Direct decoding of nonlinear OFDM-QAM signals using convolutional neural network.

Nonlinear Fourier transform, as a technique that has a great potential to overcome the capacity limit in fibre optical communication system, faces speed and accuracy bottlenecks in practice. Machine learning using convolutional neural networks shows great potential in NFT-based applications. We have developed a convolutional neural network for decoding information in NFT-based communication and numerically demonstrated its performance in comparison to a fast NFT algorithm. The comparison indicates the potential of conventional neural network to replace NFT calculations for decoding of information.

Preferential coupling of diamond NV centres in step-index fibres.

Diamonds containing the negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy centre are a promising system for room-temperature magnetometry. The combination of nano- and micro-diamond particles with optical fibres provides an option for deploying nitrogen-vacancy magnetometers in harsh and challenging environments. Here we numerically explore the coupling efficiency from nitrogen-vacancy centres within a diamond doped at the core/clad interface across a range of commercially available fibre types so as to inform the design process for a diamond in fibre magnetometers. We determine coupling efficiencies from nitrogen-vacancy centres to the guided modes of a step-index fibre and predict the optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) generated by a ensemble of four nitrogen-vacancy centres in this hybrid fibre system. Our results show that the coupling efficiency is enhanced with a high refractive index difference between the fibre core and cladding and depends on the radial position of the nitrogen-vacancy centres in the fibre core. Our ODMR simulations show that due to the preferential coupling of the nitrogen-vacancy emission to the fibre guided modes, certain magnetometry features such as ODMR contrast can be enhanced and lead to improved sensitivity in such diamond-fibre systems, relative to conventional diamond only ensemble geometries.

A correlation propagation model for nonlinear fourier transform of second order solitons.

Inverse scattering transform or nonlinear Fourier transform (NFT) has been proposed for optic communication to increase channel capacity beyond the well known Shannon limit. Within NFT, solitons, as discrete outputs of the transform, can be a type of resource to carry information. Second-order solitons as the most basic higher order solitons show correlations among their parameters in the nonlinear Fourier domain as they propagate along a fibre. In this work, we report, for the first time, a correlation propagation model for second-order soliton pulses in the nonlinear Fourier domain. The model can predict covariance matrices of soliton pulses at any propagation distance using only the covariance matrices calculated at the input of the fibre with different phases in the nonlinear Fourier domain without the need of propagating the pulses.

Temporal modelling of beryllium oxide ceramics' real-time OSL for dosimetry with a superficial 140 kVp X-ray beam.

A new analysis method for the rtOSL of BeO ceramics is presented, using temporal curve fitting of an expected rtOSL signal to measured rtOSL signals. The presented technique does not require heavy signal averaging to determine the OSL bleaching correction associated with the ΔrtOSL method, reducing uncertainties in the post-correction rtOSL. The corrected rtOSL signal was demonstrated to be linear with dose, and dose-rate independent. The presented technique is expected to be applicable for many other dosimeters capable of the rtOSL technique. The presented technique achieved relative uncertainties in the corrected rtOSL between 3.4% and 6.5%. The initial measurements are promising, but uncertainties are required to be further improved upon before the technique can be used clinically.

Evaluation of a real-time optically stimulated luminescence beryllium oxide (BeO) fibre-coupled dosimetry system with a superficial 140 kVp X-ray beam.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential of real-time optically stimulated luminescence (rtOSL) measurements of a beryllium oxide (BeO) ceramic fibre-coupled luminescence dosimetry system. By pulsing the stimulation laser during the exposure to ionizing radiation, an rtOSL dose-rate measurement can be obtained which could be stem effect free. A portable rtOSL BeO ceramic fibre-coupled dosimetry system is presented and characterized using a constant dose-rate superficial 140 kVp X-ray beam. The rtOSL was measured for dose-rates between 0.29 and 3.88 Gy/min, controlled by varying the source to surface distance. After correcting for OSL decay during the exposure, a linear dose-rate response of the change in rtOSL (ΔrtOSL) was observed. The ΔrtOSL was also observed to be stem effect free.

Evaluation of silica and PMMA optical fibre response when irradiated with 16.5 MeV protons.

An investigation into the response of optical fibres to 16.5 MeV protons is presented here. A silica and a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) optical fibre was exposed to 16.5 MeV protons from a GE PETtrace cyclotron. The optical fibres were exposed to beam currents of 30nA - 270nA and the emission spectrum analysed. The silica fibre was the most sensitive and had two main peaks at 460 nm and 650 nm. The ratio between the peaks was observed to increase as irradiation of the fibres continued, where the 460 nm peak increased at a rate >4 times the 650 nm peak. The rate of increase of the ratio between the peaks was observed to be constant at a constant target current and linear with target current. In the case of the PMMA fibre, significant spectral changes were observed during the exposure to 16.5 MeV protons. A simple method for estimating the effect of photodarkening and activation is presented here and indicated that the changes in the spectrum for the PMMA fibres may be due to photodarkening and activation.

Radiated and guided optical waves of a magnetic dipole-nanofiber system.

Nanophotonics-photonic structures with subwavelength features-allow accessing high intensity and localized electromagnetic field and hence is an ideal platform for investigating and exploiting strong lightmatter interaction. In particular, such a strong light-matter interaction requires investigating the interaction of a magnetic dipole with the electromagnetic field- a less-explored topic, which has usually been ignored within the framework of electric dipole approximation. Motivated by recent advances in the emerging field of multipolar nanophotonics, here we develop an analytical model that provides a new insight into analyzing a magnetic dipole and a nanofiber. This method enables us to examine the effect of second term in the multipolar expansion of light-matter interaction, magnetic dipole approximation, with individual guided and radiation modes of the nanofiber. This is a critical key in developing nanophotonic integrated devices based on magnetic nature of light for super-imaging, biosensing, and optical computing.

Magnetically sensitive nanodiamond-doped tellurite glass fibers.

Traditional optical fibers are insensitive to magnetic fields, however many applications would benefit from fiber-based magnetometry devices. In this work, we demonstrate a magnetically sensitive optical fiber by doping nanodiamonds containing nitrogen vacancy centers into tellurite glass fibers. The fabrication process provides a robust and isolated sensing platform as the magnetic sensors are fixed in the tellurite glass matrix. Using optically detected magnetic resonance from the doped nanodiamonds, we demonstrate detection of local magnetic fields via side excitation and longitudinal collection. This is a first step towards intrinsically magneto-sensitive fiber devices with future applications in medical magneto-endoscopy and remote mineral exploration sensing.

Ultrafast pulse generation in a mode-locked Erbium chip waveguide laser.

We report mode-locked ~1550 nm output of transform-limited ~180 fs pulses from a large mode-area (diameter ~50 µm) guided-wave erbium fluorozirconate glass laser. The passively mode-locked oscillator generates pulses with 25 nm bandwidth at 156 MHz repetition rate and peak-power of 260 W. Scalability to higher repetition rate is demonstrated by transform-limited 410 fs pulse output at 1.3 GHz. To understand the origins of the broad spectral output, the laser cavity is simulated by using a numerical solution to the Ginzburg-Landau equation. This paper reports the widest bandwidth and shortest pulses achieved from an ultra-fast laser inscribed waveguide laser.

Evaluation of a real-time BeO ceramic fiber-coupled luminescence dosimetry system for dose verification of high dose rate brachytherapy.

PURPOSE: The authors evaluate the capability of a beryllium oxide (BeO) ceramic fiber-coupled luminescence dosimeter, named radioluminescence/optically stimulated luminescence (RL/OSL) BeO FOD, for dosimetric verification of high dose rate (HDR) treatments. The RL/OSL BeO FOD is capable of RL and OSL measurements. METHODS: The RL/OSL BeO FOD is able to be inserted in 6F proguide needles, used in interstitial HDR treatments. Using a custom built Perspex phantom, 6F proguide needles could be submerged in a water tank at 1 cm separations from each other. A second background fiber was required to correct for the stem effect. The stem effect, dose linearity, reproducibility, depth-dose curves, and angular and temperature dependency of the RL/OSL BeO FOD were characterised using an Ir-192 source. The RL/OSL BeO FOD was also applied to the commissioning of a 10 mm horizontal Leipzig applicator. RESULTS: Both the RL and OSL were found to be reproducible and their percentage depth-dose curves to be in good agreement with those predicted via TG-43. A combined uncertainty of 7.9% and 10.1% (k=1) was estimated for the RL and OSL, respectively. For the 10 mm horizontal Leipzig applicator, measured percentage depth doses were within 5% agreement of the published reference calculations. The output at the 3 mm prescription depth for a 1 Gy delivery was verified to be 0.99±0.08 Gy and 1.01±0.10 Gy by the RL and OSL, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The use of the second background fiber under the current setup means that the two fibers cannot fit into a single 6F needle. Hence, use of the RL is currently not adequate for the purpose of in vivo brachytherapy dosimetry. While not real-time, the OSL is shown to be adequate for in vivo brachytherapy dosimetry.

Material candidates for optical frequency comb generation in microspheres.

This paper evaluates the opportunities for using materials other than silica for optical frequency comb generation in whispering gallery mode microsphere resonators. Different materials are shown to satisfy the requirement of dispersion compensation in interesting spectral regions such as the visible or mid-infrared and for smaller microspheres. This paper also analyses the prospects of comb generation in microspheres within aqueous solution for potential use in applications such as biosensing. It is predicted that to achieve comb generation with microspheres in aqueous solution the visible low-loss wavelength window of water needs to be exploited. This is because efficient comb generation necessitates ultra-high Q-factors, which are only possible for cavities with low absorption of the evanescent field outside the cavity. This paper explores the figure of merit for nonlinear interaction efficiency and the potential for dispersion compensation at unique wavelengths for a host of microsphere materials and dimensions and in different surroundings.

Method for predicting whispering gallery mode spectra of spherical microresonators.

A full three-dimensional Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD)-based toolkit is developed to simulate the whispering gallery modes of a microsphere in the vicinity of a dipole source. This provides a guide for experiments that rely on efficient coupling to the modes of microspheres. The resultant spectra are compared to those of analytic models used in the field. In contrast to the analytic models, the FDTD method is able to collect flux from a variety of possible collection regions, such as a disk-shaped region. The customizability of the technique allows one to consider a variety of mode excitation scenarios, which are particularly useful for investigating novel properties of optical resonators, and are valuable in assessing the viability of a resonator for biosensing.

Nonlinear self-polarization flipping in silicon sub-wavelength waveguides: distortion, loss, dispersion, and noise effects.

We numerically investigate nonlinear self-polarization flipping in a silicon waveguide. We identify specific silicon waveguide geometries that enhance this effect to facilitate its fabrication and experimental demonstration by varying various parameters such as fabrication distortion, waveguide loss, dispersion and laser noise to design the silicon waveguide. In optimized waveguides, we show that nonlinear self-polarization flipping can be observed with few tens of watts peak power pulses with widths as short as 60 ps and laser noise level as large as 7%.

Enhancing the radiation efficiency of dye doped whispering gallery mode microresonators.

We present a novel form of a Whispering Gallery Mode (WGM) sensor that exploits dye doped polystyrene microspheres, as active resonators, positioned onto the tip of a Microstructured Optical Fiber (MOF) as a means of overcoming the limited Q-factors for small resonators. We show that it is possible to substantially enhance the fluorescence emission of selected WGMs of the microspheres, resulting in an increase of the signal-to-noise ratio of the modes and of the effective Q-factor. This is done by positioning the resonator into one of the holes of a suspended core MOF and matching the resonator diameter with the hole diameter where it sits, effectively breaking the symmetry of the environment surrounding the sphere. Furthermore we demonstrate that using this experimental configuration, the lasing efficiency of the dye-doped microspheres is also significantly enhanced, which also contributes to an enhancement in the observed Q-factor.

Understanding the contribution of mode area and slow light to the effective Kerr nonlinearity of waveguides.

We resolve the ambiguity in existing definitions of the effective area of a waveguide mode that have been reported in the literature by examining which definition leads to an accurate evaluation of the effective Kerr nonlinearity. We show that the effective nonlinear coefficient of a waveguide mode can be written as the product of a suitable average of the nonlinear coefficients of the waveguide's constituent materials, the mode's group velocity and a new suitably defined effective mode area. None of these parameters on their own completely describe the strength of the nonlinear effects of a waveguide.

Efficient third and one-third harmonic generation in nonlinear waveguides.

We investigate the interaction between fundamental and third harmonic fields in a nonlinear waveguide. We develop a method for evaluating the maximum efficiency of third harmonic (upconversion) and one-third harmonic (downconversion) generation by considering the solitonic behavior of the interaction. This method can be used to engineer waveguide parameters and identify the input power that enables maximum conversion efficiency to be achieved.

Full vectorial analysis of polarization effects in optical nanowires.

We develop a full theoretical analysis of the nonlinear interactions of the two polarizations of a waveguide by means of a vectorial model of pulse propagation which applies to high index subwavelength waveguides. In such waveguides there is an anisotropy in the nonlinear behavior of the two polarizations that originates entirely from the waveguide structure, and leads to switching properties. We determine the stability properties of the steady state solutions by means of a Lagrangian formulation. We find all static solutions of the nonlinear system, including those that are periodic with respect to the optical fiber length as well as nonperiodic soliton solutions, and analyze these solutions by means of a Hamiltonian formulation. We discuss in particular the switching solutions which lie near the unstable steady states, since they lead to self-polarization flipping which can in principle be employed to construct fast optical switches and optical logic gates.

Fabrication and supercontinuum generation in dispersion flattened bismuth microstructured optical fiber.

We fabricated a microstructured optical fiber with a dispersion profile that, according to calculations, is near-zero and flat, with 3 zero dispersion wavelengths in the mid-IR. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of the fabrication of such a fiber. Simulations of multimode supercontinuum generation were performed using a simplified approach. Strong agreement between experiments and simulations were observed using this approach.

Design and optimization of fiber optical parametric oscillators for femtosecond pulse generation.

In this paper, we use a genetic algorithm and pulse-propagation analysis to design and optimize optical parametric oscillators based on soft-glass microstructured optical fibers. The maximum parametric gain, phase-match, walk-off between pump (1560 nm) and signal (880 nm) pulses, signal feedback ratio and signal-pump synchronization of the cavity are optimized. Pulse propagation analysis suggests that one can implement a fiber optical parametric oscillator capable of generating approximately 200-fs pulses at 880 nm with 43% peak-power conversion, high output pulse quality (time-bandwidth product approximately 0.43) and a wavelength tuning range that is limited only by the glass transmission windows.

Small core optical waveguides are more nonlinear than expected: experimental confirmation.

For the first time, to our knowledge, we demonstrate the experimental confirmation of a new vectorially based expression of the effective nonlinear coefficient gamma in bismuth suspended core fibers with core diameters of around 500 nm. The new expression predicts a significantly higher value of gamma than what is expected based on the standard expression. We confirm that there is a distinguishable difference between the standard and our new vectorially based gamma's, owing to the high index glass and subwavelength dimension of this fiber, and we show that the experimental result of gamma matches the new expression within the experimental error.