Human leptospirosis in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 2007-2013: characterization of confirmed cases and spatial distribution. / Leptospirose humana em Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, de 2007 a 2013: caracterização dos casos confirmados e distribuição espacial.

OBJECTIVE: to characterize confirmed human leptospirosis cases resident in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, between 2007 and 2013, and their spatial distribution. METHODS: this was a descriptive study of cases registered on the Notifiable Diseases Information System; we investigated neighborhoods and areas in the catchment area of Health Units (US) with highest case occurrence, using spatial analysis as per the Kernel technique. RESULTS: 228 cases were confirmed in the period, with cumulative incidence of 2.3 cases/100,000 inhabitants; the majority were adult males (81.6%), economically active (82.5%) and had low schooling (45.8%); the main occupations were recyclable waste collector (15.8%) and builder/builder's mate (15.2%); six priority US were identified for leptospirosis control and prevention actions. CONCLUSION: the epidemiological profile and spatial distribution of cases suggest that there continue to be environmental risk factors favoring human leptospirosis occurrence in these areas.

Analysis of monitored cases of acquired syphilis in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul / Análise de casos monitorados de sífilis adquirida em Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul

Introduction: Syphilis is a systemic and curable sexually transmitted infection, exclusive to humans. Brazil is experiencing an increasing incidence of syphilis in recent years. Porto Alegre has an incidence rate of acquired syphilis (AS) four times higher than the national one. Objective: To describe the epidemiological profile of monitored cases of AS, through rapid tests, in the city of Porto Alegre/Rio Grande do Sul in the first semester of 2018. Methods: The study has a cross-sectional, observational, epidemiological, and analytical design, and the study population was included in the Porto Alegre AS monitoring spreadsheet in the first semester of 2018, totaling 1,453 participants. We performed descriptive analyses with absolute and relative frequencies to develop the profile. The χ2 test for bivariate analysis verified the association between sociodemographic variables and the adequate treatment outcome, with a 95% significance level. Results: The profile found had a predominance of males, white people, individuals aged 20 to 29, with incomplete elementary school, and not homeless. We identified an association in the bivariate analysis between the adequate treatment outcome and the variables schooling, gender, age, and homelessness. Conclusion: Actions that seek to structure and organize the processes related to AS monitoring are important, especially due to the association of sociodemographic variables that indicate social vulnerability with the adequate treatment outcome.

Introdução: A sífilis é uma Infecção Sexualmente Transmissível de caráter sistêmico, curável, e exclusiva do ser humano. O Brasil vive um período de crescimento dos casos de sífilis nos últimos anos. Porto Alegre possui um coeficiente de incidência de sífilis adquirida quatro vezes maior que o nacional. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o perfil epidemiológico dos casos monitorados para sífilis adquirida, por meio de testes rápidos, no município de Porto Alegre/RS, no primeiro semestre de 2018. Métodos: O delineamento é epidemiológico observacional analítico transversal, sendo todos os casos inseridos na planilha de monitoramento da SA de Porto Alegre no primeiro semestre de 2018, que totalizou 1.453 usuários. Análises descritivas foram realizadas com frequência absoluta e relativa para caracterizar o perfil. Foi utilizado o teste de χ2 em análise bivariada para verificar a associação das variáveis sociodemográficas com o desfecho do tratamento adequado, com nível de significância de 95%. Resultados: O perfil encontrado foi predominância do sexo masculino, brancos, na faixa etária de 20 a 29, ensino fundamental incompleto e não estar em situação de rua. Houve associação na análise bivariada entre os desfechos do tratamento adequado e as variáveis escolaridade, sexo, faixa etária e situação de rua. Conclusão: Ações que buscam estruturar e organizar os processos relativos ao monitoramento da SA são importantes, especialmente por haver associação de variáveis sociodemográficas que indicam vulnerabilidade social com o desfecho de tratamento adequado da sífilis.

Factors associated with not having Pap Smears in São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 2015: a cross-sectional population-based study. / Fatores associados a não realização de exame citopatológico em São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, 2015: estudo transversal de base populacional.

OBJECTIVE: to estimate the prevalence of Pap tests not performed in the last three years and never performed in women and to analyze factors. METHODS: this was a cross-sectional study with women aged 20 to 69 years living in São Leopoldo, RS, Brazil, in 2015; prevalence ratios (PR) were calculated using Poisson regression. RESULTS: among 919 women, prevalence of delayed testing was 17.8% (95% confidence interval [95%CI]15.4;20.3) and never tested prevalence was 8.1% (95%CI6.3%;9.8%); in the adjusted analysis, the increase in the prevalence of delayed testing was associated with economic class D/E (PR=2.1 - 95%CI1.3;3.5), being aged 20-29 years (PR=3.2 - 95%CI2.1;4.9) and not having had a medical appointment (PR=3.0 - 95%CI2.1;4.1); never having tested was associated with economic class D/E (PR=2.6 - 95%CI1.4;5.0), being aged 20-29 years (PR=24.1 - 95%CI6.4;90.9), and not having had a medical appointment (PR=2.9 - 95%CI1.7;4.8). CONCLUSION: coverage of the test was high but characterized by social inequality.

Fatores associados a não realização de exame citopatológico em São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, 2015: estudo transversal de base populacional / Factores asociados a la no realización de examen citopatológico en São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, 2015: estudio transversal de base poblacional / Factors associated with not having Pap Smears in São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 2015: a cross-sectional population-based study

Objetivo: estimar a prevalência de exame citopatológico não realizado nos últimos três anos e de nunca realizado em mulheres, e analisar fatores associados. Métodos: estudo transversal, com mulheres de 20 a 69 anos de idade, em São Leopoldo, RS, Brasil, em 2015; calcularam-se as razões de prevalência (RP) por regressão de Poisson. Resultados: entre 919 mulheres, a prevalência de exame atrasado foi 17,8% (intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%15,4;20,3), e de nunca realizado, 8,1% (IC95%6,3;9,8); na análise ajustada, o aumento na prevalência de exame atrasado mostrou-se associado à classe econômica D/E (RP=2,1 - IC95%1,3;3,5), idade de 20-29 anos (RP=3,2 - IC95%2,1;4,9) e nenhuma consulta realizada (RP=3,0 - IC95%2,1;4,1); nunca ter realizado exame associou-se com classe econômica D/E (RP=2,6 - IC95%1,4;5,0), idade de 20-29 anos (RP=24,1 - IC95%6,4;90,9) e nenhuma consulta (RP=2,9 - IC95%1,7;4,8). Conclusão: a cobertura de exame foi alta e com iniquidade.

Objetivo: estimar la prevalencia de examen en mujeres, no realizado en los últimos tres años y de nunca realizado, y analizar factores asociados. Métodos: estudio transversal con mujeres de 20 a 69 años de edad de São Leopoldo, RS, Brasil, en 2015; se calcularon las razones de prevalencia (RP) por la regresión de Poisson. Resultados: entre 919 mujeres, la prevalencia de examen retrasado fue 17,8% (intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]15,4;20,3) y de nunca realizado fue del 8,1% (IC95%6,3;9,8); en el análisis ajustado, el aumento en la prevalencia de examen retrasado se asoció con clase económica D/E (RP=2,1 - IC95%1,3;3,5), a edad entre 20-29 años (RP=3,2 - IC95%2,1;4,9) y ninguna consulta (RP=3,0 - IC95%2,1;4,1); nunca haber realizado examen se asoció con clase D/E (RP=2,6 - IC95%1,4;5,0), a 20-29 años de edad (RP=24,1 - IC95%6,4;90,9) y ninguna consulta (RP=2,9 - IC95%1,7;4,8). Conclusión: la cobertura de examen fue alta y con inequidad.

Objective: to estimate the prevalence of Pap tests not performed in the last three years and never performed in women and to analyze factors. Methods: this was a cross-sectional study with women aged 20 to 69 years living in São Leopoldo, RS, Brazil, in 2015; prevalence ratios (PR) were calculated using Poisson regression. Results: among 919 women, prevalence of delayed testing was 17.8% (95% confidence interval [95%CI]15.4;20.3) and never tested prevalence was 8.1% (95%CI6.3%;9.8%); in the adjusted analysis, the increase in the prevalence of delayed testing was associated with economic class D/E (PR=2.1 - 95%CI1.3;3.5), being aged 20-29 years (PR=3.2 - 95%CI2.1;4.9) and not having had a medical appointment (PR=3.0 - 95%CI2.1;4.1); never having tested was associated with economic class D/E (PR=2.6 - 95%CI1.4;5.0), being aged 20-29 years (PR=24.1 - 95%CI6.4;90.9), and not having had a medical appointment (PR=2.9 - 95%CI1.7;4.8). Conclusion: coverage of the test was high but characterized by social inequality.

Leptospirose humana em Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, de 2007 a 2013: caracterização dos casos confirmados e distribuição espacial / Leptospirosis humana en Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, de 2007 a 2013: caracterización de los casos confirmados y distribución espacial / Human leptospirosis in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 2007-2013: characterization of confirmed cases and spatial distribution

Resumo Objetivo: caracterizar os casos confirmados de leptospirose humana residentes em Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, entre 2007 e 2013, e sua distribuição espacial. Métodos: estudo descritivo dos casos registrados no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan); foram investigados bairros e territórios de abrangência das unidades de saúde (US) com maior ocorrência de casos, utilizando-se análise espacial por meio da técnica de Kernel. Resultados: 228 casos foram confirmados no período, com incidência acumulada de 2,3 casos/100 mil habitantes; a maioria era de homens adultos (81,6%), economicamente ativos (82,5%), com baixa escolaridade (45,8%); as principais ocupações foram catador de material reciclável (15,8%) e pedreiro/servente de obras (15,2%); foram identificadas seis US prioritárias para ações de controle e prevenção da leptospirose. Conclusão: o perfil epidemiológico dos casos e sua distribuição espacial sugerem a manutenção dos fatores de risco ambientais favoráveis à ocorrência da doença nessas áreas.

Resumen Objetivo: caracterizar casos confirmados de Leptospirosis humana residentes en Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, entre 2007 y 2013, y su distribución espacial. Métodos: estudio descriptivo de los casos registrados en el Sistema de Información de Agravamientos de Notificación; se investigaron barrios y territorios abarcados por las Unidades de Salud (US) con mayor incidencia de casos, utilizando el análisis espacial por medio de la técnica de Kernel. Resultados: fueron confirmados 228 casos en el período, con incidencia acumulada de 2,3 casos/100.000 habitantes; la mayoría hombres adultos (81,6%), económicamente activos (82,5%), baja escolaridad (45,8%); las principales ocupaciones fueron recicladores (15,8%) y albañiles / peones de obra (15,2%); se identificaron seis US como prioritarias para acciones en el control y prevención de la leptospirosis. Conclusión: el perfil epidemiológico de los casos y su distribución espacial indica el mantenimiento de los factores de riesgo ambiental que favorecen la aparición de la enfermedad en esas áreas.

Abstract Objective: to characterize confirmed human leptospirosis cases resident in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, between 2007 and 2013, and their spatial distribution. Methods: this was a descriptive study of cases registered on the Notifiable Diseases Information System; we investigated neighborhoods and areas in the catchment area of Health Units (US) with highest case occurrence, using spatial analysis as per the Kernel technique. Results: 228 cases were confirmed in the period, with cumulative incidence of 2.3 cases/100,000 inhabitants; the majority were adult males (81.6%), economically active (82.5%) and had low schooling (45.8%); the main occupations were recyclable waste collector (15.8%) and builder/builder's mate (15.2%); six priority US were identified for leptospirosis control and prevention actions. Conclusion: the epidemiological profile and spatial distribution of cases suggest that there continue to be environmental risk factors favoring human leptospirosis occurrence in these areas.

The distribution of tuberculosis in Porto Alegre: analysis of the magnitude and tuberculosis-HIV coinfection / Distribución de la tuberculosis en Porto Alegre: análisis de la magnitud y coinfección tuberculosis-VIH / Distribuição da tuberculose em Porto Alegre: análise da magnitude e coinfecção tuberculose-HIV

Objective Analyzing the geographical distribution of the tuberculosis (TB), its incidence and prevalence and TB-HIV coinfection in the districts of Porto Alegre from 2007 to 2011. Method An ecological, descriptive study of time series that used descriptive and geoprocessing techniques. Results In total, were recorded 3,369 incident cases and 3,998 prevalent cases of pulmonary TB. In both contexts, there was predominance of cases in males and in Caucasians. Seventeen districts showed prevalence rates above 79.2 cases/100,000 inhabitants, considering that 15 of them had incidence rates above 73.7 cases/100,000 inhabitants. The TB-HIV coinfection rates reached 67% in some districts, which is above the city average value (30%). Conclusion The distribution analysis showed that the reformulation and restructuring of policies and health services in Porto Alegre are essential.
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Objetivo Analisar a distribuição geográfica da doença, sua incidência, prevalência e a coinfecção TB - HIV nos bairros deste município nos anos de 2007 a 2011. Método Estudo ecológico de série histórica, descritivo, que utilizou técnicas descritivas e de geoprocessamento. Resultados Foram registrados 3.369 casos novos e 3.998 casos prevalentes de tuberculose pulmonar bacilífera. Em ambos os contextos houve predominância de casos no sexo masculino e na etnia branca. Dezessete bairros apresentaram taxas de prevalência acima de 79,2 casos/100.000 habitantes, sendo que 15 deles tiveram incidência acima de 73,7 casos/100.000 habitantes. A taxa de coinfecção TB-HIV chegou a 67% em alguns bairros, valor superior à média da cidade (30%). Conclusão A análise de distribuição apontou que são fundamentais reformulações e reestruturações de políticas e serviços de saúde em Porto Alegre. .

Objetivo Analizar la distribución geográfica de la enfermedad, su incidencia, prevalencia y la coinfección TB - VIH en los barrios de este municipio en los años de 2007 a 2011. Método Estudio ecológico de serie histórica, descriptivo, que utilizó técnicas descriptivas y de geoprocesamiento. Resultados Fueron registrados 3.369 casos nuevos y 3.998 casos prevalentes de tuberculosis pulmonar bacilífera. En ambos contextos hubo predominancia de casos en el sexo masculino y la etnia blanca. Diecisiete barrios presentaron índices de prevalencia superiores a 79,2 casos/100.000 habitantes, siendo que 15 de esos tuvieron incidencia arriba de 73,7 casos/100.000 habitantes. El índice de coinfección TB-VIH alcanzó el 67% en algunos barrios, valor superior al promedio de la ciudad (30%). Conclusión El análisis de distribución señaló que son fundamentales las reformulaciones y reestructuraciones de políticas y servicios de salud en Porto Alegre. .

The Porto Alegre paradox: social determinants and tuberculosis incidence.

INTRODUCTION: The incidence of tuberculosis (TB) is strongly associated with social and economic factors. The city of Porto Alegre, in the South of Brazil, has one of the highest Human Development Index and Gross Domestic Product per capita of the country. One would expect that the incidence of tuberculosis in such a place were low. However, the city has very high rates of incidence, the highest among Brazilian capitals. This paradox prompted this work, whose objectives were to analyze the spatial distribution of the incidence rate of bacilliferous pulmonary tuberculosis throughout the neighborhoods of Porto Alegre and its association with socioeconomic indicators. METHODS: Ecological non-concurrent cohort study. The units of analysis were the neighborhoods of the city. The average annual incidence of bacilliferous pulmonary tuberculosis for the period 2000 to 2005 and seven socioeconomic variables were analyzed, with information obtained from the IBGE and the Mortality Information System. Spatial techniques and multivariate analyzes were used to check associations. Inequalities were also measured. RESULTS: The spatial distribution of the incidence rate of bacilliferous pulmonary tuberculosis is very similar, i.e., associated with the distribution of socioeconomic factors. The Relative Index of Inequality was 7.9, showing the great difference in the incidence rate between neighborhoods. CONCLUSION: Porto Alegre presents high incidence rates of bacilliferous pulmonary tuberculosis, which distribution through the neighborhoods of the city is associated with socioeconomic factors. The city's high rate is due to the extremely high incidence rates in its poorest neighborhoods. The authors raise hypotheses and suggest interventions.

[The distribution of tuberculosis in Porto Alegre: analysis of the magnitude and tuberculosis-HIV coinfection]. / Distribuição da tuberculose em porto alegre: análise da magnitude e coinfecção tuberculose-HIV.

OBJECTIVE: Analyzing the geographical distribution of the tuberculosis (TB), its incidence and prevalence and TB-HIV coinfection in the districts of Porto Alegre from 2007 to 2011. METHOD: An ecological, descriptive study of time series that used descriptive and geoprocessing techniques. RESULTS: In total, were recorded 3,369 incident cases and 3,998 prevalent cases of pulmonary TB. In both contexts, there was predominance of cases in males and in Caucasians. Seventeen districts showed prevalence rates above 79.2 cases/100,000 inhabitants, considering that 15 of them had incidence rates above 73.7 cases/100,000 inhabitants. The TB-HIV coinfection rates reached 67% in some districts, which is above the city average value (30%). CONCLUSION: The distribution analysis showed that the reformulation and restructuring of policies and health services in Porto Alegre are essential.


Surveillance of mother-to-child HIV transmission: socioeconomic and health care coverage indicators.

OBJECTIVE: To identify clustering areas of infants exposed to HIV during pregnancy and their association with indicators of primary care coverage and socioeconomic condition. METHODS: Ecological study where the unit of analysis was primary care coverage areas in the city of Porto Alegre, Southern Brazil, in 2003. Geographical Information System and spatial analysis tools were used to describe indicators of primary care coverage areas and socioeconomic condition, and estimate the prevalence of liveborn infants exposed to HIV during pregnancy and delivery. Data was obtained from Brazilian national databases. The association between different indicators was assessed using Spearman's nonparametric test. RESULTS: There was found an association between HIV infection and high birth rates (r=0.22, p<0.01) and lack of prenatal care (r=0.15, p<0.05). The highest HIV infection rates were seen in areas with poor socioeconomic conditions and difficult access to health services (r=0.28, p<0.01). The association found between higher rate of prenatal care among HIV-infected women and adequate immunization coverage (r=0.35, p<0.01) indicates that early detection of HIV infection is effective in those areas with better primary care services. CONCLUSIONS: Urban poverty is a strong determinant of mother-to-child HIV transmission but this trend can be fought with health surveillance at the primary care level.

Surveillance of mother-to-child HIV transmission: socioeconomic and health care coverage indicators / Vigilância da transmissão vertical do HIV: indicadores socioeconômicos e de cobertura de atenção à saúde

OBJECTIVE: To identify clustering areas of infants exposed to HIV during pregnancy and their association with indicators of primary care coverage and socioeconomic condition. METHODS: Ecological study where the unit of analysis was primary care coverage areas in the city of Porto Alegre, Southern Brazil, in 2003. Geographical Information System and spatial analysis tools were used to describe indicators of primary care coverage areas and socioeconomic condition, and estimate the prevalence of liveborn infants exposed to HIV during pregnancy and delivery. Data was obtained from Brazilian national databases. The association between different indicators was assessed using Spearman's nonparametric test. RESULTS: There was found an association between HIV infection and high birth rates (r=0.22, p<0.01) and lack of prenatal care (r=0.15, p<0.05). The highest HIV infection rates were seen in areas with poor socioeconomic conditions and difficult access to health services (r=0.28, p<0.01). The association found between higher rate of prenatal care among HIV-infected women and adequate immunization coverage (r=0.35, p<0.01) indicates that early detection of HIV infection is effective in those areas with better primary care services. CONCLUSIONS: Urban poverty is a strong determinant of mother-to-child HIV transmission but this trend can be fought with health surveillance at the primary care level.

OBJETIVO: Identificar áreas de concentração de crianças expostas ao HIV durante a gestação e sua associação com indicadores de cobertura da atenção básica à saúde, e de condições socioeconômicas saúde. MÉTODOS: Estudo ecológico tendo como unidade de análise as áreas de abrangência de unidades básicas de saúde em Porto Alegre, RS, em 2003. Foram utilizados Sistema de Informações Geográficas e ferramentas de análise espacial para calcular indicadores de cobertura da atenção básica à saúde, condições socioeconômicas e prevalência de nascidos vivos expostos ao HIV durante a gravidez e perinatal. Os dados analisados foram obtidos em sistemas de informação nacionais. A associação entre os diferentes indicadores foi avaliada por meio de teste não-paramétrico de Spearman. RESULTADOS: Observou-se associação entre infecção pelo HIV em gestantes com taxas de natalidade (r=0,22, p<0,01) e falta de assistência pré-natal (r=0,15, p<0,05). As maiores taxas de infecção por HIV em gestantes foram verificadas em áreas com piores condições socioeconômicas e dificuldades de acesso a serviços de saúde (r=0,28, p<0,01). No entanto, a relação observada entre a maior freqüência de assistência pré-natal entre gestantes HIV positivas e maior cobertura vacinal nas áreas (r=0,35, p<0,01) indica a capacidade de detecção precoce da infecção pelo HIV em áreas com melhores serviços de atenção básica. CONCLUSÕES: A pobreza urbana representa um forte condicionante da transmissão vertical do HIV mas a atuação de serviços de vigilância em saúde articulados com a atenção básica podem vencer essa tendência.

Estimativa da prevalência de HIV em gestantes por análise espacial, Porto Alegre, RS / Estimate of HIV prevalence in pregnant women by means of spatial analysis in Southern Brazil / Estimate of HIV prevalence in pregnant women by means of spatial analysis in Southern Brazil

Por meio de técnicas de análise espacial foram estimados os diferenciais intra-urbanos da prevalência de HIV entre gestantes no município de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. As estimativas foram obtidas por meio da suavização espacial dos pontos referentes às residências de nascidos vivos e gestantes HIV positivas para o ano de 2003. Foi identificada a sobreposição de áreas de alta prevalência com favelas da cidade, o que ratifica o processo de pauperização da Aids e aponta locais onde estratégias de atenção primária e educação devem ser reforçadas.

Spatial analysis techniques were used to estimate the interurban differential HIV prevalence among pregnant women in the city of Porto Alegre, Southern Brazil. The estimates were produced through the spatial smoothing of residence pinpoints with live newborns and HIV infected pregnant women for the year of 2003. The overlay of high prevalence areas in city slums was identified. This finding confirms the intensification of AIDS epidemic among poor urban populations, and indicates areas where basic care and educational strategies should be reinforced.

[Estimate of HIV prevalence in pregnant women by means of spatial analysis in Southern Brazil]. / Estimativa da prevalência de HIV em gestantes por análise espacial, Porto Alegre, RS.

Spatial analysis techniques were used to estimate the interurban differential HIV prevalence among pregnant women in the city of Porto Alegre, Southern Brazil. The estimates were produced through the spatial smoothing of residence pinpoints with live newborns and HIV infected pregnant women for the year of 2003. The overlay of high prevalence areas in city slums was identified. This finding confirms the intensification of AIDS epidemic among poor urban populations, and indicates areas where basic care and educational strategies should be reinforced.