Sangramento em síndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento de segmento ST / Bleeding in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome

O desenvolvimento das terapias antiplaquetárias e antitrombóticas, bem como de uma estratégia intervencionista, resultou em grande melhora da evolução dos pacientes com síndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento de segmento ST. Paralelamente ao avanço terapêutico, o sangramento, que pode ser induzido durante o manejo, aumenta o risco de isquemia recorrente, infarto e morte. Nesta revisão, descrevem-se o benefício e o risco de sangramento que cada medicamento ou estratégia de intervenção apresenta e sugerem-se condutas para o manejo desses pacientes.

The development of antiplatelet and antithrombotic therapies, in addition to interventionist strategy, has resulted in great improvements in the outcomes of patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. Parallel to therapeutic advances, bleeding, which can be induced during management, increases the risk of recurrent ischemia, myocardial infarction and death. The present literature review describes the benefits and bleeding risks of each medication or intervention strategy and suggests guidelines for managing these patients.

Long term mortality of deep sternal wound infection after coronary artery bypass surgery / Mortalidade em longo prazo da infecção esternal profunda após cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio

BACKGROUND: Deep sternal wound infection and mediastinitis determine high in-hospital mortality. International studies show that these patients are also at increased cardiovascular mortality risk in long-term follow-up. However, data are scarce and there is no national data. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to evaluate the mortality and incidence of cardiovascular events in long-term follow-up of patients suffering from deep sternal wound infection and mediastinitis. METHODS: Case-control study, matched by propensity score in a 1:1 proportion, in patients submitted to coronary artery bypass grafting between 2005 and 2008 at the Institute Dante Pazzanese of Cardiology (São Paulo, SP, Brazil). The primary outcome was death. As a secondary outcome, we analyzed the composite event of myocardial infarction, new revascularization, stroke or death. RESULTS: Of 1975 patients, 114 developed one of the infections. During the mean follow up of 3.6 years, deep sternal wound infection and mediastinitis increased the risk of death by 8.26 (95% CI 1.88-36.29, P = 0.005) and the incidence of combined end point by 2.61 (95% CI 1.2-5.69, P = 0.015). The Kaplan-Meier curves for both outcomes demonstrated that the greatest risk occurs in the first six months, followed by a period of stabilization and further increase in the incidence of events after 4 years of hospital discharge. The similarity between the curves of primary and secondary outcomes may be consequent to the predominance of death on the combined cardiovascular events. CONCLUSION: The presence of deep sternal wound infection or mediastinitis increased mortality in long-term follow-up in this sample of the Brazilian population according to the same pattern displayed by the developed countries.

INTRODUÇÃO: A infecção esternal profunda e a mediastinite determinam elevada mortalidade intra-hospitalar. Estudos prévios demonstram que esses pacientes também apresentam maior mortalidade cardiovascular em longo prazo. No entanto, os dados são escassos para o Brasil. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a mortalidade e a incidência de eventos cardiovasculares em longo prazo em pacientes acometidos de infecção esternal profunda e mediastinite. MÉTODOS: Estudo de caso-controle com pareamento 1:1 por meio de propensity score, em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio entre 2005 e 2008, no Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia (São Paulo, SP, Brasil). O desfecho primário avaliado foi óbito. Como desfecho secundário, analisou-se o composto de infarto agudo do miocárdio, nova revascularização miocárdica, acidente vascular encefálico ou óbito. RESULTADOS: De 1975 pacientes avaliados, 114 desenvolveram infecção esternal profunda ou mediastinite. Durante o seguimento médio de 3,6 anos, as infecções conferiram razão de risco de óbito de 8,26 (IC 95% 1,88-36,29, P = 0,005), tendo sido a razão de risco de desfecho combinado de 2,61 (IC 95% 1,2-5,69, P = 0,015). A curva de Kaplan-Meier para ambos os desfechos demonstra que o maior risco ocorre nos primeiros 6 meses, seguindo-se um período de estabilização e novo aumento na incidência de eventos após 4 anos da alta hospitalar. A semelhança entre as curvas dos desfechos primário e secundário pode ser consequente à predominância do óbito sobre os demais eventos cardiovasculares. CONCLUSÃO: A presença de infecção esternal profunda ou de mediastinite aumentou a mortalidade em longo prazo nesta amostra da população brasileira, de acordo com o mesmo padrão exibido nos países desenvolvidos.

Long term mortality of deep sternal wound infection after coronary artery bypass surgery.

BACKGROUND: Deep sternal wound infection and mediastinitis determine high in-hospital mortality. International studies show that these patients are also at increased cardiovascular mortality risk in long-term follow-up. However, data are scarce and there is no national data. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to evaluate the mortality and incidence of cardiovascular events in long-term follow-up of patients suffering from deep sternal wound infection and mediastinitis. METHODS: Case-control study, matched by propensity score in a 1:1 proportion, in patients submitted to coronary artery bypass grafting between 2005 and 2008 at the Institute Dante Pazzanese of Cardiology (São Paulo, SP, Brazil). The primary outcome was death. As a secondary outcome, we analyzed the composite event of myocardial infarction, new revascularization, stroke or death. RESULTS: Of 1975 patients, 114 developed one of the infections. During the mean follow up of 3.6 years, deep sternal wound infection and mediastinitis increased the risk of death by 8.26 (95% CI 1.88-36.29, P = 0.005) and the incidence of combined end point by 2.61 (95% CI 1.2-5.69, P = 0.015). The Kaplan-Meier curves for both outcomes demonstrated that the greatest risk occurs in the first six months, followed by a period of stabilization and further increase in the incidence of events after 4 years of hospital discharge. The similarity between the curves of primary and secondary outcomes may be consequent to the predominance of death on the combined cardiovascular events. CONCLUSION: The presence of deep sternal wound infection or mediastinitis increased mortality in long-term follow-up in this sample of the Brazilian population according to the same pattern displayed by the developed countries.

Bleeding in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. / Sangramento em síndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento de segmento ST.

The development of antiplatelet and antithrombotic therapies, in addition to interventionist strategy, has resulted in great improvements in the outcomes of patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. Parallel to therapeutic advances, bleeding, which can be induced during management, increases the risk of recurrent ischemia, myocardial infarction and death. The present literature review describes the benefits and bleeding risks of each medication or intervention strategy and suggests guidelines for managing these patients.

O sangramento na síndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST / O sangramento na síndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST

A evolução do tratamento da síndrome coronariana aguda com a associação de antiplaquetários, anticoagulantes e estratégia invasiva precoce, resultou na diminuição expressivada mortalidade cardiovascular...