Preparation of novel and recyclable chitosan-alumina nanocomposite as superabsorbent to remove diazinon and tetracycline contaminants from aqueous solution.

This work presents a novel, strong and efficient adsorbent (CS@TDI@EDTA@γ-AlO(OH)) prepared through the green process using three components, chitosan, BNPs and EDTA using amide and ester bridges. An eco-friendly and easy approach was used for the preparation of this novel adsorbent, the low cost, easy access to the used materials, and the simplicity of the preparation method are some of the interesting advantages of this work. Also, this prepared adsorbent was used as an adsorbent to remove diazinon organophosphate poison and tetracycline antibiotic from aqueous solutions. In order to confirm the prepared adsorbent structure, the CS@TDI@EDTA@γ-AlO(OH) composite was investigated by various analyses including FT-IR, EDX, XRD, FESEM and TGA. The adsorption behavior of the adsorbent prepared for the removal of tetracycline and diazinon was investigated under different conditions by varying the concentration, temperature, the adsorbent dose, pH and contact time. Based on various tests, the highest diazinon adsorption capacity was obtained for 0.12 g/L adsorbent at pH 7 and 60 °C with 40 mg/L initial concentration. Also, the maximum adsorption capacity of the tetracycline was obtained for 0.12 g/L adsorbent at pH 9 and 60 °C with 30 mg/L initial concentration. The equilibrium results for diazinon and for tetracycline were in good accordance with the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models, respectively. Also, the highest adsorption capacities for diazinon at pH 7 and tetracycline at pH 9 were 1428.5 and 555.5 mg/g, respectively. Also the kinetic investigations revealed that the correlation factor (R2) of pseudo-second-order model obtained for the adsorption of diazinon and tetracycline was 0.9986 and 0.9988, while the coefficient k (g/mg.min) was 0.000084 and 0.0033, respectively. These results indicate that the adsorption of diazinon and tetracycline is pseudo-second-order kinetics model. Formation of hydrogen bonds between adsorbate and adsorbent as well as the high specific surface area and porosity of the adsorbent are the main mechanisms that contribute to the adsorption process. In addition, thermodynamic studies indicated that the adsorption of diazinon and tetracycline is a spontaneous endothermic process. The adsorbent prepared in this work was expected to have wide range of applications in wastewater treatment thanks to its good reusability in water and strong removal of diazinon and tetracycline compared to other adsorbents.

Adsorption of diazinon from aqueous solution using metal organic framework and functionalized graphene: Comparison of BBD, ANN models.

In the present study, metal organic frameworks (MOFs) and aminated graphitic carbonaceous structure (ACS-RGO) through chemical synthesis prepared by a simple precipitation method and used for diazinon removal. Several techniques such as XRD , FESEM and FTIR were applied for identification of MOF-5 and ACS-RGO. Also, response surface methodology (RSM) was employed in this work to look at the effectiveness of diazinon adsorption. To forecast pesticide removal, we applied artificial neural network (ANN) and Box-Behnken Design (BBD) models. For the ANN model, a sensitivity analysis was also performed. The effect of independent variables like solution pH, various concentrations of diazinon, MOFs and ACS-RGO adsorbent dose and contact time were assessed to find out the optimum conditions. Based on the model prediction, the optimal condition for adsorption ACS-RGO and MOF-5 were determined to be pH 6.6 and 6.6, adsorbent dose of 0.59 and 0.906 g/L, and mixing time of 52.15 and 36.96 min respectively. These conditions resulted in 96.69% and 80.62% diazinon removal using ACS-RGO and MOF-5, respectively. Isotherm studies proved the adsorption of ACS-RGO and MOF-5 following the Langmuir isotherm model for diazinon removal. Diazinon removal followed by the pseudo-second and Pseudo-first order kinetics model provides a better fit for analyzing the kinetic data associated with pesticide adsorption for ACS-RGO and MOF-5, respectively. Based on the obtained results, the predicted values for the efficiency of diazinon removal with the ANN and BBD were similar (R2=0.98). Therefore, two models were able to predict diazinon removal by ACS-RGO and MOF-5.

Tocilizumab degradation via photo-catalytic ozonation process from aqueous.

Following the advent of the coronavirus pandemic, tocilizumab has emerged as a potentially efficacious therapeutic intervention. The utilization of O3-Heterogeneous photocatalytic process (O3-HPCP) as a hybrid advanced oxidation technique has been employed for the degradation of pollutants. The present study employed a solvothermal technique for the synthesis of the BiOI-MOF composite. The utilization of FTIR, FESEM, EDAX, XRD, UV-vis, BET, TEM, and XPS analysis was employed to confirm the exceptional quality of the catalyst. the study employed an experimental design, subsequently followed by the analysis of collected data in order to forecast the most favorable conditions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of several factors, including reaction time (30-60 min), catalyst dose (0.25-0.5 mg/L), pH levels (4-8), ozone concentration (20-40 mMol/L), and tocilizumab concentration (10-20 mg/L), on the performance of O3-HPCP. The best model was discovered by evaluating the F-value and P-value coefficients, which were found to be 0.0001 and 347.93, respectively. In the given experimental conditions, which include a catalyst dose of 0.46 mg/L, a reaction time of 59 min, a pH of 7.0, and an ozone concentration of 32 mMol/L, the removal efficiencies were found to be 92% for tocilizumab, 79.8% for COD, and 59% for TOC. The obtained R2 value of 0.98 suggests a strong correlation between the observed data and the predicted values, indicating that the reaction rate followed first-order kinetics. The coefficient of synergy for the degradation of tocilizumab was shown to be 1.22. The catalyst exhibited satisfactory outcomes, but with a marginal reduction in efficacy of approximately 3%. The sulfate ion (SO42-) exhibited no influence on process efficiency, whereas the nitrate ion (NO3-) exerted the most significant impact among the anions. The progress of the process was impeded by organic scavengers, with methanol exhibiting the most pronounced influence and sodium azide exerting the least significant impact. The efficacy of pure BiOI and NH2-MIL125 (Ti) was diminished when employed in their pure form state. The energy consumption per unit of degradation, denoted as EEO, was determined to be 161.8 KWh/m3-order.

Nonionizing Electromagnetic Irradiations; Biological Interactions, Human Safety.

Human is usually exposed to environmental radiation from natural and man-made sources. Therefore, it is important to investigate the effects of exposure to environmental radiation, partly related to understanding and protecting against the risk of exposure to environmental radiation with beneficial and adverse impacts on human life. The rapid development of technologies causes a dramatic enhancement of radiation in the human environment. In this study, we address the biological effects caused by different fractions of non-ionizing electromagnetic irradiation to humans and describe possible approaches for minimizing adverse health effects initiated by radiation. The main focus was on biological mechanisms initiated by irradiation and represented protection, and safety approaches to prevent health disorders.

Visible-light-driven TiO2@Fe2O3/Chitosan nanocomposite with promoted photodegradation of meropenem and imipenem antibiotics by peroxymonosulfate.

This study assessed wastewater treatment by visible-light/Peroxymonosulfate process using its linking with TiO2@Fe3O4 nanoparticles coated on chitosan. Meropenem and Imipenem photodegradation was evaluated as a model-resistant contaminant by TiO2@Fe2O3/chitosan nanocomposite. The synthesised TiO2@Fe2O3/chitosan was characterised using various techniques. Fe2O3 and TiO2 nanoparticles on the chitosan surface were affirmed via XRD, EDX, and FTIR findings. The FESEM and TEM results verified the deposition of TiO2@Fe2O3 on the chitosan surface. Under optimum circumstances (pH = 4, catalyst dosage = 0.5 g/L, antibiotics concentration = 25 mg/L reaction time = 30 min, and PMS = 2 mM), maximum degradation efficiency was obtained at about 95.64 and 93.9% for Meropenem and Imipenem, respectively. Also, the experiments demonstrated that TiO2@Fe2O3/chitosan had a better performance than photolysis and adsorption by catalyst without visible light irradiation in degrading antibiotics. The scavenger tests confirmed that O2⋅-, SO4⋅-, HO⋅, and h+ are present simultaneously during the pollutant photodegradation process. After five recovery cycles, the system eliminated over 80 percent of antibiotics. It suggested that the catalyst's capacity to be reused may be cost-effective.

Effects of workload and job stress on the shift work disorders among nurses: PLS SEM modeling.

Nurses, as the largest forces in the health system, are always challenged with various work responsibilities such as long working hours, lack of manpower and death of patients. This study aimed at providing a model of the relationship between workload and physical and mental health, sleep disorders, and individual and family problems by the mediation role of job stress. The present study is a cross-sectional study that was conducted on 300 nurses in a specialty and sub-specialty hospital in Tehran. For this reason, various questionnaires including demographic, survey of shift workers (SOS) and job stress questionnaires were used to collect the desired data. The proposed model was presented using structural equation modeling method based on Smart-PLS and SPSS-20 software. The results show that workload has an effect on job stress (ß=0.747), mental health (ß=-0.291), Physical health (ß=-0.253), sleep quality (ß=-0.234) and personal and family problems (ß=-0.206). Also the results of this study show that job stress has an effect on mental health (ß=-0.295), Physical health (ß=-0.349), sleep quality (ß=-0.295) and Personal and family problems (ß=-0.441). In conclusion, results showed that the data fitted well with the model and that workload is associated with physical and mental problems, sleep disorders and individual and family problems both directly and indirectly through job stress mediation.

Assessment of rotavirus and norovirus emitted from water spray park: QMRA, diseases burden and sensitivity analysis.

A quantitative model on exposure to pathogenic viruses in air of recreational area and their corresponding health effects is necessary to provide mitigation actions in content of emergency response plans (ERP). Here, the health risk associated with exposure to two pathogenic viruses of concern: Rotavirus (RoV) and Norovirus (NoV) in air of water spray park were estimated using a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) model. To this end, real-time Reverse Transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR) was employed to measure the concentration levels of RoV and NoV over a twelve-month period. The probability of infection, illness and diseases burden of gastrointestinal illness (GI) caused by RoV and NoV for both workers and visitors were estimated using QMRA and Monto-Carlo simulation technique. The annual mean concentration for RoV and NoV in sampling air of water spray park were 20and 1754, respectively. The %95 confidence interval (CI) calculated annual DALY indicator for RoV (Workers: 2.62 × 10-4-2.62 × 10-1, Visitors: 1.50 × 10-5-2.42 × 10-1) and NoV (Workers: 5.54 × 10-3-2.53 × 10-1; Visitors: 5.18 × 10-4-2.54 × 10-1) were significantly higher the recommended values by WHO and US EPA (10-6-10-4 DALY pppy). According to sensitivity analysis, exposure dose and disease burden per case (DBPC) were found as the most influencing factors on disease burden as a consequences of exposure to RoV and NoV, respectively. The comprehensive information on DALY and QMRA can aid authorities involved in risk assessment and recreational actions to adopt proper approach and mitigation actions to minimize the health risk.

Corrigendum to data on nitrate-nitrite pollution in the groundwater resources a Sonqor plain in Iran [Data in Brief Volume 20 (2018) Pages 394-401].

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2018.08.023.].

Human, Forest and vegetation health metrics of ground-level ozone (SOMO35, AOT40f and AOT40v) in Tehran.

PURPOSE: We aimed to investigate the spatial O3 indices (SOMO35: annual sum of maximum daily 8-h ozone means over 35 ppb, AOT40: the accumulated exposure over an hourly threshold of 40 ppb during daylight hours between 8:00 and 20:00 in the growing seasons of plants) in Tehran (2019-2020). METHODS: The data of ambient O3 concentrations, measured at twenty-three regulatory ambient air quality monitoring stations (AQMSs) in Tehran, were obtained. RESULTS: The annual mean O3 concentrations were found to be 15.8-25.7 ppb; the highest and lowest annual mean concentration of ambient O3 were observed in Shahrdari 22 and Shahr-e-Rey stations, respectively. Spatial distribution of exposure to O3 across Tehran was in the range of 1.36-1.64; the highest O3 concentrations were observed in the northern, west and south-western parts of Tehran, while the central and south areas of Tehran city experienced low to moderate concentrations. The indices of SOMO35, AOT40f and AOT40v across AQMSs in Tehran was in the range of 1830-6437 ppb. Days, 10,613-39,505 ppb.h and 4979-16,804 ppb.h, respectively. For Tehran city, the indices of SOMO35 and AOT40f were 4138 ppb. days and 27,556 ppb.h respectively. Our results revealed that the value of SOMO35 across AQMSs of Tehran was higher than the recommended target value of 3000 ppb. days. CONCLUSIONS: To reduce O3 pollution and its effects on both human and plants health, the governmental organizations should take appropriate sustainable control policies.

Poly (amidoamine) generation 6 functionalized Fe3O4@SiO2/GPTMS core-shell magnetic NPs as a new adsorbent for Arsenite adsorption: kinetic, isotherm and thermodynamic studies.

In this survey a new route has been developed the preparation of poly (amidoamine) generation 6 (PAMAM-G6) dendrimer functionalized Fe3O4/SiO2 nanoparticle and was used for arsenite (As (III)) adsorption. SiO2 was first grafted onto the surface of Fe3O4 to formation a core-shell structure. Then the introduction of epoxy rings were done by hydrolysis of methylsilane groups of 3-Glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS) on OH groups of SiO2 and afterwards, PAMAM-G6 reacted with epoxy rings of GPTMS to obtain a multiamino magnetic adsorbent. The as-prepared nanocomposite was characterized by TEM, Zeta potential, FESEM, VSM, FTIR, Raman and XPS techniques. The effects of reaction time from 5 to 50 min, initial As (III) concentration in the range of 1-10 mgL-1, initial adsorbent concentration in the range of 10-50 mgL-1 and initial pH in the range 3-8 were studied. The resulting of kinetic and isotherm models displays high adsorption affinity (233 mg/g) for As (III) and the adsorbent can reach the adsorbent can reach the adsorption equilibrium at a neutral pH (7). The As (III) loaded nanocomposite could be separated readily from aqueous solution by magnetic and regenerated simply via NaOH. The study of the adsorption procedure showed that the pseudo-second order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm well-fitted with the experimental data of As (III) adsorption onto nanocomposite.

Catalytic ozonation process using a MgO nano-catalyst to degrade methotrexate from aqueous solutions and cytotoxicity studies in human lung epithelial cells (A549) after treatment.

Pharmaceutical compounds which enter the environment are classified as emerging pollutants. Among different drug compounds, anti-cancer drugs like methotrexate are of more concern due to their mutagenic, carcinogenic, and genotoxic properties. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to use catalytic ozonation processes (COPs) as novel advanced oxidation processes to degrade methotrexate from aqueous solutions. The calcination method was used to obtain a nitrate magnesium oxide nano-catalyst. The main variables considering the effect of single ozonation processes (SOPs) and COPs on the target pollutant were initial methotrexate concentration, contact time, solution pH, and MgO dosage. The BET results indicated that the surface area of the MgO nano-catalyst was 140.031 m2 g-1. Based on the BJH plot, the size of the MgO nano-catalyst and average pore volume were 44.5 nm and 0.4454 cm3 g-1, respectively. The weight percent of Mg and O was 61.09% and 38.91%, respectively. In acidic and alkaline pH, the degradation rate of methotrexate showed a higher increase in SOPs and COPs than at neutral pH. The degradation rate of methotrexate decreased with increasing concentration. By increasing the contact time, the degradation rate of methotrexate of both SOPs and COPs increased. Actually, the methotrexate degradation in COPs was faster than in SOPs. When using tert-butanol as a scavenger, the reduced removal efficiency in SOPs and COPs was 32% and 31%, respectively.

Data on health risk assessment of fluoride in drinking water in the Khash city of Sistan and Baluchistan province, Iran.

According to studies, high concentration of fluoride in drinking water has adverse health effects such as dental and skeletal fluorosis. This data analyzes the concentrations and health risks of fluoride in 30 drinking water samples collected from 11 villages of the Khash city, Sistan and Baluchistan province in Iran. Fluoride concentration was measured using SPADNS method according to the standard method for examination of water and wastewater. Data indicated that average fluoride concentration in drinking water was 0.731 mg L-1. The mean estimated daily intake (EDI) values for fluoride in different groups of infants, children, teenagers and adults were 0.0058, 0.0414, 0.0292 and 0.0234 mg/kg, respectively. Also, risk assessment data indicated that hazard quotient (HQ) value of groundwater samples was less than one in 90% of samples in age groups of infants, children, teenagers and adults.

Data on aluminum concentration in drinking water distribution network of rural water supply in Sistan and Baluchistan province, Iran.

The aim of this study is to determine the Aluminum concentration in groundwater resources of Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran. See the data in this article. For the purpose of this study, a total of 871 water samples were collected and values of quality parameters including pH, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS) and Aluminum concentration were measured (with two-time repetitions) according to Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, during the year 2016. The mean, maximum, minimum of Aluminum concentrations in all groundwater resources of Sistan and Baluchistan province, were: 0.015, 0.059, 0.0004 mg/l, respectively and also, the standard deviation was 0.012. Moreover, employing GIS software, the geo-statistical distribution of Aluminum concentration in groundwater aquifer in Sistan and Baluchestan was mapped.

Data on health risk assessment of fluoride in water distribution network of Iranshahr, Iran.

The main of this data was determine the concentrations and health risks of fluoride in 66 drinking water samples collected from villages of the Iranshahr city, Sistan and Baluchestan Province in Iran. Fluoride concentration was measured by the standard SPADNS method. Data indicated that fluoride concentration in drinking water ranged from 0.25 to 1.72 mg L-1 and average of fluoride concentration was 0.27 mg L-1. The mean estimated daily intake (EDI) values for fluoride in different groups of infants, children, teenagers and adults were 0.0021, 0.0151, 0.0107 and 0.0086 mg/kg, respectively. Also, risk assessment data indicated that hazard quotient (HQ) value of groundwater samples is more than 1 in 6% of groundwater samples in age groups of children and teenagers.

Data on estimation for sodium absorption ratio: Using artificial neural network and multiple linear regressions.

In this article the data of the groundwater quality of Aras catchment area were investigated for estimating the sodium absorption ratio (SAR) in the years 2010-2014. The artificial neural network (ANN) is defined as a system of processor elements, called neurons, which create a network by a set of weights. In the present data article, a 3-layer MLP neural network including a hidden layer, an input layer and an output layer had been designed. The number of neurons in the input and output layers of network was considered to be 4 and 1, respectively, due to having four input variables (including: pH, sulfate, chloride and electrical conductivity (EC)) and only one output variable (sodium absorption ratio). The impact of pH, sulfate, chloride and EC were estimated to be 11.34%, 72.22%, 94% and 91%, respectively. ANN and multiple linear regression methods were used to estimate the rate of sodium absorption ratio of groundwater resources of the Aras catchment area. The data of both methods were compared with the model׳s performance evaluation criteria, namely root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (%) and correlation coefficient. The data showed that ANN is a helpful and exact tool for predicting the amount SAR in groundwater resources of Aras catchment area and these results are not comparable with the results of multiple linear regressions.

Microbiological dataset of rural drinking water supplies in Zahedan, Iran.

The residual chlorine and microbial quality of drinking water in the Zahedan villages by a number of1221 samples from all 168 villages were collected between 2014-2015. Then the samples were evaluated using 9-tube fermentation methods and portable chlorine method test. Based on the microbial coliform and fecal coliform indices, the data indicated that the maximum and minimum controlling of the bacteria in the distribution network were in the winter (90.62%) and autumn (85.56%), respectively. Also in the reservoirs, the maximum and minimum controlling of the bacteria were in winter (93.49%) and autumn (87.35%), respectively. The residual chlorine was prepared in almost all of seasons.

Data on investigating the nitrate concentration levels and quality of bottled water in Torbat-e Heydarieh, Khorasan razavi province, Iran.

The human body is primarily water and healthy drinking water is vital to human life. Today, the bottled-water industry has been widely developed in most countries and more than 150 several brands of bottled water are produced in Iran. Considering the increasing consumption of bottled water and its potential for contamination with harmful chemical and microbial agents such as nitrate, the aim of this study was to assess the nitrate concentration and also the microbial quality of bottled water in a number of brands produced in the Torbat-e Heydarieh city in 2017. In present descriptive-analytical research, random sampling (80 samples) was done by collecting 1.5 l bottled water with different production dates from 20 factories. These samples were collected in four different seasons. Measurement of nitrate concentration and microbial quality including total and fecal coliforms, were performed according to the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. The results indicated that, in general, the mean concentration of nitrate in all samples was range 0.6-16 mg/L and all samples are within the national standard of Iran (less than 50 mg/L) and international standards. Also, total coliforms and fecal coliforms in any of the studied samples were zero.

Data on drinking water quality using water quality index (WQI) and assessment of groundwater quality for irrigation purposes in Qorveh&Dehgolan, Kurdistan, Iran.

This data article aimed to investigate the quality of drinking water of Qorveh and Dehgolan Counties in Kurdistan province based on the water quality index (WQI) and agricultural quality index based on RSC, PI, KR, MH, Na, SAR and SSP indices. Also, Piper diagram was used to determine hydro chemical features of the groundwater area. The calculation of WQI for groundwater samples indicated that 36% of the samples could be considered as excellent water and 64% of the samples were classified as good water category. The results of the calculated indices for agricultural water quality indicate that water quality in all collected samples are in a good and excellent category. The Piper classification showed that dominant type of groundwater hydro chemical faces of region was calcium bicarbonate (Ca-HCO3-).

Data on Nitrate-Nitrite pollution in the groundwater resources a Sonqor plain in Iran.

Nitrate is a groundwater pollutant which in higher concentrations limits, leads to health hazard such as Methemoglobinemia and formation of nitrosamine compounds. In this research, the nitrate and nitrite concentrations in all water resources in the villages of Songor plain were determined and the relationship between these values with the water table and zonation of nitrate concentration were investigated in the GIS environment. In this study, 37 samples of all groundwater resources of Sonqor plain were taken in, high water (March 2016) and low water (October 2017) periods. Water nitrate levels were then determined by spectrophotometry and results compared with national standards of Iran and analyzed by SPSS. Finally, the concentration distribution mapping was carried out in GIS environment and the factors affecting nitrite changes were analyzed. Nitrate concentration of water resources of Sonqor plain was fluctuating at 3.09-88.5 mg per Liter. In one station, nitrite concentrations in the high (88.5 mg/L) and low (71.4 mg/L) water seasons were higher than the maximum limit. Low thickness of alluvium, the site of wells in the downstream farmlands, the farming situation of the region, nitrate leaching from agricultural soils and wide use of nitrogen fertilizers in agriculture were considered as the causes of the pollution in one station. Though the average concentration of nitrate and nitrite are not high in this region, but because of problematic consequences of high nitrate concentrations to human health, proper management in use of chemical fertilizers, treatment or disposal of contaminated wells and protection of water wells is highly recommended.

Predicting needlestick and sharps injuries and determining preventive strategies using a Bayesian network approach in Tehran, Iran.

OBJECTIVES: Recent studies have shown that the rate of needlestick and sharps injuries (NSIs) is unacceptably high in Iranian hospitals. The aim of the present study was to use a systematic approach to predict and reduce these injuries. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 5 hospitals in Tehran, Iran. Eleven variables thought to affect NSIs were categorized based on the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) framework and modeled using a Bayesian network. A self-administered validated questionnaire was used to collect the required data. In total, 343 cases were used to train the model and 50 cases were used to test the model. Model performance was assessed using various indices. Finally, using predictive reasoning, several intervention strategies for reducing NSIs were recommended. RESULTS: The Bayesian network HFACS model was able to predict 86% of new cases correctly. The analyses showed that safety motivation and fatigue were the most important contributors to NSIs. Supervisors' attitude toward safety and working hours per week were the most important factors in the unsafe supervision category. Management commitment and staffing were the most important organizational-level factors affecting NSIs. Finally, promising intervention strategies for reducing NSIs were identified and discussed. CONCLUSIONS: To reduce NSIs, both management commitment and sufficient staffing are necessary. Supervisors should encourage nurses to engage in safe behavior. Excessive working hours result in fatigue and increase the risk of NSIs.