[Shoulder instability: review of current concepts of diagnosis and treatment]. / Nestabil'nost' plechevogo sustava: obzor sovremennykh podkhodov k diagnostike i lecheniyu.

OBJECTIVE: To conduct a systematic review of modern literature data on the modern approaches in diagnosis and treatment of shoulder instability. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Searching for literature data was performed using the Pubmed and Google Scholar databases. RESULTS: The authors analyzed the results of conservative treatment of patients with shoulder instability and emphasized higher risk of instability recurrence, degeneration of anatomical structures and functional impairment in these patients. Surgery is advisable to restore shoulder stability and normalize its function. Several methods for stabilizing the shoulder have been proposed.The approaches to diagnosis and treatment of shoulder instability have been updated. CONCLUSION: Successful treatment of shoulder instability is based on qualitative and complete assessment of soft tissues and bone structures. An individual approach considering bone tissue deficiency and individual needs of the patient is required.

Colloidal particle lens arrays-assisted nano-patterning by harmonics of a femtosecond laser.

We consider nanopatterning of dielectric substrates by harmonics of single powerful femtosecond pulses from a Ti:Sapphire laser. The nanopatterning is mediated by closely packed monolayers of polystyrene microspheres that act as microlenses at the surface. Observed modification of the material proceeds via ionization. By our theory, the second harmonic is more effective in multi-photon ionization and is better focused than the fundamental frequency which is effective in multiplying of the amount of free electrons via impact ionization. Experiments show that conversion of a part of the pulse energy into the second harmonic decreases the modification threshold and improves the localization of the structures. Optimization of the time offset between the harmonics could further improve the efficiency and quality of nanostructuring.

Single nanohole and photonic crystal: wavelength selective enhanced transmission of light.

For the first time we have demonstrated an approach to control transmission of light through a single nanohole with the use of photon crystal microcavity. By use of the approach 28-fold enhanced transmission of light through a single nanohole in Au film has been experimentally demonstrated. The approach has the following advantages: (1) it enables to considerably increase transmission of light through a single nanohole, (2) the increase in transmission is unaffected by the hole diameter, (3) the transmission of nanohole is selective in frequency, the width of the resonance ~λ/90, (4) no auxiliary structures are necessary on the surface of the Au film (extra nanoholes, grooves, etc.).

Isotope effect on the thermal conductivity of boron nitride nanotubes.

We have measured the temperature-dependent thermal conductivity kappa(T) of individual multiwall boron nitride nanotubes using a microfabricated test fixture that allows direct transmission electron microscopy characterization of the tube being measured. kappa(T) is exceptionally sensitive to isotopic substitution, with a 50% enhancement in kappa(T) resulting for boron nitride nanotubes with 99.5% 11B. For isotopically pure boron nitride nanotubes, kappa rivals that of carbon nanotubes of similar diameter.

Antihistamine agent Dimebon as a novel neuroprotector and a cognition enhancer.

Dimebon, launched earlier in Russia as an antihistamine drug, was evaluated as a representative of a new generation of anti-Alzheimer's drugs that have two beneficial actions: (1) to alleviate symptoms, and (2) to prevent progression of the disease. The drug demonstrated cognition and memory-enhancing properties in the active avoidance test in rats treated with the neurotoxin AF64A, which selectively destroys cholinergic neurons. Dimebon protected neurons in the cerebellum cell culture against the neurotoxic action of beta-amyloid fragment (A beta 25-35, EC50 = 25 microM). In vitro, Dimebon displayed Ca(2+)-blocking properties (IC50 = 57 microM, on isolated rat ileum intestine) and pronounced anticholinesterase activity (IC50 = 7.9 microM and 42 microM for butyrylcholine esterase and acetylcholine esterase, respectively). It also exhibited strong anti-NMDA activity in the prevention of NMDA-induced seizures in mice (EC50 = 42 +/- 6 mg/kg i.p.). A beneficial effect of Dimebon in the therapy of Alzheimer's disease was demonstrated in a pilot clinical trial performed in the Moscow Center of Gerontology. Fourteen patients who participated in the trial were evaluated for their state of personality and for the severity of the disease. The evaluation included orientation (space, place, time, and patient personality), memory for the past and present, life in present, speech, irritability, and so forth. During and after the eight-week therapy with Dimebon, cognitive and self-service functions of patients improved significantly, and psychopathic symptoms, anxiety, depression, tearfulness, and headache were substantially diminished. The results of these studies suggest Dimebon as a new candidate for the therapy of Alzheimer's-like disorders.

N-acetylserotonin, melatonin and their derivatives improve cognition and protect against beta-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity.

After a single injection of cholinergic neurotoxin ethylcholine aziridinium (AF64A, 3 nmol intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.)), rats failed to perform the tasks in the active avoidance (learning and retention paradigms) and water maze tests. N-Acetylserotonin (NAS), melatonin and their newly synthesized derivatives, CA-15 and CA-18, (0.3-3.0 mg/kg daily for 12-14 days) reversed the effect of AF64A in a dose-dependent manner with CA-18 being the most active. Melatonin and NAS caused sedation absent in CA-18-treated rats. The studied compounds (25-500 microM for 72 hr) protected against beta-amyloid peptide (beta AP) fragment 25-35-induced neurotoxicity in cerebellar granule cell culture. Our results suggest that neuroprotecting properties of these compounds might mediate their cognition-enhancing effects. The results obtained warrant the further search for the novel types of safe neuroprotectors among the synthetic NAS/melatonin derivatives.