Factors associated with delay in undescended testis referral.

INTRODUCTION: Undescended testis (UDT) is one of the most common congenital disorders and is associated with infertility and testicular cancer. Multiple guidelines internationally have recommended orchiopexy by 18 months. Multiple large retrospective studies published in the last decade have found persistent delay in timing of orchiopexy. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to determine timing at which UDTs are referred at the tertiary pediatric hospital and assess factors that are associated with delay in UDT referral. STUDY DESIGN: Based on clinical observations and previous data, a series of clinical and socio-economic variables were constructed to design a prospective database. All patients who underwent orchiopexy for UDT from March 1, 2017, to August 31, 2018, were reviewed for demographic and clinical data. Referral appointments after 18 months were considered delayed. Factors associated with delay in UDT referral were analyzed using univariate and multivariate analysis with logistic regression. RESULTS: One hundred seventy-eight patients underwent orchiopexy for UDT. The median age was 44 months, and 64% of them had delay in referral. On univariate analysis, normal birth testicular examination, diagnosis of 'retractile testicle,' long gap without seeing pediatrician, diagnosis by a new physician, and primary language non-English were associated with delayed UDT referral. On multivariate analysis, delayed referral was associated with normal testicular examination at birth, history of 'retractile testis,' diagnosis not by the regular primary care provider, and other health or social issues that may have led to delay. DISCUSSION: This is the first prospective study analyzing timing of referral for boys with cryptorchidism. It was found that timing of treatment of UDT with orchiopexy has not improved over the last decade. Major causes in delay in referral may be due to poor of education of families and lack of routine testicular examinations by referring providers. Secondary ascent may account a significant number of delayed orchiopexy cases. CONCLUSION: Most patients at Doernbecher had delayed referral of cryptorchidism. Factors associated with delay were determined. To improve treatment of cryptorchidism, quality-based interventions and the importance of education and routine testicular examinations need to be focused on.

Global oral health inequalities: dental caries task group--research agenda.

The IADR Global Oral Health Inequalities Task Group on Dental Caries has synthesized current evidence and opinion to identify a five-year implementation and research agenda which should lead to improvements in global oral health, with particular reference to the implementation of current best evidence as well as integrated action to reduce caries and health inequalities between and within countries. The Group determined that research should: integrate health and oral health wherever possible, using common risk factors; be able to respond to and influence international developments in health, healthcare, and health payment systems as well as dental prevention and materials; and exploit the potential for novel funding partnerships with industry and foundations. More effective communication between and among the basic science, clinical science, and health promotion/public health research communities is needed. Translation of research into policy and practice should be a priority for all. Both community and individual interventions need tailoring to achieve a more equal and person-centered preventive focus and reduce any social gradient in health. Recommendations are made for both clinical and public health implementation of existing research and for caries-related research agendas in clinical science, health promotion/public health, and basic science.

Microbiología de la Dentina Cariada en Humanos / Microbiology human carious dentin

La lesión de Caries Dentinaria representa el signo tardío de la Enfermedad Caries Dental. Esta Dentina Cariada ha sido objeto de estudios microbiológicos desde 1890 hasta la actualidad, con la finalidad de caracterizar la compleja y diversa microbiota que la compone. En esta revisión se citan los estudios mas recientes, basados en técnicas moleculares, como la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (RCP), lo que ha permitido detectar microorganismos, que no habían sido identificados en estudios anteriores, donde sólo se aplicaban medios de cultivos selectivos y técnicas de identificación bioquímica. Entre las especies microbianas encontradas en Dentina Cariada podemos citar tanto bacterias Grampositivas: Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Propionibacterium, Bifidobacterium, Actinomyces, Eubacterium, Rothia, Arachnia, Micromonas y Pseudoramibacterium; como bacterias Gramnegativas: Prevotella, Porphyromona y Selenomonas. Es importante continuar los estudios en este campo para entender los mecanismos microbianos responsables de la invasión y destrucción del tejido dentinario, y así poder comprender la patogénesis de la lesión de Caries Avanzada

Dentine Caries Lesion represents the latest sign of the Dental Caries Disease. In order to discover and characterize the complexity and diversity of caries dentine microbiota have been made microbiological studies from 1890 to the present time. In this review, recent studies based on molecular techniques (PCR) that have allowed detect microorganisms which have not been identified in previous studies based on biochemical techniques of identification and selective cultures, are mentioned. Among microbial species detected in caries dentine can mention as much Gram-positive bacteria: Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Propionibacterium, Bifidobacterium, Actinomyces, Eubacterium, Rothia, Arachnia, Micromonasy Pseudoramibacterium; as Gram-negative bacteria: Prevotella, Porphyromona y Selenomonas. It is important to continue the studies in this field in order to understand the microbial mechanisms responsible for the invasion and destruction of the dentine structure

Evidence of reduced frequency of spinal muscular atrophy type I in the Cuban population.

The authors reviewed all cases of type I spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) in Cuba over a 6-year period. The incidence of SMA type I was 3.53 per 100,000 livebirths. When the population was classified according to self-reported ethnicity, the incidence was eight per 100,000 for whites; 0.89 per 100,000 for blacks, and 0.96 per 100,000 for those of mixed ethnicity. Type 1 SMA may occur less frequently in individuals of African ancestry.

Reduçäo de "Nitroblue Tetrazolium" por neutrófilos polimorfonucleares como critério para otimizaçäo de dose de ß1-3 glucano para bezerros / ß1-3 glucan: Nitroblue Tetrazolium reduction by polymorphonuclear neutrophils as dose optimization criterion in calves

O teste de reduçäo de "nitroblue tetrazolium" foi avaliado como critério para a seleçäo de doses em bezerros tratados com ß1-3 glucano. Observou-se que o tratamento com ß1-3 glucano estimulou a reduçäo de "nitroblue tetrazolium" e que esta estimulaçäo apresenta um comportamento estimulatório bifásico para as três doses de 1, 3 e 5mg/kg de peso corporal, este efeito está freqüentemente associado à administraçäo parenteral de carboidratos imunomoduladores. A resposta foi observada por período de 3 e 14 dias para as doses entre 1 e 5mg/kg e 3 e 21 dias para 3mg/kg de peso corporal. A mais alta resposta foi observada 14 dias após o tratamento. A dose de 5mg/kg foi selecionada como a mais adequada por apresentar o mais alto índice estimulatório observado

A conservative surgical approach of osteochondroma affecting the mandibular condyle.

An osteochondroma of the condyle in a 49-year-old venezuelan female patients is reported. Clinical, radiological and histopathological features of the tumor are described. A wide local surgical excision permitted the patient to regain normal function.

Intraoral minor salivary gland tumors: a retrospective study of 62 cases in a Venezuelan population.

From 1968 to 1992 sixty-two cases of tumors of minor salivary glands were diagnosed from a Venezuelan population at the Oral Histopathology Laboratory of the Central University of Venezuela School of Dentistry. The diagnosis of individual tumors was based on the 1991 World Health Organization classification. Tumors were analyzed considering histological type, age and sex of the patient, and intraoral location. Pleomorphic adenomas constituted the most common histological diagnosis of the benign sample (71%), and 62% of the malignant tumors were diagnosed as mucoepidermoid carcinomas. The principal location was the palate, and a marked female prevalence was observed. Geographic differences appear to exist when compared with results of studies representing a cross-section of different world population groups.

[Dental caries: etiology and nature. (2)]. / La caries dental: etiología y naturaleza. (Segunda parte).

The present work is a review of the literature covering new concepts on Dental Caries and its etiology.

[Amelogenesis imperfecta. Description of a clinical case]. / Amelogénesis imperfecta. Descripción de un caso clínico.

A family of five was examined. Four of them presented with enamel alteration including changes in colour and loss of enamel surface. A genetic study was undertaken which revealed an autosomal dominant inheritance with complete penetration and variable expressivity. This is reflected in shape, number, extension and depth of the affected areas. Amelogénesis Imperfecta type IV was diagnosed using Shields classification.

[Microbiological composition of dental plaque using Sprague Dawley rats as an experimental model]. / Estudio de la composición microbiológica de la placa dental de ratas Sprague Dawley como modelo experimental.

In this study, the microbiological composition of the dental plaque in 12 male Sprague-Dawley rats was determined. Analysis using the light microscope showed the presence of nine colonies which suggested the presence of cocci, (6) diplococci (1) and rods. (2) Five of the bacteria were Gram positive and three were Gram negative. The morphological characteristic suggested the presence of Actinomyces in the case of Gram positive rods; Fusobacterium in the case of Gram negative rods; Neisseria and Veillonella in the of Gram negative cocci and Streptococci for the rest of the colonies. The biochemical characterization of the bacteria suggested the absence of Streptococcus mutans in the dental plaque of this animals.

Composición quimica (carbohidratos) de la placa dental de diferentes áreas de la boca. I. Resultados preliminares / Chemical composition (carbohydrates) of dental plaque of several oral area. Preliminar results I

En general se han reportado diferencias en cuanto a la composición de la placa obtenida de dientes posteriores y anteriores. La placa colectada de los dientes entero-superiores o inferiores es diferente en cuanto a composición microbiológica y pH. Los resultados logrados en este estudio demuestran que la placa obtenida de los dientes antero-inferiores contiene una menor concentración, por unidad de peso, de polisacáridos extracelulares alcali-soluble que los dientes antero-superiores. Por otra parte, no se encontraron diferencias en cuanto a la concentración de polisacáridos acuo-solubles y acuo-insolubles en esta misma área de la boca. En la placa obtenida de los dientes postero-superiores e inferiores no se observaron diferencias significativas en ninguno de los parámetros estudiados

Preparación de una solución proteica de mucina para ser utilizada en pacientes con xerostomía (Venezuela) / Preparation of a protein solution using mucin to be used in patients with xerostomy (Venezuela)

El objetivo del presente trabajo es preparar una solución proteica lo más semejante a la saliva natural utilizando mucina extraída de glandulas submaxilares de bovino. El proceso de extracción se realizó de acuerdo a la técnica modificada de Draus & Leung (1960). Una vez extraída la glándula submaxilar de bovino (500g aproximadamente) se cortó y se almacenó en agua destilada durante 12 horas a 4-C con el objeto de eliminar restos de tejido y sangre, luego el material fue homogeneizado y suspendido en solución amortiguadora beffer fosfato pH 7, durante 48 horas. Posteriormente esta solución fue centrifugada y el sobrenadante tratado para extraer la proteína presente. La solución resultante se dializó contra agua destilada con tres cambios y liofilizada. El producto liofilizado se diluyó con agua destilada (1g/1) y se tomaron alicuotas para determinar la pureza de la proteína. La solución obtenida tiene una viscosidad y una composición proteíca semejante a la de la saliva natural, la cual ofrece grandes ventajas para su utilización en pacientes con xerostomia severa

[Chemical composition (carbohydrates) of dental plaque in different areas of the mouth. 1. Preliminary results]. / Composición quimica (carbohidratos) de la placa dental de diferentes areas de la boca. 1. Resultados preliminares.

In general differences in plaque composition between anterior and posterior teeth have been reported. Dental plaque from the upper lower anterior teeth shows differences in bacterial composition and pH. Results showed that plaque from lower anterior teeth contained less alkali soluble polysaccharide per unit weight than did plaque from upper anterior teeth. However no differences in the concentration of water soluble and insoluble polysaccharide were observed. Plaque from posterior teeth did not show differences.

[Preparation of a protein mucin solution to be used in patients with xerostomia (Venezuela)]. / Preparacion de una solucion proteica de mucina para ser utilizada en pacientes con xerostomia (Venezuela).

The purpose of this study was to prepare a protein solution to simulate natural saliva using mucin extracted from bovine submaxillary gland. The extraction process was done in keeping with Drans & Leung's (1980) modified technique. Once the bovine submaxillary gland was extracted (approximately 500 g), it is cut and stored in distilled water for 12 hrs at 4 degrees C in order to eliminate any tissue or blood remaining in the section. The tissue is then homogenized and suspended in a phosphate buffer solution with a pH of 7 for 48 hours. The solution is then centrifuged and the supernatant is treated to extract the protein present in the solution. The remaining solution is dialyzed with distilled water, changed three times and then lyophilized. The lyophilized product is diluted in distilled water (1 g/1) taking aliquots to determine the pureness of the proteins. The solution obtained has a viscosity and protein composition which is very similar and offers great advantages for use in patients who suffer from severe xerostomy.