Determinants of Suboptimal Peak Inspiratory Flow Rates among Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Southwest, Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: Inhalational therapy is the cornerstone in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. Patients' peak inspiratory flow impacts effective dry powder inhaler (DPI) delivery and management outcome. OBJECTIVE: This study assessed peak inspiratory flow rates (PIFR) and determined the factors associated with suboptimal inspiratory flow rates among COPD patients. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 60 participants (30 stable COPD patients and 30 age-and-sex matched controls). Socio-demographic characteristics was obtained and spirometry was done for all participants. PIFR assessment was done using the In-Check Dial Meter and was categorized as suboptimal (< 60L/min) or optimal (≥ 60L/min). P values less than 0.05 were taken as statistically significant. RESULTS: Mean age of the COPD patients and healthy controls were both 67.8 ± 10.3 years, with 53.3% being females. Post-bronchodilation FEV 1/FVC% for COPD patients was 54.15 ± 11.27%. The mean PIFR among COPD patients was significantly lower than that of healthy controls, in all DPIs simulated, especially for Clickhaler (46.2±13.4 vs 60.5±11.4L/min, p<0.001). A significant proportion of COPD patients had suboptimal PIFR, in the simulated resistances against Clickhaler and Turbuhaler (70% vs 80%; p<0.001). Older age, shorter height and low BMI were associated with suboptimal PIFR among COPD patients. However, independent predictors of suboptimal PIFR were BMI, PEFR, FEV1% and FVC%. CONCLUSION: Suboptimal PIFR was found in a significant number of COPD patients when compared with healthy respondents. Routine assessment using In-Check Dial meter should be done to determine the suitability of dry powder inhalers for patients with COPD.

CONTEXTE: Le traitement par inhalation est la pierre angulaire de la prise en charge des patients atteints de bronchopneumopathie chronique obstructive (BPCO). Le débit inspiratoire de pointe des patients a une incidence sur l'efficacité de l'inhalateur de poudre sèche et sur les résultats de la prise en charge. OBJECTIF DE L'ÉTUDE: Cette étude a évalué les débits inspiratoires de pointe et déterminé les facteurs associés aux débits inspiratoires sousoptimaux chez les patients atteints de BPCO. MÉTHODES: Une étude transversale descriptive a été menée auprès de 60 participants (30 patients atteints de BPCO stable et 30 témoins appariés selon l'âge et le sexe). Les caractéristiques socio-démographiques ont été recueillies et une spirométrie a été effectuée pour tous les participants. L'évaluation du PIFR a été réalisée à l'aide du Dial Meter In-Check et a été catégorisée comme suboptimale (< 60L/min) ou optimale (≥ 60L/min). Les valeurs P inférieures à 0,05 ont été considérées comme statistiquement significatives. RÉSULTATS: L'âge moyen des patients atteints de BPCO et des témoins sains était de 67,8 ± 10,3 ans, avec 53,3 % de femmes. Le pourcentage de VEMS/FVC après bronchodilatation chez les patients atteints de BPCO était de 54,15 ± 11,27 %. Le PIFR moyen des patients atteints de BPCO était significativement plus faible que celui des témoins sains, pour tous les DPI simulés, en particulier pour le Clickhaler (46,2±13,4 vs 60,5±11,4L/min, p<0,001). Une proportion significative de patients atteints de BPCO avait un PIFR sous-optimal, dans les résistances simulées contre Clickhaler et Turbuhaler (70% vs 80% ; p<0.001). L'âge avancé, la petite taille et un faible IMC étaient associés à une PIFR sous-optimale chez les patients atteints de BPCO. Cependant, les prédicteurs indépendants du PIFR suboptimal étaient l'IMC, le DEP, le VEMS et la CVF. CONCLUSION: Un nombre significatif de patients atteints de BPCO présente un PIFR sous-optimal par rapport aux personnes interrogées en bonne santé. Une évaluation de routine à l'aide de l'appareil de mesure In-Check Dial devrait être effectuée pour déterminer si les inhalateurs de poudre sèche conviennent aux patients atteints de BPCO. Mots clés: Inhalateur de poudre sèche, Débit inspiratoire maximal, Fonction pulmonaire.

Acute Exacerbation of COPD: Clinical Perspectives and Literature Review.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) COPD is a significant cause of morbidity and the third leading cause of death worldwide. COPD is a chronic progressive disease which may be interspersed by periods of acute worsening of respiratory symptoms beyond normal day-to-day variations, called exacerbations, which substantially impact health status and has cumulative effects on lung function. Acute exacerbation of COPD negatively affects disease progression, facilitating decline in pulmonary function and resulting in impaired quality of life and increased mortality risk. Therefore, early introduction of preventive measures in patients at risk of COPD remains the cornerstone of management. This article summarizes clinical perspectives and current knowledge on COPD exacerbations, with insights into practices in low- and middle-income countries.

La bronchopneumopathie chronique obstructive (BPCO) est une cause importante de morbidité et la troisième cause de décès dans le monde. La BPCO est une maladie chronique évolutive qui peut être entrecoupée de périodes d'aggravation aiguë des symptômes respiratoires au-delà des variations quotidiennes normales, appelées exacerbations, qui ont un impact considérable sur l'état de santé et des effets cumulatifs sur la fonction pulmonaire. L'exacerbation aiguë de la BPCO a un effet négatif sur la progression de la maladie, facilitant le déclin de la fonction pulmonaire et entraînant une dégradation de la qualité de vie et un risque accru de mortalité. Par conséquent, l'introduction précoce de mesures préventives chez les patients à risque de BPCO reste la pierre angulaire de la prise en charge. Cet article résume les perspectives cliniques et les connaissances actuelles sur les exacerbations de la BPCO, avec un aperçu des pratiques dans les pays à revenu faible ou intermédiaire. Mots clés: Maladie pulmonaire obstructive chronique, exacerbations, progression.

OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA.

EDITORIAL.

The Prevalence and Factors Associated with Depression among Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis at the Federal Medical Center, Owo, Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: Co-morbid depression poses a challenge to the successful management of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). This study assessed the prevalence of depression and its associated factors among patients receiving treatment for TB in a tertiary health care facility in southwestern Nigeria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among all the pulmonary TB patients presenting in the initiating or continuous phase of treatment and they were consecutively recruited between January and December, 2017. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) tool was used for the diagnosis of depression. The severity of depression was assessed using Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD). RESULTS: Of the 152 patients, 85 (55.9%) were males with a mean age of 41.7 ±15.5 years and 71 (46.7%) had depression of which 64(90.1%) had mild depression and 2 (2.8%) had severe depression. Among female 38(56.7%) were depressed compared to 33 (38.8%) male (p=0.028). Fifty-nine (55.1%) of those on continuous phase of treatment were depressed compared to 12 (27.3%) initiating treatment (p=0.002). In those with HIV co-morbidity 36 (66.7%) were depressed while 35 (35.7%) were depressed among those without HIV co-morbidity (p <0.001). Among those who had poor perception of treatment outcome, 7 (87.5%) were depressed compared to 64 (44.4%) with good perception, p=0.018. Overall, predictors of depression were having poor perception about outcome of treatment (AOR: 12.9; CI 95%: 1.4-118.4), having HIV co-morbidity (AOR: 2.9; CI 95%: 1.4-6.3) and being on continuous phase of TB treatment (AOR: 2.5; CI 95%: 1.1- 5.9). CONCLUSION: The care of patients with TB should be more comprehensive. Health care workers should actively seek for evidence of depression among patients diagnosed with Tuberculosis and appropriate help offered to them.

Impact of Sleep Quality on Asthma Control amongst Asthmatics at Federal Medical Centre, Owo, Ondo State.

BACKGROUND: Poor sleep quality is reportedly common among asthmatic patients, however, there is little or no data among Nigerian asthmatics. The purpose of this study was to determine the contribution of sleep quality to Asthma control OBJECTIVE-To determine the impact of sleep quality on asthma control amongst asthma patients at Federal Medical Centre, Owo, Ondo State. METHODS-This was a cross sectional study evaluating 100 clinically stable asthmatic patients at the outpatient department at Federal Medical Center, Owo. Subjective sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Daytime sleepiness was assessed using the Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS). Asthma control was assessed by Asthma Control Test (ACT) score. Peak Expiratory Flow variability (PEF) was used to determine average daily variability in lung expiratory flow and this was used to monitor asthma control and severity over a period of two weeks. Additionally, lung function was assessed by spirometry. RESULTS: The mean age of the study population was 45.2 ± 17. 5years. Sixty patients (60%) had poor quality of sleep (PSQI > 5), while fifty-three patients (53%) had excessive daytime sleepiness (ESS>9). Increasing global PSQI score (poor sleep quality) was associated with decreasing ACT score (poor asthma control) with (r=-0.63; p <0.001). Multiple regression analysis showed that quality of sleep was the independent predictor of asthma control in our patients (p= <0.001). CONCLUSION: Results from this study suggest that quality of sleep is a significant determinant of asthma control in asthmatic patients. Therefore, efforts should be made to screen patients with asthma for sleep impairment.

Consumption of Gongronema latifolium Aqueous Leaf Extract During Lactation May Improve Metabolic Homeostasis in Young Adult Offspring.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Medicinal plants constitute a fundamental component of the traditional healthcare system in rural communities throughout Africa and Gongronema latifolium (GL), is widely trusted in Nigeria to have strong nutritional and medicinal values. This study was done to determine the effect of maternal consumption of GL during lactation in young adult offspring. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty four female albino Wistar rats were used for this study and were randomly assigned to four (4) groups. Group I: Control, Group II, 100 mg kg-1, III, 200 mg kg-1 and IV: 400 mg kg-1 at delivery. The extract was administered orally and daily throughout lactation. RESULTS: At postnatal day 42, offspring of extract-treated groups showed a dose-related significant decrease (p<0.05) in body weight, food intake, glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) and a significant increase in liver weight index, pancreatic weight index, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and insulin concentrations of the offspring when compared with control in both sexes. Histological examination showed that GL extract caused histological alterations of the liver structures with various changes in the size of the sinusoids, with mild inflammatory cells without hepatotoxicity and cellular multiplication when compared with control. CONCLUSION: This study suggested that consumption of GL extract by lactating dams may improve metabolic homeostasis in young adult offspring.

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Clinical Perspectives and Ongoing Challenges.

BACKGROUND: Emerging infectious diseases pose a great hazard to public health and the global economy. A novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), emerged from Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Since then, it has spread globally causing a global health emergency of inconceivable magnitude, with significant morbidity and mortality. There is the need for clinicians and health care providers to understand and gain knowledge of the different aspects of the disease as it evolves. OBJECTIVE: We reviewed existing literature on COVID-19 in order to present a synopsis of current understanding of the disease. METHODS: Using PubMed, Embase and Medline, articles published between January and April 2020 on Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and resources from World Health Organisation were analyzed in order to have an understanding of the clinical characteristics, transmission dynamics, virology, diagnostic possibilities, prevention, management approach, controversies and impact of COVID-19 on the healthcare workforce. RESULTS: Our review revealed that COVID-19 patients present with a myriad of symptoms, ranging from mild to severe respiratory disease, which can often be fatal. The mode of transmission via droplet infections makes it unduly contagious and difficult to control. Currently, antiviral drugs or vaccines are being developed to manage this condition. CONCLUSION: There is urgent need for potent antivirals and vaccine to manage those infected with COVID 19 and prevent infection. Global efforts need to be unified in combating this public health emergency and flattening the curve of spread.

Economic Cost of Asthma and Psychiatric Morbidity in Nigerian Patients with Asthma.

BACKGROUND: Asthma is known to constitute a huge economic burden to its sufferers and their carers. There is a dearth of studies documenting this burden among asthmatics in Nigeria. OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the relationship between economic cost and psychiatric morbidity among stable Nigerian patients with asthma. METHODS: 85 patients with asthma completed a socio-demographic and illness-related questionnaire, the modified Economic Cost Questionnaire and General Health Questionnaire 12 (GHQ 12). Associations between socio-demographic characteristics, illness related variables, psychiatric morbidity and the direct, indirect and total costs in relation to asthma were assessed. RESULTS: The average annual total, direct and indirect cost were $309, $190.65 and $118.34 respectively per patient for subjects with asthma. Direct cost constituted 62.7% while the indirect cost was 38.3% of the total cost for asthma. Drugs and hospitalisation were leading contributors to direct costs for asthma. Psychiatric morbidity was found to be present in 35% of subjects with asthma, those with psychiatric morbidity had a higher economic burden. CONCLUSION: The economic cost of asthma is high, psychiatric morbidity increases this cost. The cost is largely due to drugs and hospitalisations for exacerbation. There is an urgent need to optimize means of helping to minimize this cost and increase measures for detecting and treating psychiatric morbidity.

Cognitive Functions in Patients with Clinically Stable (Mild to Moderate) Asthma in South West Nigeria: Assessment using Automated Neuropsychological Test Battery.

OBJECTIVE: Previous reports has shown that asthmatic patients with poor asthma control exhibited cognitive dysfunction. However, there is paucity of information on the cognitive functions of patients with clinically stable asthma particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Subjects, study setting, materials and methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at the Federal Medical Centre, Owo, South West Nigeria from 2014-2016. Forty patients with mild to moderate asthma and forty matched (age, sex and educational status) non-asthmatic control subjects were included. Spirometry was done for all participants. Cognitive performance on domains of psychomotor speed, attention/concentration, memory and vigilance were assessed in all the participants using the Fepsy neuropsychological test battery Results: The mean age of the patients with asthma in years was 38.65±16.67 while that of the control subjects was 39.18±11.64 years. The patients with asthma had prolonged visual and binary choice reaction time relative to controls. Older asthmatic patients had prolonged visual and binary choice reaction time when compared to controls (p<0.05) while other socio-demographic clinical characteristics of the patients did not have impact on their cognitive performance (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Cognitive performance was similar between the patients with mild to moderate asthma and non-asthmatic controls. Older asthmatic patients have impaired psychomotor speed relative to younger asthmatic patients.

Knowledge and practice assessment, and self reported barriers to guideline based asthma management among doctors in Nigeria.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Doctors' knowledge contributes to practice and quality of care rendered to patients. To assess the knowledge and practice assessment and self reported barriers to guideline-based management among doctors. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study among doctors from various part of the country attending a continuing medical education (CME) program in Lagos, Nigeria. We used a self-administered, pretested, semistructured, validated questionnaire based on the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) guideline. RESULTS: Of the 98 participants, 41 (42%) and 18 (18.4%) had good level of asthma knowledge and practice, respectively. There was no relationship between level of knowledge and practice and the level of knowledge was not associated with the practice (X2 = 6.56, P = 0.16). The most reported barriers to good guideline-based practice were the unavailability of diagnostic and treatment facilities (44.3%), poor medication adherence (25.7%), and high cost of asthma medications (18.6%). CONCLUSION: The level of asthma knowledge and practice, respectively, among doctors in Nigeria is low and there is no relationship between level of knowledge and practice. Unavailability of diagnostic and treatment facilities, poor medication adherence, and high cost of medications are important barriers to good practice. There is a need to improve asthma education among doctors in Nigeria. Addressing barriers to good practice is essential for the translation of knowledge into practice.

Relationship between knowledge and quality of asthma care among physicians in South-West Nigeria.

INTRODUCTION: Adequate knowledge of asthma management and adherence to international guidelines are known to increase the quality of care offered by Physicians. We conducted this study to assess the level of asthma knowledge and quality of care among physicians practicing in Ondo State. METHODS: We conducted a cross sectional survey of 96 physicians from various specialties participating in a continuous professional development (CPD) lecture using adapted questionnaires. RESULT: Respondents ranged in age from 23-62years (42.5±19.4). There were more male (70%). The minority (17%) had additional postgraduate medical qualifications. There was a high distribution of correct answers for individual knowledge questions. The greatest areas of knowledge gaps appeared in diagnostic instruments, asthma severity and drugs. We observed gaps regarding the use of GINA guidelines (6%) and prescribing combined inhaled steroid and long acting bronchodilator for patients who are not controlled on inhaled steroid alone (29%). A large number of the respondents do not confirm the diagnosis of asthma by spirometry (32%). Only 8% of the respondents with high knowledge reported a corresponding high quality of Asthma care. CONCLUSION: We concluded that although physicians in South-West Nigeria appear to have good knowledge, there are areas of gap in the quality of asthma care with regards to standard guideline. There is need for constant training and re-training of physicians in order to keep them up to date with international guidelines. In addition, increase access to diagnostic facilities and adapting international guideline to local realities will help improve standard of Asthma care.

Tuberculosis treatment outcomes and interruption among patients assessing DOTS regimen in a tertiary hospital in semi-urban area of south-western Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis remains one of the most infectious diseases worldwide especially with the HIV pandemic. It is a cause of high morbidity and mortality in developing countries including Nigeria. Reasons contributing to high morbidity and mortality include high defaulting rate and treatment interruption. Several studies had evaluated the treatment outcome of tuberculosis but there is paucity of published literature on the outcome of treatment interruption especially in this environment. This study thus assessed the outcome of treatments and interruption among patients assessing DOTS regimen in a tertiary hospital located in asemi urban area in south-western Nigeria. METHODOLOGY: The study was a review of TB register of the federal medical centre, Owo from its inception in 2008 to 2011. All the patients that have completed at least one course of chemotherapy (defined as 8 months of anti-tuberculosis treatment- 2 months intensive phase and 6 months continuation phase) were included. Treatment outcome and interruption were defined in accordance with World Health Organisation (WHO) recommendations. Data were analysed with SPSS version 17. RESULTS: A total of 400 patients were included. The mean age of patients was 36.8 +/- 16.8 years and 56.3% were male. Majority, (79.7%) were adults aged 19-64 years, 12.5% were in the paediatric age group and 7.8% were elderly. Less than half, 45.3% had TB/HIV co-infection. Regarding treatment outcome of tuberculosis, 75.5% were cured, 14.8% died, 4% relapsed and 3% defaulted. A little above one-fifth, 21 (5.3%) had treatment interruption among whom 9 (42.9%) were successfully traced and completed treatment. Significantly, higher proportion of those that had treatment interruption died, 54.1% compared with their counterpart, 14.9%, (p < 0.001) and had relapse. (14.3% versus 3.4%, p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: A high rate of tracking failure among patients with treatment interruption was found in the study. In addition, mortality and morbidity were higher among patients with treatment interruption. A more concerted effort is needed in tracking/tracing patients with treatment interruption in orderto reduce morbidity and mortality among TB patients assessing treatment.

The Asthma Control Test and its Relationship with Lung Function Parameters

The Asthma Control Test (ACT) is a validated, simple,and inexpensive instrument to assess control among patients with bronchial asthma. However, its relationship with lung function parameters is yet to be demonstrated among Nigerian asthma patients. Our study aimed at assessing asthma control using ACT scores and determining its relationship with lung function parameters among persons with asthma in a university respiratory clinic.The cross-sectional study included 65 patients with bronchial asthma who underwent routine check-ups in respiratory clinics at the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex (OAUTHC), Ile-Ife, Nigeria between October 2009 and January 2011. The ACT was administered to assess for asthma control. Lung function testing was done using the guidelines of the American Thoracic Society (ATS).The mean pre-bronchodilator FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in 1 second) was 1.97±0.87L and mean ACT score was 18.2+4.28; 24 (37%) of the study subjects had well-controlled asthma. The ACT scores were weakly correlated with percentage of predicted,FEV1(r=0.220, p=<0.078) and PEF (peak expiratoryflow), (r=0.168,p=0.18).In this study, most of the patients had poor asthma control and lung function parameters correlated poorly with ACT scores. It is important that the ACT complements other physiological measures of assessing asthma control in our environment

Health-related quality of life among patients with bronchial asthma in Ile-Ife, Nigeria

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Antibacterial activities of lactic acid bacteria isolated from selected vegetables grown in nigeria: a preliminary report

Members of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are known probiotics and have been reported to have antimicrobial properties. Although various researchers have documented the isolation of these bacteria from fruits and vegetables; studies on LAB associated with lettuce; cucumber and cabbage are limited and non-existing in Nigeria. This study was designed to assess lettuce; cucumber and cabbage as potential sources of LAB and investigate the actions of their bacterial cell supernatants (BCS) on some pathogenic bacteria. Using standard microbiological methods; isolated LAB were identified to species level with API 50 CH kits (Biomerieux; France). Cell free supernatants (CFS) from de Man Rogosa Sharpe (MRS) broth cultures of the LAB strains were used to challenge Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853; Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212; Escherichia coli ATCC 12900 and Proteus penneri ATCC 13315 by agar well diffusion method. The control consisted of the sterile MRS broth subjected to the same growth conditions as LAB broth cultures. A total of four lactic acid bacteria were isolated as follows: Pediococcus pentosaceus 2 from cucumber; Lactobacillus cellobiosus from cabbage; Lactobacillus salivarius and Lactobacillus plantarum 1 from lettuce. Pediococcus pentosaceus 2 and L. salivarius showed inhibitory effects on all the standard strains tested while L. plantarum 1 showed no inhibitory activity against E. faecalis and E. coli. Lactobacillus cellobiosus showed inhibition against all except P. penneri. Although; the molecular characterisation and probiotic potentials of these LAB strains are being investigated in an on-going study; we presumed these vegetables are prospective sources of the bacteria in Nigeria and therefore the need to extensively investigate the vegetables and other related vegetables becomes imperative

Essential oil composition of Piper guineense and its antimicrobial activity. Another chemotype from Nigeria.

The analysis of the essential oil of Piper guineense from Nigeria presents a new chemotype of constituents different from earlier reports with the absence of the usual myristicin. Ishwarane, a common constituent of Aristolochia indica and Bixa orellana, was also isolated from the essential oil of the fruit. The essential oil inhibited the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa UCH 655 strain at 5 mg/mL on which standard antibiotic drugs were ineffective.

In vitro anti-mycobacterial activities of three species of Cola plant extracts (Sterculiaceae).

Extracts obtained from three Nigerian Sterculiaceae plants: Cola accuminata, C. nitida and C. milleni were screened for anti-mycobacterium properties using a slow growing Mycobacterium bovis ATCC 35738 (designated BCG Mexican and known to have some virulence in mouse and guinea pig) at 1000 microg/ml using the radiometric (BACTEC) method. The extracts were also tested against six fast growing ATCC strains of M. vaccae using the broth microdilution method. The methanol extracts from both leaves, stem bark and root bark of Cola accuminata and from the leaves and stem bark of C. nitida and C. milleni were not active at the highest concentration of 1000 microg/ml. Only the methanol extract of root bark for both C. nitida and C. milleni were found to be potent against both M. bovis and strains of M. vaccae. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of C. nitida against M. bovis is 125 microg/ml while the MIC of C. milleni against M. bovis is 62.5 microg/ml after at least 6 days of inhibition with growth index (GI) units lesser than or equal to the change in GI units inoculated with a 1/100 of the BACTEC inoculum for a control vial. The minimum inhibitory concentration of C. milleni against the six ATCC strain of M. vaccae ranged from 62.5 microg/ml to 250 microg/ml while for C. nitida ranged from 500 microg/ml to above 1000microg/ml. Evidently, C. milleni has the highest inhibitory activity against both M. bovis and strains of M. vaccae used. Rifampicin, the positive control used has strong activity against M. bovis at the tested concentration of 5 microg and 10 microg/ml and 4 to 8 microg/ml against the six strains of M. vaccae.

Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of the fruit essential oil of Xylopia aethiopica from Nigeria.

The fruits essential oil of Xylopia aethiopica showed activity against four microorganisms and cytotoxicity to carcinoma cells (Hep-2 cell line) at 5 mg/ml concentration.