Effects of Er, Cr: YSGG Laser on Shear Bond Strength of the Orthodontic Brackets for 5 and 10 Seconds: An In Vitro Study.

Objectives: The study designed to compare the effect of erbium, chromium: yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet (Er, Cr: YSGG) laser at different power outputs and short periods of time (5 and 10 s) and acid etching on the shear bond strength (SBS) and failure mode of metallic orthodontic brackets. Material and methods. A total of sixty-nine human premolars extracted for orthodontic purposes were used. 60 teeth were randomly assigned to one of the five treatment groups. (n = 12): group 1: 37% phosphoric acid etching and groups 2-5: the enamel surface irradiated by the Er, Cr: YSGG laser operated at different power outputs (1 W, 1.5 W, 2 W, and 2.5 W), each laser group was divided into two subgroups (n = 6) according to exposure time (5 s and 10 s). Nine teeth were not subjected to SBS testing but were prepared for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test was used to evaluate the data; the SBS and adhesive remanent index (ADI) were evaluated. Results: The mean SBS for all laser groups and the acid-etched group were comparable, with no significant differences except for the 1 W group for 5 and 10 s and the 1.5 W group for 5 s. For the ARI scores, no statistically significant difference was found among the groups (P=0.059), and the majority of the samples had ARI type 2 or 3. Conclusion: The laser irradiation at 2 and 2.5 W for 5 s was similar to that produced by acid etching, whereas the laser irradiation at 2 and 2.5 W at 10 s was higher compared with that obtained with acid etching and adequate to etch the enamel.

Molar incisor hypomineralization, prevalence, pattern and distribution in Sudanese children.

BACKGROUND: Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) has serious impact on oral health-related quality of life for a child, due to its effects on tooth structure, aesthetics and behavior of the child. The current study was designed to determine the prevalence, pattern and distribution of MIH in school children in Sudan. METHODS: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study involving 568 children, aged 8-11 years from schools in Khartoum State. Following the collection of their socio-demographic data, the children were examined for hypomineralization on the 12 MIH-index teeth, the pattern and distribution of the MIH. The data collected was analyzed to obtain descriptive statistics. The results related to the socio-demography and other dental-related factors were tested using chi-square test and Spearman Rank Correlation, with the significant level set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: The prevalence of MIH in the study population was 20.1%. The majority of the participants had both permanent first molars (PFMs) and permanent incisors affected (12.5%). However, in 7.6% of the cases only molars were affected. Even though more maxillary teeth were affected when compared to the mandibular teeth, there was no statistical significant difference between the occurrence of hypomineralization on mandibular and maxillary molars (p = 0.22). Maxillary incisors were significantly more affected by MIH when related to the mandibular ones (p = 0.00). Demarcated opacities were the commonest pattern of MIH defects (69.9%) in the experimental group. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of MIH in Sudanese children was 20.1%. In both dental arches, the permanent molars and incisors were frequently affected, with the demarcated opacity type of MIH being the most common form of defect.

The Reliability of Fishman and Nolla Methods in Prediction of Chronological Age of Yemeni Children / A confiabilidade dos métodos Fishman e Nolla na predição da idade cronológica de crianças iemenitas

Objective: This cross-sectional school based study aimed to assess the reliability of Fishman and Nolla methods in predicting the chronological age for Yemeni children. Material and Methods: Orthopantomographs and left handwrist radiographs were taken for 358 Yemeni children (193 boys and 165 girls) 8 - 16 years. Skeletal age estimated by Fishman method and dental age estimated by Nolla method were compared to chronological age using SPSS version 21, statistical significance was predetermined at P < 0.05 , using Intraclass Correlation CoefficientICC and Wilcoxon signed rank test. Results: The mean chronological, skeletal and dental ages were 12.00 ± 2.25 years, 12.39 ± 1.65 years and 11.32 ± 2.65 years, respectively. Intraclass correlation coefficient showed strong correlation between chronological age and skeletal and dental ages. Wilcoxon test showed Fishman method significantly underestimated the chronological age by 0.44 ± 1.26 years in boys and non-significantly underestimated the chronological age by 0.02 ± 1.08 years in girls. Nolla method significantly underestimated the chronological age by 0.59 ± 1.28 years in boys and 0.78 ± 1.21 years in girls. Conclusions: Chronological age of Yemeni children is highly correlated to skeletal age estimated by Fishman method and dental age estimated by Nolla method. However, the two methods underestimate the chronological age of Yemeni children.(AU)

Objetivo: Este estudo transversal de base escolar teve como objetivo avaliar a confiabilidade dos métodos Fishman e Nolla na predição da idade cronológica em crianças iemenitas. Material e Métodos: Foram realizadas ortopantomografias e radiografias do punho esquerdo em 358 crianças iemenitas (193 meninos e 165 meninas) de 8 a 16 anos. A idade esquelética estimada pelo método Fishman e a idade odontológica estimada pelo método Nolla foram comparadas com a idade cronológica pelo, utilizando-se o programa SPSS versão 21; a significância estatística foi predeterminada em P < 0,05, pelo coeficiente de correlação intraclasseICC e pelo teste de Wilcoxon. Resultados: As idades cronológica, esquelética e odontológica média foram de 12,00 ± 2,25 anos, 12,39 ± 1,65 anos e 11,32 ± 2,65 anos, respectivamente. O coeficiente de correlação intraclasse mostrou forte correlação entre idade cronológica e idade esquelética e dentária. O teste de Wilcoxon mostrou que o método Fishman subestimou significativamente a idade cronológica em 0,44 ± 1,26 anos nos meninos e não subestimou significativamente a idade cronológica em 0,02 ± 1,08 anos nas meninas. O método Nolla subestimou significativamente a idade cronológica em 0,59 ± 1,28 anos nos meninos e 0,78 ± 1,21 anos nas meninas. Conclusões: A idade cronológica de crianças iemenitas está altamente correlacionada à idade esquelética estimada pelo método Fishman e à idade dentária estimada pelo método Nolla. No entanto, os dois métodos subestimam a idade cronológica das crianças iemenitas.(AU)

Validity of the Demirjian and Fishman Methods for Predicting Chronological Age Amongst Yemeni Children.

OBJECTIVES: There has been an increasing need for reliable chronological age (CA) estimation in several aspects, including orthodontic treatment needs and legal, civil and forensic purposes. This study aimed to assess the validity of the Demirjian and Fishman methods in predicting the CA of Yemeni children. METHODS: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at seven schools in Sana'a, Yemen, between December 2016 and December 2017. One orthopantomograph and one left hand-wrist X-ray were obtained for each child to calculate the dental age (DA) and skeletal age (SA) which were correlated and compared with the CA. RESULTS: A total of 358 Yemeni children aged 8-16 years were included in this study. The mean CA, DA and SA were 12.00 ± 2.25, 11.34 ± 2.42 and 12.39 ± 1.65 years, respectively. The Demirjian method significantly underestimated the CA by 0.58 ± 1.25 years in the total sample and 0.73 ± 1.30 and 0.40 ± 1.17 years in males and females, respectively (P <0.001). The Fishman method significantly underestimated the CA by 0.23 ± 1.19 and 0.44 ± 1.26 years in the total sample and in males, respectively (P ≤0.02). The Fishman method insignificantly underestimated the females CA by 0.02 ± 1.08 years (P = 0.898). CONCLUSIONS: Yemeni CA is highly correlated to DA and SA estimated by the Demirjian and Fishman methods, respectively. The Fishman method was more accurate amongst Yemeni females. Results showed that Yemeni children are delayed in dental development and skeletal maturity.

Facial soft tissue thickness in a sample of Sudanese adults with different occlusions.

Facial soft tissue thickness is essential to orthodontists and plastic surgeons for treatment planning, and to forensic anthropologists for facial reconstruction, a process combining science and art to recreate a recognizable face from an unidentified skull. The facial profile, together with the age and sex of a person, is related to facial soft tissue thickness, which is required for accurate facial reconstruction and recognition. Skeletal occlusions in orthodontics are classified according to the basic human facial profiles: straight, convex, and concave or skeletal class I, II, and III, respectively. In the present study, the facial soft tissue thickness of 233 Sudanese subjects (105 men and 128 women), ranging in age from 18 to 35 years, with different facial profiles at 20 landmarks was measured (10 soft tissue and 10 dentoskeletal). Sexual dimorphism was noted, with males having thicker facial soft tissue at all measured points. The facial soft tissue thickness varied among different occlusions. Individuals with skeletal class II occlusion had the thickest lower lip, and class III individuals had the thickest upper lip. In general, the Sudanese sample had a unique spectrum of measurements, with thick upper and lower lips, compared with African and Caucasoid subjects, pointing to the need for ethnic-specific data.

Psychosocial impact of dental aesthetics among sudanesehigh school students / Impacto psicossocial da estética dental entre estudantes de ensino médio sudaneses

Dental aesthetics essential part of facial attractiveness, plays a vital role in the social as wellas the psychological well being of individuals. This study aimed to assess the level of dental aestheticsby the self-rated Aesthetic Component (AC) of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) and the psychosocial impact of dental aesthetics using the ‘Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics Questionnaire’ (PIDAQ). Material and methods: A total of 192 high school students (13-16 yearsold), genders equally participated in the study and completed a modified version of the ‘Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics Questionnaire’ (PIDAQ). Dental aesthetics were assessed by the IOTN Aesthetic Component (self-rated IOTN-AC). The data was processed and analyzed using computer soft ware program “SPSS” (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version 17. T-test has been used, P-valueof less than 0.05 was considered as significance. Results: All the variables of the PIDAQ showed a significant difference with the groups of the IOTN-AC(P-value < 0.05). Inter-gender significant difference was found among the students. Conclusion: Self perceived dental aesthetics has a strong influence on the psychological as well as the social well beingof individuals. There fore self-perception of dental aesthetics maybe an important key in deciding the orthodontic treatment need...

A estética dental é parte essencial da atratividade facial e desempenha um papel vital na vida social, bem como no bem-estar psicológico dos indivíduos. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o nível de estética dental pela auto-avaliação do Componente Estético (CE) do Índice de Necessidade de Tratamento Ortodôntico (INTO) e o impacto psicossocial da estética dental utilizando o Questionário de Impacto Psicossocial da Estética Dental. Material e Métodos: um total de 192 estudantes do ensino médio(13-16 anos), distribuídos igualmente entre os sexos, participaram do estudo. Os estudantes responderam uma versão modificada do Questionário de Impacto Psicossocial da Estética Dental. A estética dental foi avaliada pelo Componente Estético do Índice de Necessidade de Tratamento Ortodôntico (autoavaliação). Os dados foram processados e analisados utilizando software”SPSS” (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) versão 17. O Teste t foi utilizado, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: todas as variáveis do questionário de impacto psicossocial mostraram uma diferença significativa com os grupos da avaliação do Componente estético (p < 0,05). Também foi encontrada uma diferença significativa entre os sexos. Conclusão: a auto-percepção da estética dental tem uma forte influência sobre a percepção psicológica, bem como com o bem-estar social dos indivíduos. Portanto a auto-percepção da estética dental talvez seja uma chave importante na decisão sobre a necessidade de tratamento ortodôntico...

Correlation between body mass index and dental caries among a sample of sudanese children / Correlação entre índice de massa corporal e cárie dentária em uma amostra de crianças sudanesas

Introdução: A obesidade e a cárie dentária tem um impacto importante na saúde de crianças; elas podem ser potencialmente prevenidas pelo aumento do conhecimento e conscientização da prática adequada higiene bucal, além de consumo de alimentos saudáveis. Objetivo: Determinar a correlação entre o índice de massa corporal e cárie dentária em uma amostra de crianças sudanesas de 6-11 anos de idade. Material e Métodos: Um estudo clínico transversal em escolas foi realizado. Um total de 360 crianças (50% meninos,50% meninas) foram avaliadas e a massa corporal e prevalência de cárie dentária determinados. O exame físico foi feito através da obtenção de altura e peso da criança para calcular o índice de massa corporal. O índice de cárie dentária foi determinado seguindo os critérios da OMS. Resultados: A categoria de peso corporal mais prevalente foi de peso normal (60,6%) em ambos os sexos, seguido pelo grupo baixo peso (28,3%),o grupo de excesso de peso (6,4%), e o grupo de obesos(4,7%). Os meninos apresentaram maior prevalência do que as meninas na categoria de baixo peso, enquanto que o excesso de peso foi mais prevalente em meninas(8,3%) do que meninos (4,4%). O ceo médio foi 4,68para ambos os gêneros e o CPOD médio foi 2,52 e 1,88para meninas e meninos, respectivamente. Houve uma correlação negativa entre e ceo e a categoria de peso corporal. Nenhuma correlação entre a categoria peso corporal e índice CPOD foi encontrada. Conclusão:Não houve correlação entre cárie dentária e categoria de peso de acordo com idade em dentes permanentes.Em dentes decíduos a categoria baixo peso apresentou se mais relacionada com a presença de cárie dentária do que as outras categorias de peso corporal.

Introduction: Obesity and dental caries have aserious impact on a child’s health; they can bepotentially prevented by increasing the knowledge and awareness of proper oral hygiene practice inaddition to healthy food consumption. Objective:To determine the correlation between body mass index and dental caries of a sample of 6-11 year old Sudanese children. Material and Methods: A Crosssectional school based study was conducted. A totalof 360 children (50% boys, 50% girls) were examined for body mass index and dental caries prevalence. Physical examination was done by recording the child’s height and weight to calculate the body mass index. Dental caries index was carried out following the WHO criteria. Results: The most prevalent body weight category was normal weight (60.6%) in both genders followed by the underweight group (28.3%),the overweight group (6.4%), and the obese group(4.7%). Boys exhibited a higher prevalence in the underweight category than girls, while overweight was more prevalent in girls (8.3%) than boys (4.4%).The mean dft for primary teeth was 4.68 in bothgenders and the mean DMFT for permanent teethwas 2.52 and 1.88 for girls and boys respectively.There was a negative correlation between dft andbody weight category. No correlation between bodyweight category and DMFT was found. Conclusion:No correlation between dental caries and age-specificbody weight category was found in permanent teethwhile in primary teeth the underweight category wasmore related to the presence of dental caries than theother body weight categories.

Prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs among Down syndrome Sudanese individuals / Prevalência de maloclusão e necessidade de Tratamento Ortodôntico em indivíduos sudaneses portadores de síndrome de Down

Determinar a prevalência de má oclusão e necessidades de tratamento ortodôntico em indivíduos sudaneses com síndrome de Down, na área de Khartoum. Material e Métodos: Um total de 75 indivíduos (37 masculinos e 38 femininos) portadores da síndrome de Down, com idade entre 6-28 anos, foram examinados clinicamente depois de obter o consentimento de seu responsável. A má oclusão foi determinada com base na classificação da de Angle e má oclusão dos incisivos. Os dados foram analisados e apresentados em tabelas utilizando o software estatístico ciências sociais programa (SPSS) version 17, sendo a estatística descritiva. Tabelas de frequência de distribuição e gráficos foram utilizados para demonstrar os resultados. Resultados: Os tipos mais prevalentes de más oclusões foram classe III de Angle (58,7%) e má oclusão Incisivo III (53,3%). Classe III de Angle foi mais freqüente no sexo feminino (60,5%) do que no masculino (56,8%). A maioria dos indivíduos com síndrome de Down possui grande necessidade de tratamento ortodôntico (85,3%). Conclusão: A prevalência de má oclusão e necessidade de tratamento ortodôntico entre indivíduos sudaneses portadores da síndrome de Down foi alta. Má oclusão de Angle e incisor classe III representam o traço mais comum de má oclusão, com frequência maior em mulheres do que em homens. O tratamento ortodôntico para indivíduo com síndrome de Down deve ser multidisciplinar, a fim de conservar o padrão de tratamento superior...

To determine the prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs in Sudanese’s Down syndrome individuals in Khartoum area. Material and Methods: A total of 75 (37 males and 38 females) Down syndrome individuals age ranging from 6-28 years of age, were clinically examined after obtaining their guardian’s consent. Malocclusion was determined based on Angle and Incisor classification of malocclusion. The data were analysed and presented in tables using the Statistic Package for social sciences (SPSS) program version17 descriptive statistic, Frequency distribution tables and graph were utilized to perform the results. Results: Angle Class III malocclusion (58.7%) and Incisor III malocclusion (53.3%) represents the most prevalent types of malocclusions. Angle class III malocclusion was more frequent among females (60.5%) than males (56.8%).The majority of individuals with Down syndrome are in great need for orthodontic treatment (85.3%). Conclusion: The prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need among Sudanese Down syndrome individuals was high. Angle and Incisor class III malocclusions represent the commonest trait of malocclusion and reported more frequency in females than males. Orthodontic treatment for Down syndrome individual should be multidisciplinary in order to conservative superior treatment pattern...

Prevalence of hypodontia in a sample of Sudanese orthodontic patients.

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of hypodontia in the permanent dentition in a sample of Sudanese patients who sought orthodontic treatment and to compare the results with the reported findings of other populations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Orthodontic files including orthopantomographs of 1069 patients (760 females and 309 males - more than 8 years old) were examined and inspected for evidence of hypodontia. RESULTS: The prevalence of hypodontia of the present sample was 5.1%. Hypodontia was found considerably more frequently in the mandible than in the maxilla. The distribution of missing teeth was noticed in the left side more than in the right side. The most frequently missing teeth were the maxillary lateral incisors, followed by the mandibular second premolars, maxillary second premolars and mandibular left lateral incisor. The majority of patients had two or three teeth missing, but rarely more than 5 teeth missing. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of hypodontia of this study was within the range of that reported in the literature. The incidence of hypodontia in the anterior segment requires great need for orthodontic and prosthodontic treatment. With early detection of hypodontia, alternative treatment modalities can be planned and performed with a multidisciplinary team approach restoring the esthetic and function.

Prevalence of impacted canines among sudanese university students / Prevalência de caninos impactados em estudantes universitários sudaneses

Objective: To determine the prevalence of impacted canines among 17-25 year old Sudanese University students. Material and Methods: Descriptive crosssectional study in University of Khartoum, Sudan. 2401 students were selected according to random stratified sampling technique and screened under natural day light. All students with un erupted permanent canines were referred to the Orthodontic Department for clinical examination and radiographic investigations. Results: Forty nine students (2%), 10 males and 39 females out of 2401 students were reported to have at least one impacted canine. Males to females ratio was approximately 1:4. Impacted canines were more common in the maxilla (1.6%) than in the mandible (0.33%). Majority of the cases with impacted canines (73.5%) had unilateral impaction p < 0.05, whereas 24.5% had bilateral impactions and only 2% had three impacted canines. Location of the impaction either: palatal, buccal or in the line of arch and the palatal impactions were the most common one (45%), whereas buccal and in the line of arch impaction were found in 20% and 35% respectively. Retained deciduous canines were observed in most of the cases with impacted canines (81.6%). Conclusion: Prevalence of impacted canines was noticeable and comparable to the findings reported in other populations. The study gives a clue about the magnitude of the problem. However, strong conclusion can not be drawn since the sample is not representative to the whole Sudanese population. Further study is essential for a great sample from different provinces of the Sudan in order to draw a real conclusion...

Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência de caninos impactados em universitários sudaneses com idade entre 17 - 25 anos. Material e Métodos: Este é um estudo transversal descritivo realizado na Universidade de Cartum, Sudão. Dois mil, quatrocentos e um estudantes foram selecionados de acordo com técnica de amostragem aleatória estratificada e avaliados sob a luz natural do dia. Todos os alunos com caninos permanentes não irrompidos foram encaminhados para o Departamento de Ortodontia para investigações por meio de exames clínico e radiográfico. Resultados: Quarenta e nove alunos (2%), 10 do sexo masculino e 39 do sexo feminino, dentre os 2.401 estudantes avaliados, apresentaram pelo menos um canino não irrompido. A relação deste episódio entre homens e mulheres foi de aproximadamente 1: 4. Caninos não irrompidos foram mais frequentes na maxila (1,6%) do que na mandíbula (0,33%). A maioria dos casos de caninos não irrompidos (73,5%) eram impacções unilaterais (p < 0,05), enquanto que 24,5% apresentavam impação bilateral e somente 2% dos pacientes apresentavam três caninos não irrompidos. A localização da impacção foi por palatino, vestibular ou na linha média; sendo que impacções por palatino foram mais frequentes (45%), enquanto que 20% e 35% estavam por vestibular ou na linha média, respectivamente. Caninos decíduos retidos foram observados na maioria dos casos de caninos não irrompidos (81,6%). Conclusão: A prevalência de caninos não irrompidos foi relevante e comparável com os achados em outras populações. Este estudo fornece noções sobre a magnitude do problema, no entanto, conclusões generalizadas não podem ser tomadas, pois a amostra não é representativa de toda a população sudanesa. Um estudo mais aprofundado é essencial para uma conclusão real, considerando-se amostras de diferentes províncias do Sudão...