Assessing need for advance imaging among children with back pain using pain intensity as clinical marker.

Introduction: Pediatric back pain evaluation nowadays relies on patient history, physical examination, and plain radiographs to identify underlying pathologies. Constant pain, night pain, radicular pain, and abnormal neurological examination were previously recommended as clinical markers to assess the need for magnetic resonance imaging evaluation. Recent studies have challenged the use of these clinical markers, recommending further studies. This study aimed to assess pain intensity as a predictor of underlying magnetic resonance imaging pathology in children with back pain. Methods: An observational cross-sectional study of pediatric patients between 8 and 17 years with back pain for more than 4 weeks from 2009 to 2021 was conducted. A whole spine magnetic resonance imaging was performed on patients with back pain without an identifiable cause and no prior spine treatment. The numerical rating scale questionnaire was administered to each patient, and answers were divided into three groups: mild (1-3), moderate (4-6), and severe (7-10) numerical rating scale score. Student's t-test and chi-square analysis were used to correlate differences between continuous and categorical values, respectively. Results: Of 590 patients (70% female and a mean age of 15.25 years), there were 35.1% of patients had a magnetic resonance imaging underlying pathology. No association was found between severe numerical rating scale score and the presence of underlying MRI pathology (p = 0.666). Patients with low or moderate numerical rating scale scores had similar associations to an underlying magnetic resonance imaging pathology as patients with a severe numerical rating scale score (p = 0.256; p = 0.357, respectively). Conclusions: Back pain intensity was not found to be an effective clinical marker for predicting underlying magnetic resonance imaging pathology in pediatric patients with back pain.

How to adapt sexual and reproductive health services to the needs and circumstances of trans people- a qualitative study in Colombia.

BACKGROUND: People living a trans-life require access to equitable healthcare services, policies and research that address their needs. However, trans people have experienced different forms of violence, discrimination, stigma, and unfair access barriers when dealing with healthcare providers. Therefore, adapting sexual and reproductive health services with the purpose of providing more equitable, inclusive and discrimination-free healthcare services is an urgent need. The article presents an example of how operative research can be used in order to adjust sexual and reproductive healthcare services to trans people's needs, identities and circumstances. METHODS: This is a qualitative study written from a constructivist perspective, and it is based on the voices and experiences of trans people in four major cities in Colombia. The research used a combination of focus groups of discussion (n = 6) and in-depth interviews with trans people (n = 13) in Barranquilla, Bogota, Cali and Medellin. This research had two specific objectives: i) identifying the main sexual and reproductive health needs of people living a trans-life; and ii) generating new evidence in order to guide the adaptation of sexual and reproductive health services centered to trans people's needs, identities, and circumstances. Qualitative data codification and analysis was using NVivo. RESULTS: Once access barriers to sexual and reproductive health services, unmet sexual and reproductive health needs were identified, the research helped define strategies to adapt sexual and reproductive health services to the needs, identities, and circumstances of people living a trans-life in Colombia. Amongst the main barriers found were healthcare costs, lack of insurance, stigmatization, discrimination and abuse by health care providers. Perhaps among the most notable sexual and reproductive health needs presented were trans-specific services such as sensitive assistance for the transition process, endocrinology appointments, and sex reaffirmation surgeries. CONCLUSIONS: The evidence obtained from this research allowed Profamilia, a Colombian healthcare provider, to adapt the sexual and reproductive health services it provides to people living a trans-life in Colombia. Furthermore, it was possible for Profamilia to design and implement an inclusive sexual and reproductive health program that specifically addresses trans people's needs, identities, and circumstances.

Odontólogos y Obligación de Denuncia del Abuso Sexual Infantil en Chile: oportunidades perdidas / Dentists and Mandatory Reporting of Child Sexual Abuse in Chile: missed opportunities

RESUMEN: La obligación de denunciar representa la estrategia clave para abordar al abuso sexual infantil, y se encuentra justificada en la suposición de que la detección temprana ayudará a prevenir lesiones graves (incluso la muerte del niño), aliviará a las víctimas de tener que buscar ayuda por su propia cuenta, y potenciará la coordinación entre las respuestas legales, médicas y sociales. Entre los profesionales sanitaristas con esta obligación se encuentran los odontólogos, quienes se han visto firmemente comprometidos a nivel mundial en la detección, denuncia y la prevención del abuso sexual a partir de la asumida y demostrada presencia de lesiones en boca. Sin embargo, y aunque la legislación vigente manifiesta esta obligación de denuncia, los odontólogos en Chile aparentan no estar preparados ni conceptual ni técnicamente para asumir esta responsabilidad, con lo que este tipo de prueba jurídica se encuentra subvalorada, abordada mínimamente por otras disciplinas no idóneas para tal efecto y virtualmente desconocida en los medios judiciales. En resumidas cuentas, una "oportunidad perdida" en un escenario donde las profundas miradas críticas y el severo juicio social obligan a afinar la mirada y ajustar la totalidad de las herramientas disponibles para lograr suficiencia de la prueba.

ABSTRACT: Mandatory reporting represents the key strategy in child sexual abuse cases. It is based on the assumption that early detection will help prevent serious injuries (even the death of the child), will alleviate victims from the responsibility of asking for help themselves, and at their own risk, and will also encourage coordination between legal, medical, and social response units. Among health professionals with a reporting obligation are odontologists. Worldwide, dentists have actively committed to take part in the detection, reporting and prevention of child sexual abuse from presumed and proven lesions in the mouth. However, although current legislation explicitly states this mandatory reporting, it appears that Chilean dentists are neither conceptually nor technically prepared to take on this responsibility. Hence, this type of forensic legal evidence is undervalued, inadequately addressed within other medical professions, and practically unknown in the judicial system. In summary, this is a "missed opportunity" in circumstances that warrant serious scrutiny, resulting in severe social judgment and criticism. A complete review and regulation of the guidelines in this area must be carried out in order to use all means available, and apply legal measures to provide the necessary proof in these cases.

[Surgical approach of traumatic urethral injury in children. Experience at San Vicente of Paul Universitary Hospital. Medellín 1987-2007]. / Experiencia en reconstrucción postraumática de uretra posterior en niños. Hospital Universitario San vicente de Paúl. Medellín 1987-2007.

OBJECTIVE: In order to evaluate the efficacy of different surgical techniques for the correction of traumatic lesions of the urethra, we performed a retrospective study in those patients, and evaluated different complications such as postsurgical stenosis of the urethra, incontinence and impotence (erectile dysfunction). METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted, reviewing the clinical charts of 43 patients admitted to the San Vicente of Paul Hospital, with diagnosis of traumatic rupture of the posterior urethra from 1987 to 2007. We analyzed different demographic data, type of surgical correction, early and late complications. RESULTS: The average age of the patients was 7.7 years, the average follow up was 30.6 months, and all the patients were male with a posterior urethral rupture. 27 Patients underwent a primary urethral repair (63%), 13 patients underwent a cistostomy with later urologic reconstruction (30%), in 3 patients (7%) other surgical procedures were made. Overall complication rate was 39.5%. These complications were: Urethral stenosis, 26 patients (60.5%), urinary retention secondary to obstruction, 10 patients (23.3%), incontinence 10 patients (23.3%) and impotence 7 patients (16.3%). Patients treated with a primary urethral repair presented a significantly less development of infection, obstruction and stenosis, (p<0.05). Patients with pelvis fracture associated to urethral trauma had a significant higher risk of developing stenosis and impotence. (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Both different surgical techniques compared showed a similar complication and morbidity rates in middle follow up. Each procedure should be selected according to clinical condition of the patient, the extension of the urethral damage, the associated traumatic lesions and the surgeon's expertise. In our searched patients, treated with a primary urethral repair we found a significantly less development of infection, obstruction and stenosis.

Carcinoma anaplastico de tiroides: biopsia aspiracion con aguja fina para su diagnostico / Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: BiopSia fine needle aspiration for diagnosis

Se presentan 5 pacientes con carcinoma anaplásico de tiroides que consultaron al Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe (H.P.'f.U.) de Medellín, Colombia, durante el periodo comprendido entre enero de 1995 y diciembre de 2001 con cuadros clínicos de diferentes características y tiempo de evolución. El carcinoma anaplásico es considerado una de las neoplasias más agresivas y fatales en el hombre; constituye aproximadamente el 5 al 14% de los tumores malignos de la glándula tiroides. El tumor presenta un pico de incidencia en la séptima década de la vida y la relación hombre-mujer es de 1.3 a 1; el 20% de los pacientes tiene historia previa de neoplasia tiroidea bien diferenciada y el 30% historia de bocio. La biopsia aspiración con aguja fina hace el diagnóstico en el carcinoma anaplásico de tiroides en un 94.7% vs. 90% de los casos según la literatura; la citomorfología es altamente específica y fácil de reconocer y se considera el método de elección en este tipo de carcinoma. Los cinco pacientes pertenecían al sexo femenino, su edad oscilaba entre 60 y 70 años. El tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad fue aproximadamente de dos meses, 3 pacientes presentaban patología tiroidea previa y los síntomas predominantes fueron la obstrucción de la vía aérea superior, disfonía y síndrome de vena cava; se llegó al diagnóstico de estas pacientes a través de BACAF ( Biopsia Aspiración con Aguja Fina) en dos pacientes y se confirmó con el estudio del espécimen quirúrgico. El tratamiento realizado fue radioterapia en una paciente y cirugía en dos pacientes; una de estas recibió además radioterapia; dos pacientes no recibieron tratamiento y la sobrevida fue de 4 meses.