In Vivo Comparison of the Efficiency of En-Masse Retraction Using Temporary Anchorage Devices With and Without Orthodontic Appliances on the Posterior Teeth.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of en-masse retraction of maxillary anterior teeth using temporary anchorage devices with and without orthodontic appliances on the posterior teeth. METHODS: In the study, 20 participants (18.25 ± 4.07 years) meeting the inclusion criteria were randomly divided into 2 groups using the sequentially numbered opaque sealed envelopes method. In group I (control group, n = 10), en-masse retraction was carried out with conventional high hooks soldered to the retraction wire and posterior teeth were included. In group II (experimental group, n = 10), the en-masse retraction was carried out without an orthodontic appliance on posterior teeth and a modified retraction wire was incorporated. In both groups, mini-implants were placed bilaterally between the maxillary second premolar and maxillary first molar, and a retraction force of 6 ounces (180 g) was applied using power chains. Lateral cephalograms and study models were taken before retraction and 4 months after retraction. All statistical analyses were performed with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences soft- ware with a statistically significant level of 5%. We used unpaired t-tests for the comparison, and the error of the method was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients and the Bland-Altman method. RESULTS: The maxillary incisor apex retraction, change in maxillary incisor in the vertical plane, and its inclination showed statistically significant differences (P < .05). The rate of retraction was significantly greater in the experimental group when evaluated clinically and in the study models (P < .05). CONCLUSION: The rate/amount of retraction evaluated clinically and in the study models was significantly faster/greater when the pos- terior teeth were not included during anterior retraction. Also, a greater amount of bodily retraction of anterior teeth was achieved.

Comparison of Beta and ANB Angles for Evaluation of Sagittal Skeletal Discrepancy: A Cephalometric Study.

AIM: Diagnosis in orthodontic cases and treatment planning is a precise assessment of sagittal jaw relationship. A number of angular and linear measurements have been used to attain correct diagnosis. The present study is done to compare beta angle and A point-nasion-B point (ANB) angle for sagittal skeletal discrepancies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 105 subjects were included in between the age group of 18 and 24 years and were categorized based on the skeletal patterns as class I, class II, and class III having a sample of 35 in each group. Based on the ANB angle and patients' profile, the sample was divided into different skeletal groups. Beta angle is the angle amid the perpendicular from C to B line through point A and the A-B line. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc Scheffe's test were applied to analyze dependent variables. The level of significance was set at p-value 0.05. RESULTS: The mean scores of ANB for class I skeletal pattern were 2.46 ± 0.460, for class II, 5.64 ± 1.258, and for class III, -1.03 ± 1.618. Similarly, significant differences were observed in beta angle for class I skeletal pattern as 31.71 ± 3.885, for class II, 24.97 ± 2.162, and for class III, 39.26 ± 3.649. CONCLUSION: Both ANB and beta angle showed significant differences with different skeletal patterns. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Both ANB and beta angle are awfully supportive diagnostic measurements to scrutinize sagittal jaw relationship.

Gingival Crevicular Fluid Turnover Markers in Premenopausal vs Postmenopausal Women receiving Orthodontic Treatment.

BACKGROUND: Orthodontic treatment is one of the commonly used dental treatments. Orthodontic forces act on the bone by modulating the biomolecules, chiefly the osteoprotegerin (OPG), osteopontin (OPN), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B (RANK), and RANK ligand (RANKL) (OPG ligand). Hormonal changes are known to cause marked alteration in the levels of these biomolecules. Hence, we planned this study to evaluate the response of bone biomarkers in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in postmenopausal women undergoing fixed orthodontic therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included assessment of 50 subjects who underwent orthodontic treatment from June 2012 to July 2016. All the patients were divided into two study groups with 25 patients in each group: premenopausal group and postmenopausal group. Similar orthodontic wires were used for controlling the forces applied in subjects of both the study groups and their GCF levels of RANKL, and OPN was assessed at baseline and 24 hours after the activation of orthodontic forces. All the results were compiled, assessed, and analyzed by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software version 16.0. Chi-square test, Student's t-test, and Mann-Whitney U test were used for the assessment of the level of significance. RESULTS: The mean values of RANKL and OPN in the premenopausal and postmenopausal groups were found to be 241.52 and 317.15 pg/µL respectively. The mean values of RANKL at baseline in the premenopausal and postmenopausal groups were found to be 7.15 and 3.84 pg/µL respectively. Nonsignificant results were obtained while comparing mean OPN and RANKL level alteration in between the two study groups. CONCLUSION: The mean alterations in the GCF levels of bone biomarkers are similar for both premenopausal and postmeno-pausal women. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: For women with either premenopausal or postmenopausal status, orthodontic treatment appears to be equally safer.

Pentraxin-3 Levels in Gingival Crevicular Fluid during Canine Retraction with Nickel-Titanium Coil Spring and Active Tieback.

AIM: Orthodontic treatment is routinely carried out in patients with the purpose of correcting various forms of dental malocclusions. Retraction of the canines can be achieved either individually or along with incisor. Pentraxin-3 (PTX-3) is regarded as the true independent indicator of disease activity. Hence, we undertook the present study to assess and compare the level of PTX-3 in patients undergoing canine retraction with active tieback and Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) coil spring. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study included assessment of 25 patients that underwent canine retraction as a part of fixed orthodontic treatment. In the maxillary right and left quadrant, active tieback and NiTi coil spring were used respectively. Gingival crevicular fluid samples were collected 1 hour prior to the commencement of orthodontic canine retraction procedure followed by collection at following time intervals: 1 hour, 1, 7, and 14 days after the start of canine retraction procedure. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit was used for analysis of the samples as per manufacturer's instructions. All the data were recorded and compiled. All the results were analyzed by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software. RESULTS: Nonsignificant difference was observed in the values of PTX-3 at baseline and 1 hour. While comparing the mean PTX-3 values between different time intervals in both the study groups, significant difference was observed. CONCLUSION: In comparison to the active tieback, NiTi coil exhibited faster space closure rate. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: In patients undergoing orthodontic treatment, PTX-3 is associated with periodontal remodeling under the effect of orthodontic forces.