[Associated epidemiologic factors with recurring infection of the lower urinary tract in pregnant women]. / Factores epidemiológicos asociados a recurrencia de infecciones de vías urinarias bajas en mujeres gestantes.

Background: The urinary tract infections in pregnant women are the second most frequent medical pathology in pregnancy, presenting an incidence of 5-10%. In Mexico, according to the Mexican Clinical Practice Guide, the incidence is 2%, and establishes a recurrence of 23% of them. Objective: To determine the associated epidemiologic factors with recurring infections in lower urinary tract in pregnant women during the period of May 2019 through May 2020. Material and methods: Analytical observational cross-sectional and retrospective research study, where prenatal control sheets of clinical records were reviewed from the institutional program to identify frequency of recurrence and epidemiologic factors associated with lower urinary tract infections in 90 pregnant women; the variables were analyzed through descriptive statistics and analytical statistics. Results: Of a total of 90 electronic records of pregnant women, a recurrence of lower urinary tract infections was found in 41 patients (45.6%). Conclusions: The prevalence of recurring lower urinary tract infections during pregnancy in our population is alarming in whom no association was found with the presence of the epidemiologic factors studied in the present investigation; however, a tendency of recurrence urinary tract infections was identified in women that are not working, superior level of education, 2 pregnancies or less, patients under 20 years of age and in those who were treated with nitrofurantoin for a period of time less than 7 days.

Introducción: la infección de vías urinarias en las mujeres embarazadas es la segunda patología médica más frecuente en el embarazo, presentando una incidencia del 5-10%. En México, según la Guía de Práctica Clínica Mexicana la incidencia es del 2%, y establece una recurrencia del 23% en ellas. Objetivo: determinar los factores epidemiológicos asociados a la recurrencia de infecciones de vías urinarias bajas en mujeres gestantes adscritas a la Unidad de Medicina Familiar No. 1 en el periodo de mayo del 2019 a mayo del 2020. Material y métodos: estudio de investigación observacional analítico, transversal y retrospectivo donde se revisaron hojas de control prenatal de expedientes clínicos a partir del programa institucional para identificar la frecuencia de recurrencia y los factores epidemiológicos asociados a las infecciones de vías urinarias bajas en una muestra de 90 mujeres embarazadas; las variables estudiadas se analizaron a través de estadística descriptiva y estadística analítica. Resultados: de un total de 90 expedientes electrónicos de mujeres gestantes, se encontró una recurrencia de infecciones de vías urinarias bajas a lo largo de su embarazo en 41 pacientes. Conclusiones: la prevalencia de recurrencia de infecciones de vías urinarias bajas en el embarazo en nuestra población es alarmante y no se encontró ningún factor epidemiológico asociado a esta situación; sin embargo, si se identificó una tendencia a recurrir infecciones de vías urinarias cuando no son trabajadoras, tienen escolaridad de nivel superior, dos gestas o menos, pacientes jóvenes menores de 20 años de edad y en aquellas que fueron tratadas con nitrofuranos por un periodo de tiempo inferior a 7 días.

Trichothecene Genotype Profiling of Wheat Fusarium graminearum Species Complex in Paraguay.

Paraguay is a non-traditional wheat-producing country in one of the warmest regions in South America. Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) is a critical disease affecting this crop, caused by the Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC). A variety of these species produce trichothecenes, including deoxynivalenol (DON) and its acetylated forms (3-ADON and 15-ADON) or nivalenol (NIV). This study characterized the phylogenetic relationships, and chemotype diversity of 28 strains within FGSC collected from wheat fields across different country regions. Phylogenetic analysis based on the sequence of elongation factor-1α gene (EF-1α) from 28 strains revealed the presence of four species in the FGSC: F. graminearum sensu stricto, F. asiaticum, F. meridionale and F. cortaderiae. Ten strains selected for further analysis revealed that all F. graminearum strains were 15-ADON chemotype, while the two strains of F. meridionale and one strain of F. asiaticum were NIV chemotype. Thus, the 15-ADON chemotype of F. graminearum sensu stricto was predominant within the Fusarium strains isolated in the country. This work is the first report of phylogenetic relationships and chemotype diversity among Fusarium strains which will help understand the population diversity of this pathogen in Paraguay.