[Infection by the Epstein-Barr virus between the years 2006-2015 in the health area of Santiago de Compostela. Relationship with age and sex]. / Primoinfección por el virus Epstein-Barr entre los años 2006 a 2015 en el área sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela. Relación con edad y sexo.

OBJECTIVE: In Spain, the age and sex to which the primary infection by EBV is produced is poorly studied. The objective of this work is to know its relation with the presence of the primary infection by EBV between the years 2006 and 2015 in our health area. METHODS: From the Santiago de Compostela health area between 2006 and 2015, 578 patients with serological patterns of EBV primoinfection were selected. This patients presented serological results of IgM-VCA positive, IgG-VCA positive and EBNA negative. RESULTS: We found 260/578 (45%) adolescents (11- 19 years). In the number of cases by age the maximum was observed, at 2 and 16 years. Between 14-19 years, 62% (79/127) of women between 14-16 years of age, median age 15.8 years (IQ: 14.8-16.4) compared to 48% (49/102) of men, median age 16 years (IQ: 15.7-16.6) (p = 0.032, p = 0.02, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: As in our study, in the developed countries the majority of primary infections by EBV occur in adolescence and a bimodal distribution is observed in relation to age. During adolescence women acquire before men the first infection by EBV.

Viral and host factors related with histopathologic activity in patients with chronic hepatitis B and moderate or intermittently elevated alanine aminotransferase levels.

OBJECTIVE: viral and host factors are related with progression of pathological lesion in chronic hepatitis B. We analyzed these factors in patients with moderate or intermittently elevated ALT levels, and its threshold that determinate significant histological activity. PATIENTS AND METHODS: retrospective analyses of viral and host parameters in 89 consecutive chronic hepatitis B patients biopsied because of moderate or intermittently elevated ALT levels [1-2 x ULN (ULN = 39 IU/ml)] and/or DNA-HBV > 2 x 10³ IU/ml in AntiHBe+ patients. It was analyzed age, gender, ALT levels, HBeAg, viral load and genotype. It was considered advanced histological lesion a Knodell Score (KS) > 7 and histological lesion indicating treatment, lobular inflammation ≥2 or fibrosis ≥2 according to Scheuer Classification. RESULTS: KS > 7 and histological lesion indicating treatment was found in 47.8 and 60.7% respectively. It was observed relationship between age, male gender, ALT levels and viral load with histological damage (p < 0.05). Frequency of advanced lesion indicating treatment was upper in patients with ALT levels > ULN (69.1 vs. 47.1%, p = 0.04). There were not significant upper frequencies of advanced lesion when a cut-off of 40 years or DNA-HBV > 2 x 10³ IU/ml viral load or serological status HBeAg was considerate. Histological activity was lesser in genotype D patients than those infected with others genotypes (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: upper frequency of advanced histological lesion in chronic hepatitis B patients with moderate or intermittently elevated ALT levels make recommended liver biopsy, independent of viral load and serological status HBeAg. Other factors like age, gender or genotype can help to indicate biopsy in individual cases.

Influencia de factores virales y del huésped en la actividad histológica en pacientes con hepatitis crónica por virus de la hepatitis B y elevación moderada o intermitente de alanina aminotransferasa / No disponible

Objetivo: analizar factores virales y del huésped relacionados con actividad histológica en un subgrupo de pacientes con hepatitis crónica B y elevación intermitente o moderada de alanina aminotransferasa (ALT), y el umbral que determine daño histológico indicativo de tratamiento. Pacientes y métodos: análisis retrospectivo de parámetros virales y del huésped en 89 pacientes con hepatitis crónica B biopsiados consecutivamente por elevación intermitente o moderada de ALT [1-2 x USN (USN = 39 UI/ml)]. Fueron analizados edad, sexo, ALT, HBeAg, carga viral y genotipo. Se consideró como lesion histológica avanzada un Índice de Knodell (IK) > 7, e indicativa de tratamiento la inflamación lobulillar ≥ 2 o fibrosis ≥ 2 según la clasificación de Scheuer. Resultados: existió un IK > 7 y lesión indicativa de tratamiento en 47,8 y 60,7%, respectivamente. La edad, sexo varón, ALT y carga viral se relacionaron con lesión avanzada (p < 0,05). La frecuencia de lesión indicativa de tratamiento fue mayor en pacientes con ALT > USN (69,1 vs. 47,1%, p = 0,04). La frecuencia de lesión avanzada no fue significativamente mayor cuando se consideraron como puntos de corte la edad de 40 años o ADNVHB > 2 x 103 UI/ml o positividad de HBeAg. Se observó menor actividad histológica en pacientes con genotipo D respecto a aquellos infectados con otros genotipos (p < 0,05). Conclusión: una mayor frecuencia de lesión avanzada en pacientes con hepatitis crónica B y elevación intermitente o moderada de ALT hacen recomendable la biopsia hepática independientemente de la carga viral y positividad de HBeAg. Factores como la edad, sexo o genotipo pueden ayudar de forma individual a dicha indicación(AU)

Objective: viral and host factors are related with progression of pathological lesion in chronic hepatitis B. We analyzed these factors in patients with moderate or intermittently elevated ALT levels, and its threshold that determinate significant histological activity. Patients and methods: retrospective analyses of viral and host parameters in 89 consecutive chronic hepatitis B patients biopsied because of moderate or intermittently elevated ALT levels [1-2 x ULN (ULN = 39 IU/ml)] and/or DNA-HBV > 2 x 103 IU/ml in AntiHBe+ patients. It was analyzed age, gender, ALT levels, HBeAg, viral load and genotype. It was considered advanced histological lesion a Knodell Score (KS) > 7 and histological lesion indicating treatment, lobular inflammation ≥ 2 or fibrosis ≥ 2 according to Scheuer Classification. Results: KS > 7 and histological lesion indicating treatment was found in 47.8 and 60.7% respectively. It was observed relationship between age, male gender, ALT levels and viral load with histological damage (p < 0.05). Frequency of advanced lesion indicating treatment was upper in patients with ALT levels > ULN (69.1 vs. 47.1%, p = 0.04). There were not significant upper frequencies of advanced lesion when a cut-off of 40 years or DNAHBV > 2 x 103 IU/ml viral load or serological status HBeAg was considerate. Histological activity was lesser in genotype D patients than those infected with others genotypes (p < 0.05). Conclusion: upper frequency of advanced histological lesion in chronic hepatitis B patients with moderate or intermittently elevated ALT levels make recommended liver biopsy, independent of viral load and serological status HBeAg. Other factors like age, gender or genotype can help to indicate biopsy in individual cases(AU)

[De novo hepatitis B with anti-HBc negative in a liver transplant recipient [corrected]]. / Hepatitis B de novo con anticuerpo frente al HBcAg negativo en un trasplantado hepático.

De novo hepatitis B was diagnosed in a 47-year-old man 15 months after liver transplantation for end-stage alcoholic cirrhosis. Serum antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) were negative, and remained undetectable over 20 months of follow-up. The possible causes of negative serum anti-HBc despite of active hepatitis B virus infection are reviewed. Immunosuppression may underlie this phenomenon in similar cases.

Correlación entre linfocitos CD4 y carga viral en pacientes infectados por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana con tuberculosis / Correlation between CD4 lymphocytes and viral load in HIV-TB patients

Objetivo: Analizar, retrospectivamente, la correlación entre los linfocitos CD4 y la carga viral en 16 pacientes (14 hombres y 2 mujeres) infectados por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) con tuberculosis activa. Material y métodos: Se organizaron los siguientes grupos o formas clínicas de presentación en relación con la(s) localización(es) de la enfermedad tuberculosa: pulmonares distinguiendo entre típicas y atípicas según el patrón radiológico; extrapulmonares; mixtas, pulmonar y extarpulmonar; y tuberculosis miliar. Resultados: En 7 casos (44 por ciento) la afectación era exclusivamente pulmonar, todas ellas atípicas, en 6 (38 por ciento) extrapulmonar, en 2 (12 por ciento) mixta y en 1 (6 por ciento) miliar. La media de linfocitos CD4 fue de 111,1 (rango 5360), en 11 (69 por ciento) los recuentos era inferiores a 200 cels/mm3. El menor recuento de CD4 se obtuvo en las formas mixtas con una media de 45 cels/mm3 mientras que el mayor recuento se obtuvo en las pulmonares con una media de 128,3 cels/mm3. La media de la carga viral fue de 4.82 log (rango, 0-5,93) siendo el título más elevado el de las formas mixtas, con una media de 5,69 log y el más bajo el de las pulmonares con una media de 4.19 log, sin hallarse correspondencia estadísticamente significativa entre ambos parámetros: linfocitos CD4 y carga viral (coeficiente de correlación - 0,1163) Conclusiones: Aunque no hemos hallado significación estadística, por lo regular, aquellos casos con CD4 más elevados presentaron una menor carga viral y los que tienen CD4 bajos una mayor carga viral (AU)

[Correlation between CD4 lymphocytes and viral load in patients with HIV and tuberculosis]. / Correlación entre linfocitos CD4 y carga viral en pacientes infectados por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana con tuberculosis.

OBJECTIVE: A retrospective study of the correlation between CD4 lymphocytes and the viral load in 16 HIV-patients with tuberculosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The clinical forms of presentation of tuberculosis were classified according to the location/s of the disease into: pulmonary, distinguishing between typical pulmonary and atypical according to the radiological pattern; extrapulmonary; mixed forms: pulmonary and extrapulmonary; and miliary tuberculosis. RESULTS: Tuberculosis was exclusively pulmonary in 7 cases (44%), all were atypical; extrapulmonary 6 (38%); mixed 2 (12%); and miliary 1 (6%). The mean CD4 lymphocyte count was 111.1 (range 5-360), in 11 (69%) the counts were below 200 cells/mm3. The lowest CD4 count was in the mixed forms with a mean of 45 cells/mm3 whilst the highest was obtained in pulmonary forms with a mean of 128.3 cells/mm3. The mean viral load was 4.82 log (range, 0-5.93), the highest load was for mixed forms with a mean 5.69 log, whereas the lowest load was for pulmonary forms with a mean of 4.19 log. No significant correlation was observed between CD4 lymphocytes and viral load (correlation coefficient--0.1163). CONCLUSIONS: Though no significant correlation was observed, a high CD4 was associated to a low viral load and inversely a low CD4 with a high viral load.