at Microbiology department of Mymensingh Medical College and the samples are collected from different areas of Northern part of Bangladesh. Among this positive cases 588(71%) N gene, 10 ORF1ab (2%) and 227(27%) both N and ORF gene showed significant curve which is specific for COVID-19 positive patients. Because N and ORF gene of this virus inhibit immune system of human body especially interferon. Out of SARS-CoV-2 positive cases maximum number of N gene were found in male patients and above 40 years old aged group. So, Molecular diagnosis of this pandemic virus especially by N and ORF gene might be helpful to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2 as well as early treatment for saving many lives.

Detection of 2019-Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by rRT-PCR at Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh.

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is highly pathogenic viral infection caused by SARS-CoV-2. Currently, COVID-19 has caused global health concern. WHO has declared COVID-19 as a pandemic disease on March 11, 2020 and characterized by fever, dry cough, fatigue, myalgia and chest pain with pneumonia in severe cases. The virus has spread to at least 213 countries and more than 9093827 confirmed cases and 471490 deaths have been recorded. In the beginning, the world public health authorities tried to eradicate the disease in China through quarantine but are now transitioning to prevention strategies worldwide to delay its spread. There are some newly developed and promising methods for detection of SARS-CoV-2, in order to facilitate the development of novel approaches for early diagnosis. Nucleic acid based tests currently offer the most sensitive and early detection and confirmation for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Among them Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) is the most popular and the "gold standard" testing method for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. The present study was carried out to detect 2019-Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by rRT-PCR method at Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from 1st April, 2020 to 31st May, 2020. A total of 14356 samples were tested from four districts of Mymensingh division namely, Mymensingh, Jamalpur, Sherpur, Netrokona and some parts of Sunamganj for rRT-PCR. Among them 1086 (7.5%) patients were positive for SARS-CoV-2. Out of 1086 positive cases 716(65.9%) were male and 370(34.1%) were female with a Mean±SD age 34.1±12 years. Maximum positivity was found in Mymensingh district followed by Netrokona, Jamalpur, Sherpur and Sunamganj respectively. This is the first base line study for genetic detection of 2019-nCoV in Mymensingh division which may reflect the total scenario of Bangladesh situation. We hope this paper will help the researcher to increase the availability, accuracy, and speed of widespread COVID-19 testing throughout the world in this crisis moment.

Isolation of Acinetobacter species from Clinical Specimens with Detection of Their Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern from a Tertiary Care Hospital, Bangladesh.

Acinetobacter species are important opportunistic and nosocomial pathogens capable of causing both community and health care-associated infections. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Acinetobacter species and determination of the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Acinetobacter. A total of 341 specimens were collected over a period of one year from January 2017 to January 2018 from ICU and Surgery unit of Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of all Acinetobacter isolates was done using Kirby Bauer's disc diffusion technique as per recommendations of Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). MIC of commonly used Imipenem and newly introduced Tigecycline by agar dilution method was done and was compared it with disc diffusion method. From total 341 specimens, 119(34.8%) pathogen were isolated. Among 119 isolates total 46(38.6%) Acinetobacter were isolated. Maximum number of Acinetobacter was isolated from respiratory samples- endotracheal secretions. Regarding antimicrobial resistance, 42(91.3%), 33(71.7%), 20(43.5%), 28(60.9%) and 1(2.2%) were resistant to Piperacillin-Tazobactam, Doxycycline, Imipenem, Colistin and Tigecycline. Regarding, MIC of Imipenem, 41.3% was resistant, 32.6% was intermediate and 26.1% was sensitive. Regarding MIC of Tigecycline none was resistant, 39.1% was intermediate and 60.9% was sensitive. Acinetobacter species is emerging as a predominant healthcare associated multidrug resistant pathogen. The findings of this study will help our clinicians to apply appropriate antibiotics for treatment of patients.

A Comparative Study Between 20% Mannitol and 3% Hypertonic Saline for Brain Oedema Reduction during Elective Brain Tumour Surgery.

Cerebral oedema is an important manifestation of brain tumour. The significant reduction of cerebral oedema can show rapid improvement of the patients. Hypertonic saline solution and mannitol both are commonly used for this action. It is now time to choose the better one. This was a prospective randomized comparative study designed to evaluate the efficacy of 3% hypertonic saline (NaCl) in reduction of brain oedema during brain tumour surgery and compare it with that of 20% Mannitol. The study was conducted in the department of Anaesthesiology, Combined Military Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh from July 2016 to December 2016. A total number of 47 patients for brain tumour surgery were selected. After screening 40 patients were finalized. Then the patients were divided into 2 equal groups 20 patients in each. Patients of Group A received 3% hypertonic saline and Group B 20% mannitol. Uniform anaesthetic technique applied for all patients, fixed surgeon/group of surgeons carried out the surgery. Heart rate and noninvasive blood pressure were monitored and kept with in ±20% baseline values different means. ETCO2 were kept in between 28-32mm of Hg by adjusting ventilator setting. Reduction of brain oedema was monitored by subjective assessment of surgeons using a 3 point scale of brain relaxation. The data were recorded in preformed data sheet. The results were tested by chi-square test to see their level of significance i.e. p value <0.05 was considered as significant. At the opening of dura, the number of brain conditions classified as soft, adequate and tight were statistically non-significant between groups. After 0.5 hour and 1.0 hour 10% patient's brain was tight in Group A whereas it was 35% and 40% in Group B respectively. Reduction of brain oedema or brain relaxation was significantly better in Group A compared to Group B (p<0.05). Urine output was higher with mannitol than hypertonic saline (p<0.05). Duration of ICU and hospital stay in both Group A and Group B were statistically similar (p>0.05). Compared to mannitol, hypertonic saline caused an increase in serum sodium concentration over time (p<0.05). From the available data, use of 20% mannitol and 3% hypertonic saline for brain oedema reduction, it is suggested that hypertonic saline significantly reduces the risk of tight brain and produce the brain more soft than mannitol during brain tumour surgery.

Detection of Tubercular Pleural Effusion by Molecular Technique PCR.

Tuberculosis is a common cause of death in developing countries like Bangladesh. About 30% of pulmonary tubercular infected patients developed tubercular pleural effusion. Tubercular pleural effusion was diagnosed by cytological, biochemical and bacteriological methods. But these methods showed low sensitivity. In some cases pleural biopsy showed also negative results. Now a days molecular technique like Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is promising method for diagnosis of pleural TB. PCR was done in 100 pleural fluid collected from suspected tubercular pleural effusion cases admitted in Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from January 2011 to January 2013. Among the 100 samples 3% were culture positive and PCR positive was 6%. Sensitivity and Specificity of PCR considering culture as a gold standard method was 100% and 96.71% respectively in this cross sectional study. Among them Adenosine deaminase (ADA) level is >40IU/L in all PCR positive sample. Where PCR is available, measurement of ADA activity as well as PCR can be done simultaneously.

Detection of Oncoprotein by a Novel Immunochromatoghaphic Test Depending on Age and Parity of the Patients Attending at Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh.

In world wide cervical cancer is the fourth most common among women, with the majority of cases occurring in developing countries. Some HPV infections persist, and a subset of persistent infections may lead to development of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) or invasive cancer. Because neoplastic change typically takes some years to occur and it depends on multiple factors among them age and parity play important role. The objective of the cross sectional observational study was detection of oncoprotein depending on age and parity by immunochromatographic test (OncoE6 cervical test). Informed consent was taken from patients and the protocol was approved by IRB, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. From April 2016 to March 2017 following universal safety precautions a total of 280 endocervical swabs were collected from VIA outdoor and Colposcopy clinic of Obstetrics and Gynaecology department of Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Laboratory work was done in the department of Microbiology, Mymensingh Medical College. The E6 strip test is an immunochromatographic test based on the detection of HPV-E6 oncoprotein in cervical swab samples. In this study VIA and OncoE6 cervical test were done on 280 cases and among them 120 were VIA positive and sent for colposcopy. From 120 VIA positive cases 70 were positive for colposcopy test. Afterwards 50 cases were selected for histopathological examination and classified into different grades. The present study showed 21(7.5%) cases were OnE6 cervical test positive by OncoE6 cervical test and most of them were found in advance aged <50 (38.09%) and multi parity (women more than two, 32.5%). Based on the findings of the present study, it may be concluded that age and multi parity plays important factor to cause cervical cancer. Now for prevention of cervical cancer we need screening which is an early detection tool. This is a low cost device, easily performed which can detect this HRHPV (High Risk HPV) and it will be helpful to reduce over treatment and high predictability of the disease.

Distribution of HPV-16 and HPV-18 from the Patients Attending At Mymensingh Medical College Hospital by Newly Developed Oncoprotein Detection Assay.

Cervical cancer is one of cause of death in women in many developing countries. Persistent infection with Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), primarily high risk types 16 and 18, is recognized as a causal and essential factor for the development of cervical cancer. The objective of this cross sectional observational study is to detect the distribution of HPV-16 and HPV-18 among Onco E6 positive cases. Following universal safety precautions a total of 180 endocervical swabs were collected from Colposcopy clinic of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department of Mymensingh Medical College Hospital (MMCH), Mymensingh, Bangladesh from January 2016 to December 2016. Laboratory work was done in the department of Microbiology, Mymensingh Medical College. E6 strip test is an immunochromatographic test based on the detection of HPV-E6 oncoprotein in cervical swab samples. Onco E6 cervical test was done on 180cases. Among them 60% were VIA positive and 120% were VIA negative. From this VIA positive cases 12(16.25%) were On E6 cervical test positive and from VIA negative cases 3(2.5%) were positive by this On E6 cervical test. From this 12 Onco E6 cervical test positive cases 10(%) were HPV-16 and 2(%) were HPV-18 and from VIA negative cases 3 were only HPV-16 by this test. Histopathological test done on 35 suspected cases and out of 08 cervical carcinoma cases 07 were positive by this Onco E6 cervical test which was also HPV-16 type. It may be concluded that HPV-16 is most prevalent type to cause cervical cancer and by this newly developed protein detection assay will be helpful to reduce over treatment and save many lives.

Electrophoretic Patterns of Human Rotavirus Strain Prevailing Among Children.

Rotavirus gastroenteritis is a major cause of severe dehydrating diarrhea in children worldwide. Group A rotavirus causes approximately 40% of hospitalization for diarrhea among under 5 years children. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and silver staining was applied to detect rotavirus dsRNA from acute diarrheic stool of 776 hospitalized children below five years. The study was conducted in Mymensingh district, Bangladesh from January 2013 to December 2014. Among 776 stool specimens tested 368(47.4%) were positive by PAGE. Among 368 positive 341(92.5%) showed clearly stained electrophoretic patterns of viral RNA which enabled their classification into different electropherotypes. The rate of infection was highest in children of 7-12 months of age and infection rate was more in winter. RNA profiles of the analyzed specimens, 164/341 (48%) were long and 177/341 (52%) were short patterns. Mixed electropherotypes (2%) among 368 were also detected. Electropherotyping technique could be an applied excellent method for studying genomic variation, tracing mixed infections, detecting atypical rotaviruses.

OncoE6 Positivity among VIA Positive Suspected Cases from Colposcopy Clinic of Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh.

Cervical cancer is a major world health problem for women. It is the fourth most leading cause of death in women around the world. High risk HPV DNA has been shown to be present in 99.7% of cervical cancers worldwide. Oncoprotein E6 and E7 play an important role in the development of cervical cancer which can be detected by OncoE6 cervical test. This Cross sectional observational study was performed to detect E6 Oncoprotein from cervical swab by OncoE6 cervical test. Following universal safety precautions a total of 47 endocervical swabs were collected from Colposcopy clinic of Obstetrics and Gynaecology department of Mymensingh Medical College Hospital (MMCH), Mymensingh, Bangladesh from January 2015 to December 2015. Laboratory work was done in the department of Microbiology, Mymensingh medical college. E6 strip test is an immunochromatographic test based on the detection of HPV-E6 oncoprotein in cervical swab samples. The swab specimen was treated with lysis solution and conditioning solution. Then the specimen solution was clarified by centrifugation. After that the sample solution was transferred into Detector mAb vial, wash solution vial and finally into developing solution vial. The test unit was then placed on a reading guide. Positive result was indicated by the appearance of purple colored test line. Out of 47 specimens 21(44.68%) were OncoE6 positive by OncoE6 cervical test. Among 21 positive cases 19(90.48%) were HPV-16 and 2 were (9.52%) HPV-18. Histopathologically out of 22 cervical carcinoma cases 20(90.90%) were positive by this test. Based on the findings of the present study, it may be concluded that screening with HPV E6 may minimize the overtreatment as well as the colposcopy referral. So it can be used as primary screening to aid colposcopy and to identify real disease. HPV based screening may help to control cervical cancer in Bangladesh. As HPV is a sexually transmitted infection; so, male screening method should be established.

Detection of Human Papilloma virus by Molecular method from Patients Attending at Colposcopy Clinic of Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh.

Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women worldwide. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is considered as the main cause of invasive cervical cancer and cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia. High risk HPV DNA has been shown to be present in 99.7% of cervical cancers. So HPV DNA testing for screening of cervical cancers may play a potential role in early detection and management of cervical cancer. With above background a cross sectional study was undertaken to estimate the prevalence and to identify the associated risk factors of human Papillomavirus infection among Visual Inspection with Acetic acid (VIA) positive women attending at colposcopy clinic of Mymensingh Medical College Hospital (MMCH), Mymensingh, Bangladesh from July 2013 to December 2014. One hundred and forty three cervical swabs for nested PCR were collected from the patients attending colposcopy clinic of MMCH, for detecting target gene of L1 region of the HPV genome. Among the 143 VIA positive patient nested PCR showed 49.6% (71/143) positive. Biopsy of 54 colposcopy positive women revealed that 16 (29.6%) cases were chronic cervicitis, 33 (61.1%) cases were mild dysplasia (C1NI), 01 (1.9%) were having moderate dysplasia (C1NII) and 04(7.4%) patients were diagnosed as invasive squamous cell carcinoma. So, high grade cervical lesions were 100% positive by nested PCR for HPV.