Doubly Base-Stabilized Diborane(4) and Borato-Boronium Species and Their Chemistry with Chalcogens.

In an effort to isolate diborane(4) derivatives, we have developed an efficient and uncatalyzed approach using [BH3·THF] and the mercaptopyridine ligand. Thermolysis of 2-mercaptopyridine, in the presence of [BH3·THF], afforded a doubly base-stabilized diborane(4) species 1, [HB(µ-C5H4NS)]2, along with the formation of its isomeric species 2, [HB(µ-C5H4NS)]2, albeit in less yield. Based on the coordination of the boron with the mercaptopyridine ligand in 2 and its spectroscopic data, compound 2 has been designated as a borato-boronium species, in which the anionic borate and cationic boronium units are covalently bonded to each other. Furthermore, we have demonstrated the oxidative insertion of chalcogen atoms (S and Se) through the B-B bond of the base-stabilized diborane(4), 1, that yielded chalcogenido-diboron species, 3(S) and 4(Se).

Combination of enzymatically hydrolyzed potato powder with skimmed milk powder on the quality improvements of yogurt during refrigeration storage.

This study aimed to prepare a stirred type of fat-free yogurt from enzymatically hydrolyzed potato powder (EHPP) and skimmed milk powder (SMP) without changing its quality and consumer acceptance. The yogurt formulations prepared contained different amount of EHPP 0, 10, 25 and 50% and were stored for 28 days at 4 °C and observed that with increasing substitution ratio, acid production was increased while the viability of lactic acid bacteria was decreased after 28 days of storage at 4 °C. The antioxidant activities (2-Diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of the yogurt were increased with increasing EHPP over the storage period. The yogurt formulations having 25 to 50% EHPP has the highest DPPH free radical scavenging activity and FRAP values. Water holding capacity (WHC) was decreased over the storage period with 25% EHPP. The hardness, adhesiveness and gumminess were decreased while no significant change was found in springiness with EHPP addition over the storage period. The rheological analysis showed an elastic behavior of yogurt gels with EHPP supplementation. The sensory results of yogurt containing 25% EHPP have the highest values of taste and acceptance. Yogurt in combination with EHPP and SMP has the higher levels of WHC than non-supplemented yogurt and better stability was recorded during storage. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-023-05737-9.

Recent Innovations in Non-dairy Prebiotics and Probiotics: Physiological Potential, Applications, and Characterization.

Non-dairy sources of prebiotics and probiotics impart various physiological functions in the prevention and management of chronic metabolic disorders, therefore nutraceuticals emerged as a potential industry. Extraction of prebiotics from non-dairy sources is economical and easily implemented. Waste products during food processing, including fruit peels and fruit skins, can be utilized as a promising source of prebiotics and considered "Generally Recognized As Safe" for human consumption. Prebiotics from non-dairy sources have a significant impact on gut microbiota and reduce the population of pathogenic bacteria. Similarly, next-generation probiotics could also be isolated from non-dairy sources. These sources have considerable potential and can give novel strains of probiotics, which can be the replacement for dairy sources. Such strains isolated from non-dairy sources have good probiotic properties and can be used as therapeutic. This review will elaborate on the potential non-dairy sources of prebiotics and probiotics, their characterization, and significant physiological potential.

Cooperative B-H bond activation: dual site borane activation by redox active κ2-N,S-chelated complexes.

Cooperative dual site activation of boranes by redox-active 1,3-N,S-chelated ruthenium species, mer-[PR3{κ2-N,S-(L)}2Ru{κ1-S-(L)}], (mer-2a: R = Cy, mer-2b: R = Ph; L = NC7H4S2), generated from the aerial oxidation of borate complexes, [PR3{κ2-N,S-(L)}Ru{κ3-H,S,S'-BH2(L)2}] (trans-mer-1a: R = Cy, trans-mer-1b: R = Ph; L = NC7H4S2), has been investigated. Utilizing the rich electronic behaviour of these 1,3-N,S-chelated ruthenium species, we have established that a combination of redox-active ligands and metal-ligand cooperativity has a big influence on the multisite borane activation. For example, treatment of mer-2a-b with BH3·THF led to the isolation of fac-[PR3Ru{κ3-H,S,S'-(NH2BSBH2N)(S2C7H4)2}] (fac-3a: R = Cy and fac-3b: R = Ph) that captured boranes at both sites of the κ2-N,S-chelated ruthenacycles. The core structure of fac-3a and fac-3b consists of two five-membered ruthenacycles [RuBNCS] which are fused by one butterfly moiety [RuB2S]. Analogous fac-3c, [PPh3Ru{κ3-H,S,S'-(NH2BSBH2N)(SC5H4)2}], can also be synthesized from the reaction of BH3·THF with [PPh3{κ2-N,S-(SNC5H4)}{κ3-H,S,S'-BH2(SNH4C5)2}Ru], cis-fac-1c. In stark contrast, when mer-2b was treated with BH2Mes (Mes = 2,4,6-trimethyl phenyl) it led to the formation of trans- and cis-bis(dihydroborate) complexes [{κ3-S,H,H-(NH2BMes)Ru(S2C7H4)}2], (trans-4 and cis-4). Both the complexes have two five-membered [Ru-(H)2-B-NCS] ruthenacycles with κ2-H-H coordination modes. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest that the activation of boranes across the dual Ru-N site is more facile than the Ru-S one.

Discovery of stylissatin A analogs exhibiting potent nitric oxide inhibition.

The cyclic peptide stylissatin A(STA) was obtained from the Papua New Guinean marine spongeStylissamassaas a potent nitric oxide (NO) inhibitor.Among its reported analogs,cyclo-{Glu6, Ala2}-STA1potentlyinhibited theinterleukin-2 and proliferation of T-cells indicating position 2 of sequence playing important part in biological activities of this compound.In current studies, second generation analogs of STAwere synthesizedaround its most active analog1by screening position 2 of analog1with different amino acid. All analogs2-6were identified by mass, and NMR techniques.The synthesized analogswere also evaluated against NO generation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine J774.2macrophages, ROS inhibition from whole blood phagocytes, and T-cell proliferation from Jurkat cells.All analogswere found to be inactive towards interleukin-2, T-cells proliferation, and ROS inhibition. The analog2showed a potent suppression of NO (IC50 = 46.0 ± 2.2 µM) that was superior to the activityreported for natural product STA.Further attempts to optimizeanalog2afforded new nitric oxide inhibitors2a-2fwhich were found less active than2.The analog2also downregulated the transcription of pro-inflammatory molecules, tumor necrosis factor-α, interlukin-1ß, caspase-1 and ASC which further highlights its anti-inflammatory and possible therapeutic potential. Analog2was non-toxic to BJ and Vero cell lines of normal mammalian origin.

Quadratus lumborum or transversus abdominis plane block for postoperative analgesia after cesarean: a double-blinded randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: Multimodal analgesia (MMA) is the current standard practice to provide post-cesarean analgesia. The aim of this study was to compare the analgesic efficacy of quadratus lumborum (QL) block and transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block as an adjunct to MMA. METHODS: Eighty mothers undergoing cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia were randomized to receive either TAP or transmuscular QL block (QLB) with 20 mL 0.375% ropivacaine on each side. Postoperatively, all the subjects were assessed at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 18, and 24 hours. The primary outcome was the time to first analgesic request. The secondary outcomes were the pain scores during rest and movement, number of doses of tramadol, postoperative nausea-vomiting, sedation, and mother's satisfaction with the pain management. RESULTS: The median (IQR) time to first analgesic request was 12 (9.25, 13) hours in the QL group and 9 (8.25, 11.37) hours in the TAP group (p = 0.0008). Patients in QL group consumed less doses of tramadol than those in TAP group (p < 0.0001). Pain scores were significantly lower in the QL group at all time points (p < 0.0001) except at 8th hour when at rest, p = 0.0024, and on movement, p = 0.0028. The maternal satisfaction was significantly higher in the QL group (p = 0.0017). CONCLUSION: Our study showed the significant delay in time to first analgesic request in QL group patients. Patients in the QL group had lower pain scores, required fewer analgesic supplements, and had more satisfaction. Nausea-vomiting and sedation were comparable.

Efficacy of transmuscular quadratus lumborum block in the multimodal regimen for postoperative analgesia after total laparoscopic hysterectomy: A prospective randomised double-blinded study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Transmuscular Quadratus Lumborum Block (TQLB) is a novel regional anaesthesia technique, however, its analgesic efficacy as a component of multimodal analgesia (MMA) in Total Laparoscopic Hysterectomy (TLH) is not well studied. The aim of the study was to evaluate the analgesic efficacy of TQLB as a component of MMA for postoperative pain in TLH. METHODS: A prospective double-blind randomised controlled study was done after approval from the ethical committee and informed patient consent. After randomisation, 37 patients in Group-Q received 20 ml 0.375% ropivacaine and in Group-C, 37 patients received saline in TQLB bilaterally after TLH surgery. All patients received intravenous patient controlled analgesia (IV-PCA) with fentanyl along with diclofenac 75 mg every 12 h. All the patients were assessed at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 18, and 24 hours. The primary outcome was the time to first analgesic request. The secondary outcome measures were total fentanyl consumption in 24 hrs, pain scores during rest and movement, postoperative nausea-vomiting, sedation and complications related to local anaesthetic and TQLB procedure. RESULTS: The mean [standard deviation (SD)] time to first analgesic request was 7.8 (1.5) hours in Group-Q and 3.2 (1.0) hours in Group-C (P < 0.0001). The mean (SD) dose of fentanyl used in 24 hours was 167.3 (44) µg in Group-Q and 226.5 (41.9) µg in Group-C (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The ultrasound-guided TQLB provides effective postoperative analgesia after TLH surgery in a multimodal analgesia approach. It reduces the fentanyl consumption and improves the visual analogue scale (VAS) score.

Cooperative B-H and Si-H Bond Activations by κ2-N,S-Chelated Ruthenium Borate Complexes.

Cooperative E-H (E = B, Si) bond activations employing κ2-N,S-chelated ruthenium borate species, [PPh3{κ2-N,S-(NS2C7H4)}Ru{κ3-H,S,S'-H2B(NC7H4S2)2}], (1) are established. Treatment of 1 with BH3·SMe2 yielded the six-membered ruthenaheterocycle [PPh3{κ2-S,H-(BH3NS2C7H4)}Ru{κ3-H,S,S'-H2B(C7H4NS2)2}] (2) formed by a hemilabile ring opening of a Ru-N bond and capturing of a BH3 unit coordinated in an "end-on" fashion. On the other hand, the bulky borane H2BMes shows different reactivity with 1 that led to the formation of the two dihydroborate complexes [{κ3-S,H,H-(NBH2Mes)(S2C7H4)}Ru{κ3-H,S,S'-H2B(C7H4NS2)2}] (3) and [PPh3{κ3-S,H,H-(NBH2Mes)(S2C7H4)}Ru(κ2-N,S-C7H4NS2)] (4), in which H2BMes has been inserted into the Ru-N bond of the initial κ2-N,S-chelated ligand. In an attempt to directly activate hydrosilanes by 1, reactions were carried out with H2SiPh2 that yielded two isomeric five-membered ruthenium silyl complexes, namely [PPh3{κ2-S,Si-(NSiPh2)(S2C7H4)}Ru{κ3-H,S,S'-H2B(C7H4NS2)2}] (5a,b), and the hydridotrisilyl complex [Ru(H){κ2-S,Si-(SiPh2NC7H4S2}3] (6). These complexes were generated by Si-H bond activation with the release of H2 and the formation of N-Si and Ru-Si bonds. When the reaction of 1 was carried out in the presence of PhSiH3, the reaction only produced the analogous complexes [PPh3{κ2-S,Si-(NSiPhH)(S2C7H4)}Ru{κ3-H,S,S'-H2B(C7H4NS2)2}] (5a',b'). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been used to probe the bonding modes of boranes/silane with the ruthenium center.

Five-Membered Ruthenacycles: Ligand-Assisted Alkyne Insertion into 1,3-N,S-Chelated Ruthenium Borate Species.

Building upon previous work, the chemistry of [(η6 -p-cymene)Ru{P(OMe)2 OR}Cl2 ], (R=H or Me) has been extended with [H2 B(mbz)2 ]- (mbz=2-mercaptobenzothiazolyl) using different Ru precursors and borate ligands. As a result, a series of 1,3-N,S-chelated ruthenium borate complexes, for example, [(κ2 -N,S-L)PR3 Ru{κ3 -H,S,S'-H2 B(L)2 }], (2 a-d and 2 a'-d'; R=Ph, Cy, OMe or OPh and L=C5 H4 NS or C7 H4 NS2 ) and [Ru{κ3 -H,S,S'-H2 B(L)2 }2 ], (3: L=C5 H4 NS, 3': L=C7 H4 NS2 ) were isolated upon treatment of [(η6 -p-cymene)RuCl2 PR3 ], 1 a-d (R=Ph, Cy, OMe or OPh) with [H2 B(mp)2 ]- or [H2 B(mbz)2 ]- ligands (mp=2-mercaptopyridyl). All the Ru borate complexes, 2 a-d and 2 a'-d' are stabilized by phosphine/phosphite and hemilabile N,S-chelating ligands. Treatment of these Ru borate species, 2 a'-c' with various terminal alkynes yielded two different types of five-membered ruthenacycle species, namely [PR3 {C7 H4 S2 -(E)-N-C=CH(R')}Ru{κ3 -H,S,S'-H2 B(L)2 }], (4-4'; R=Ph and R'=CO2 Me or C6 H4 NO2 ; L=C7 H4 NS2 ) and [PR3 {C7 H4 NS-(E)-S-C=CH(R')}Ru{κ3 -H,S,S'-H2 B(L)2 }], (5-5', 6 and 7; R=Ph, Cy or OMe and R'=CO2 Me or C6 H4 NO2 ; L=C7 H4 NS2 ). All these five-membered ruthenacycle species contain an exocyclic C=C moiety, presumably formed by the insertion of a terminal alkyne into the Ru-N and Ru-S bonds. The new species have been characterized spectroscopically and the structures were further confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Theoretical studies and chemical-bonding analyses established that charge transfer occurs from phosphorus to ruthenium center following the trend PCy3

Linum usitatissimum L. seeds: Flax gum extraction, physicochemical and functional characterization.

Flax gum (FG) was extracted and purified from flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) locally called as Alsi. Physicochemical and functional aspects of separated gum were interrogated in detail. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis depicted variety of peaks in region of 3308.8, 2923.60, 1739.97 & 1149.68 cm-1 which are feature of typical polysaccharide. Functional properties of FG depicted higher water holding ability and lower oil holding aptitude compared to reference materials. Foaming capacity, swelling index and foaming stability of FG were 27.5%, 55.0% and 10.5% respectively which were higher than reference gums. Highest emulsion stability was evident at 0.5% concentration >95.Monosaccharide composition depicted the acidic and neural behavior of heteopolysaccharide FG. Thermal analysis revealed that FG was highly stable. XRD analysis depicted amorphous behavior. SEM imaging indicated a splendor and shiny surface of FG. In conclusion, FG is suitable for variety of food formulations as a thickener, stabilizer, and moisture-retaining agent.

Assessing and Reporting Household Chemicals as a Novel Tool to Mitigate Pesticide Residues in Spinach (Spinacia oleracea).

Non-selective use of pesticide to increase productivity leaves residues on crops. These pesticides after consumption have a detrimental effect on human health and their intake can lead to various diseases such as kidney damage, neurological disorders, cardiovascular diseases, circulatory and reproductive problems. The recent study was designed to assess the effects of household processing treatments such as acidic solutions (acidic acid and citric acid), alkaline solutions (sodium chloride and sodium carbonate) and biological solutions (radish, ginger, garlic, and lemon extracts) were evaluated for their efficiency for removal of pesticides in spinach by gas chromatography with electron capture detector (GC-ECD). The results showed that pesticide residues were sharply reduced when spinach was exposed to washing treatments. The results showed that the greatest reduction of deltamethrin, cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos and endosulfan with 10% acetic acid was (79.68 ± 0.81%), (89.99 ± 0.12%), (94.21 ± 0.02%) and (70.32 ± 0.25%), respectively of tested washing solutions. The acidic solutions were more effective than alkaline and biological extracts in the removal of pesticide residues. The average reduction in various washing solutions ranged from 10.21 to 79.68%, 22.60 to 89.48%, 22.95 to 94-21% and 11.24-70.32% for the removal of deltamethrin, cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, and endosulfan, respectively.

Isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Helicobacter pylori strains from gastric biopsies from Pakistani patients.

Helicobacter pylori is the etiological agent of gastritis and peptic ulcer. This importance had proposed antibiotics as a principle treatment of gastrointestinal pathologies. The focus of this research was to investigate the occurrence of H. pylori in patients having gastritis or gastric ulcer and also draw the susceptibility profile of isolates to several antibiotics. Blood and biopsy specimen from 96 acid peptic disease patients from both sexes were collected. Each sample was used for culture, gram staining, catalase, oxidase, urease and nitrate reduction test by conventional method. Serology using anti Helicobacter pylori IgG was done. The susceptibility profile to six common antibiotics was checked by E- test method. H. pylori was obtained from 40 patients (41.67%) with greater frequency in male (25%) than females (16.67%). With regards to age, H. pylori was recovered highest from the patients between 51-55 (75.86%) years of age. Tetracycline and rifampin were the most effective antibiotics in vitro, while metronidazole was less effective. Nine (22.5%) strains displayed resistance to at least one antimicrobial drug. Whereas, resistance to amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, metronidazole and combination of antibiotics like ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin and metronidazole, and ciprofloxin and metronidazole were 11.11, 55.56, 22.22, 33.33, 11.11 and 44.44% respectively. Lower susceptibility profile of H. pylori to antibiotics is because of frequent use of antibiotics to treat other infections.

Optimization of mixed surfactants-based ß-carotene nanoemulsions using response surface methodology: An ultrasonic homogenization approach.

In the present study, food grade mixed surfactant-based ß-carotene nanoemulsions were prepared without using any co-surfactant. Response surface methodology (RSM) along with central composite design (CCD) was used to investigate the effect of independent variables (surfactant concentration, ultrasonic homogenization time and oil content) on response variables. RSM analysis results revealed that experimental results were best fitted into a quadratic polynomial model with regression coefficient values of more than 0.900 for all responses. Optimized preparation conditions for ß-carotene nanoemulsions were 5.82% surfactant concentration, 4 min ultrasonic homogenization time and 6.50% oil content. The experimental values at optimized preparation conditions were 119.33 nm droplet size, 2.67p-Anisidine value and 85.63% ß-carotene retention. This study will be helpful for the fortification of aqueous products with ß-carotene.

Correlation Filters for Detection of Cellular Nuclei in Histopathology Images.

Nuclei detection in histology images is an essential part of computer aided diagnosis of cancers and tumors. It is a challenging task due to diverse and complicated structures of cells. In this work, we present an automated technique for detection of cellular nuclei in hematoxylin and eosin stained histopathology images. Our proposed approach is based on kernelized correlation filters. Correlation filters have been widely used in object detection and tracking applications but their strength has not been explored in the medical imaging domain up till now. Our experimental results show that the proposed scheme gives state of the art accuracy and can learn complex nuclear morphologies. Like deep learning approaches, the proposed filters do not require engineering of image features as they can operate directly on histopathology images without significant preprocessing. However, unlike deep learning methods, the large-margin correlation filters developed in this work are interpretable, computationally efficient and do not require specialized or expensive computing hardware. AVAILABILITY: A cloud based webserver of the proposed method and its python implementation can be accessed at the following URL: http://faculty.pieas.edu.pk/fayyaz/software.html#corehist .

Optimization of olive oil based O/W nanoemulsions prepared through ultrasonic homogenization: A response surface methodology approach.

The present study was conducted to prepare co-surfactant free, olive-oil based alpha tocopherol nanoemulsions, using a food grade non-ionic surfactant. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to determine the effects of independent variables (ultrasonic homogenization time, olive oil concentrations and surfactant contents) on different physico-chemical characteristics of O/W nanoemulsions. This study was carried out using a central composite design. The coefficients of determination were greater than 0.900 for all response variables and there were significant effects of independent variables on all responses. The optimum levels of independent variables for the preparation of nanoemulsions were 3min. ultrasonic homogenization time, 4% olive oil content and 2.08% surfactant concentration. The physico-chemical responses at these levels were 151.68nm particle size, 7.17% p-anisidine and 88.64% antioxidant activity. These results will help in design of nanoemulsions with optimum independent variables.

Physicochemical characteristics, nutritional properties, and health benefits of argan oil: a review.

The argan tree (Argania spinosa L. Skeels), an endemic tree in Morocco, is the most remarkable species in North Africa, due to its botanical and bioecologic interest as well as its social value. Argan oil is traditionally well known for its cardioprotective properties and it is also used in the treatment of skin infections. This paper gives an overview of scientific literature available on nutritional and pharmacologic properties of argan oil. Owing to its unique organoleptic properties associated with its cardioprotective properties, argan oil has found, recently, its place in the highly competitive international edible oil market. This success is a very positive sign for the preservation of the argan tree, the argan forests and, therefore, in general, the biodiversity.

A question mark on iron deficiency in 185 million people of Pakistan: its outcomes and prevention.

Micronutrient deficiency especially the iron deficiency is the bane of our lives, affecting all strata of society. Unfortunately, the women during pregnancy, adolescence, and children are under this curse particularly in developing countries like Pakistan. It is one of the biggest reasons of complications during pregnancy and malnourished children under five years of age. Maternal death, still-births, and underweight births are most common consequences of iron deficiency and these outbreaks as iron-deficiency anemia in Pakistan. Disastrous nature of iron deficiency requires an urgent call to eradicate it. Hence, the solution should not be frail comparing with the huge economic loss and other incompatibilities. Flour fortification, supplementation, dietary diversification, and especially maternal education are possible solutions for combating this micronutrient deficiency.

Stabilizers: indispensable substances in dairy products of high rheology.

The functionality of stabilizers is apparent in many food applications including dairy products. The role of stabilizers like gelatin, pectins, alginates, carboxymethylcellulose, gums, ispghol, sago starch, and chitosan in the development of dairy products of high rheology, like yoghurt, ice cream, and flavored milk, is discussed in this review. Attention is also paid to comprehend on interactions among milk proteins, minerals, and other milk constituents with the reactive sites of stabilizers to get the desirable properties such as appearance, body and texture, mouthfeel, consistency. The role played by stabilizers in the control of syneresis and overrun problems in the high-rheology dairy products is also the topic of discussion.

A question mark on zinc deficiency in 185 million people in Pakistan--possible way out.

This paper reviews research published in recent years concerning the effects of zinc deficiency, its consequences, and possible solutions. Zinc is an essential trace element necessary for over 300 zinc metalloenzymes and required for normal nucleic acid, protein, and membrane metabolism. Zinc deficiency is one of the ten biggest factors contributing to burden of disease in developing countries. Populations in South Asia, South East Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa are at greatest risk of zinc deficiency. Zinc intakes are inadequate for about a third of the population and stunting affects 40% of preschool children. In Pakistan, zinc deficiency is an emerging health problem as about 20.6% children are found in the levels of zinc, below 60 µg/dL. Signs and symptoms caused by zinc deficiency are poor appetite, weight loss, and poor growth in childhood, delayed healing of wounds, taste abnormalities, and mental lethargy. As body stores of zinc decline, these symptoms worsen and are accompanied by diarrhea, recurrent infection, and dermatitis. Daily zinc requirements for an adult are 12-16 mg/day. Iron, calcium and phytates inhibit the absorption of zinc therefore simultaneous administration should not be prescribed. Zinc deficiency and its effects are well known but the ways it can help in treatment of different diseases is yet to be discovered. Improving zinc intakes through dietary improvements is a complex task that requires considerable time and effort. The use of zinc supplements, dietary modification, and fortifying foods with zinc are the best techniques to combat its deficiency.

Lactobacillus acidophilus: characterization of the species and application in food production.

L. acidophilus is a homofermentative, microaerophilic, short chain gram positive microorganism with rod morphology having its bacteriocins belonging to class II a. Several bacteriocins of L. acidophilus have been isolated and characterized. These are structurally similar, but their molecular weight varies as well as their spectrum of antimicrobial activity. They exhibit important technical properties, i.e., thermostability and retaining of activity at a wide pH range along with strong inhibitory actions against food spoilage and pathogenic bacteria make them an important class of biopreservatives. L. acidophilus can be added as an adjunct in many food fermentation processes contributing to unique taste, flavor, and texture. It also preserves the products by producing lactic acid and bacteriocins. A lot of new information regarding the bacteriocins of L. acidophilus has emerged during the last few years. In this review, an attempt has been made to summarize and discuss all the available information regarding the sources of bacteriocins production, their characteristics, and their antimicrobial action along with their application.