Intraoral ultrasonography: an adjunct in oral onco-surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the precision and accuracy of intraoral sonography in assessing the depth of invasion in oral cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective study was conducted in 30 cases of oral cancer. Subjects were subjected to computerised tomography and intraoral sonography before surgery. The depth of invasion assessed through clinical palpation and radiological tools was compared with surgical histopathology. RESULTS: The depth of invasion assessed on clinical palpation and computerized tomography had statistically significant difference with histopathology whereas intraoral sonography didn't show any difference. The intraoral sonography and computerised tomography had comparable precision and accuracy, with a slight dominance of the computerised tomography in assessing the tumor's depth of invasion greater than 4 mm. However, intraoral sonography was more precise and accurate than computerised tomography in assessing the depth of invasion beyond 10 mm. CONCLUSION: Intraoral sonography was found to be a reliable tool in the assessment of the depth of invasion in oral cancer. It can prove beneficial during surgery in achieving tumour-free surgical margins.

Role of lung ultrasound in diagnosing and differentiating transient tachypnea of the newborn and respiratory distress syndrome in preterm neonates.

Aim: To evaluate the accuracy of lung ultrasound in diagnosing and differentiating transient tachypnea of the newborn and respiratory distress syndrome in preterm neonates. Material and methods: This was a single-center study. From January 2020 to June 2021. A total of 100 preterm neonates, admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit with symptoms of respiratory distress within six hours of birth, including 50 diagnosed with transient tachypnea of the newborn and 50 with respiratory distress syndrome on the basis of clinical examination, laboratory testing, chest X-rays, were recruited in the study. Lung ultrasound was performed in each neonate by a senior radiologist who was blinded to the clinical diagnosis. Lung ultrasound findings in both conditions were analyzed and compared. Results: Pulmonary edema manifesting as alveolar-interstitial syndrome, double lung point sign and less commonly as white out lungs in the absence of consolidation has 100% sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing transient tachypnea of the newborn. A combination of three signs of consolidation with air or fluid bronchograms, white out lungs and absent spared areas has 100% sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing respiratory distress syndrome. Double lung point sign was seen only in infants suffering from transient tachypnea of the newborn and consolidation with air or fluid bronchograms only in cases of respiratory distress syndrome. Conclusion: Lung ultrasound can accurately diagnose and reliably differentiate transient tachypnea of the newborn and respiratory distress syndrome in preterm neonates. It has advantages that cannot be replicated by chest radiography. Lung ultrasound may be used as an initial screening tool.

Role of Various DW MRI and DCE MRI Parameters as Predictors of Malignancy in Solid Pulmonary Lesions.

PURPOSE: We aimed to evaluate various diffusion and dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE MRI) parameters in differentiating malignant from benign pulmonary lesions. METHODS: We enrolled 31 (22 males) patients who had solid pulmonary lesion(s) >2 cm in our cross sectional study. Of these, 23 (74.2%) were found to be malignant on histopathology. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI was performed using 36 dynamic measurements (volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination). Diffusion-weighted MRI (DW MRI) performed at b value of 800 s/mm2. We measured different diffusion and perfusion parameters, for example, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) SI, mean apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), minimum ADC, lesion-to-spinal cord ratio, DWI score, T2 score, Ktrans, Kep, and Ve. We stratified values of each parameter as high if it was >median of values observed in our data set and low if it was ≤median. Normally distributed data were compared by unpaired t test, whereas non-normal continuous data were compared by Kruskal Wallis-H test. We applied Wilson score method to calculate sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of parameters that were statistically significant by type of lesion with reference to histopathological examination as gold standard. RESULTS: Diffusion-weighted imaging SI, mean ADC, minimum ADC, DWI score and Ktrans values were found to be significantly different (P value < .05) by type of lesion. Ktrans was found to have the highest diagnostic accuracy (74.2%) among these parameters. CONCLUSION: Ktrans and mean ADC had similar sensitivity of 65.2%. However, Ktrans had highest diagnostic accuracy among various DWI and DCE MRI parameters in predicting malignancy in solid pulmonary lesions. In our study, we found a cutoff value 0.251 min-1 for Ktrans as 100% specific.

"Crown of Death"; Corona Mortis, a Common Vascular Variant in Pelvis: Identification at Routine 64-Slice CT-Angiography.

OBJECTIVE: To establish the incidence of arterial corona mortis variant in angiographic studies being performed using a 64 slice CT scan machine in a series of patients. METHODS: This was a prospective cross-sectional study including 100 consecutive patients undergoing routine clinically indicated, standard protocol, CT-angiography for the abdominal aorta and/or lower limbs using a 64 slice CT scanner. Patients having severe arterial insufficiency (Grade 4 stenosis on CT angiography), pelvic infections and tumours, patients with past pelvic trauma and those who had previous pelvic surgery were excluded from the study. In total 200 hemi-pelvises were evaluated for the presence or absence of corona morti. RESULTS: Overall, we included 100 patients in this series including 67 men and 33 women with mean age of 40.1±2.3 (ranging from 22-74) years. The arterial variant was identified on thin, 0.625-mm-thick images in 24 out of 100 patients studied (unilateral in 20 patients and bilateral in 4 patients; 28 out of 200 hemipelvises evaluated, having an incidence of 14%). We found that the distance of corona mortis artery from the symphysis was significantly greater for women compared to men, both on right (p=0.034) and left sides (p=0.046). CONCLUSION: Corona mortis may be prospectively identified at contrast-enhanced multidetector CT especially in pelvic trauma patients and help guide subsequent endovascular embolization or surgical interventions.

A comprehensive review of imaging findings in human cysticercosis.

Cysticercosis is a zoonotic disease most commonly affecting brain, eye and muscles, causing significant morbidity. Transmitted by faeco-oral route, this disease was endemic in many developing countries; it is now seen worldwide due to globalisation. Manifestations are produced by the mass effect of the parasite and by the immune response mounted by the host on the parasite. There are myriad clinical features and imaging findings. Radiological features depend on the number, stage and location of the parasite and associated complications. Knowledge of radiological findings is necessary to make an accurate diagnosis of this pleomorphic disease.

Role of Perfusion CT Differentiating Hemangiomas from Malignant Hepatic Lesions.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to determine the role of computed tomography (CT) perfusion in differentiating hemangiomas from malignant hepatic lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was approved by the institutional review board. All the patients provided informed consent. CT perfusion was performed with 64 multidetector CT (MDCT) scanner on 45 patients including 27 cases of metastasis, 9 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and 9 cases of hemangiomas. A 14 cm span of the liver was covered during the perfusion study. Data was analyzed to calculate blood flow (BF), blood volume (BV), permeability surface area product (PS), mean transit time (MTT), hepatic arterial fraction (HAF), and induced residue fraction time of onset (IRFTO). CT perfusion parameters at the periphery of lesions and background liver parenchyma were compared. RESULTS: Significant changes were observed in the perfusion parameters at the periphery of different lesions. Of all the perfusion parameters BF, HAF, and IRFTO showed most significant changes. In our study we found: BF of more than 400 ml/100 g/min at the periphery of the hemangiomas showed sensitivity of 88.9%, specificity of 83.3%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 57.1%, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 96.7% in differentiating hemangiomas from hepatic malignancy; HAF of more than 60% at the periphery of hemangiomas showed sensitivity of 77.8%, specificity of 86.1%, PPV of 58.3% and NPV of 93.9% in differentiating hemangiomas from hepatic malignancy; IRFTO of more than 3 s at the periphery of hemangiomas showed sensitivity of 77.8%, specificity of 86.1%, PPV of 58.3%, and NPV of 93.9% in differentiating hemangiomas from hepatic malignancy. CONCLUSION: Perfusion CT is a helpful tool in differentiating hemangiomas from hepatic malignancy by its ability to determine changes in perfusion parameters of the lesions.

Sonographic and MR features of puerperal uterine inversion.

Puerperal uterine inversion is a rare and potentially life-threatening complication of a mismanaged third stage of labour. Early diagnosis is mandatory for proper management of the patient. Complete uterine inversion is a clinical diagnosis. However, incomplete uterine inversion is difficult to identify and warrants further workup. Sonographic evaluation, although a bedside procedure, may be confusing. The conspicuity of findings is much greater on MR examination than on ultrasound. Only a few diagnostic imaging findings in uterine inversion have been described in previous reports. We present the case of a 26-year-old woman who had a full-term vaginal delivery and presented after 20 days with acute urinary retention and mild vaginal bleeding. She was diagnosed as a case of neglected subacute incomplete uterine inversion. Both greyscale and Doppler sonographic and MR features of the case are described with an emphasis on better delineation of uterine and adnexal anatomy on MR imaging.

Langer's mesomelic dysplasia: a case report.

Langer's mesomelic dysplasia is a rare cause of disproportionate dwarfism. The affected children have a normal intellect and life span and are usually seen later in life for management of skeletal deformities. The diagnosis is usually established on clinical and anthropometric analyses supported with relevant radiological investigations. Plain radiographs and full-length scanograms are sufficient in establishing the diagnosis. Further genetic studies are sometimes performed for confirmation, as Leri Weill dyschondrosteosis and Langer's mesomelic dysplasia are inherited because of mutations in the short stature homeobox (SHOX) gene. The literature is sparse with less than a hundred cases reported, and this case adds to the available data on this rare syndrome.