Experimental evaluation of cobalt adsorption capacity of walnut shell by organic acid activation.

Cobalt, from industrial waste and nuclear laundry, possess health risk to human beings, animals and plants. Number of methods, other than adsorption, have been reported in literature for Co removal from waste water. In this research walnut shell powder after modification has been utilized for Co adsorption. First step of modification involved chemical treatment by four different organic acids for 72 h. Samples were collected at 24, 48 and 72 h. Second step involved thermal treatment of 72 h samples. Unmodified and modified particles have been analyzed by chemical methods and instruments i.e. UV spectrometer, FTIR, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and microscopic imaging. Thermally treated samples have shown augmented Co adsorption. CV analysis showed thermally treated samples with better capacitance. Particles modified by oxalic acid presented better Co adsorption. Oxalic acid treated particles activated for 72 h with thermal treatment provided maximum adsorption capacity 1327 ± 20.6 mg/g against Co(II) at pH 7, stirring 200 rpm, initial concentration 20 ml, adsorbent dosage (5 mg) and contact time 240 min at room temperature.

Environmental friendly silk and cotton dyeing using natural colorant of Bougainvillea (Bougainvillea glabra) flowers: the sustainable approach towards textile industry.

For the current study, Bougainvillea flowers as environment friendly sustainable source of plant-based natural dye have been selected as an alternative to toxic synthetic dyes for dyeing of cotton and silk. Natural colorant from Bougainvillea flowers (Bougainvillea glabra) was extracted using aqueous and acidic extraction media. Maximum colorant was extracted in aqueous medium, and further it was used for cotton and silk dyeing. The optimum values of the dyeing parameters including dyeing time, dye to liquor ratio and salt level as exhausting agent were found to be 30 min, 35-mL liquor ratio and 3.0 g for cotton and for silk 45 min dyeing time, 45-mL liquor ratio and 3.0 g exhausting agent in aqueous dye extract. Bio mordanting has been applied to attain a variety of color shades. The utilization of 3% of henna, 4% of turmeric for silk pre-mordanting and for post-mordanting turmeric at 3% and henna at 4% for silk gave a darker shade. For cotton bio mordanting, 2% turmeric rhizome powder, 3% henna leaves powder extract as pre-mordant and 2% turmeric, 3% henna as post-mordant has developed a variety of shade. Overall, it has been found that natural colorant from Bougainvillea flowers is the new dye source for bio-coloration of natural fabrics, and addition of bio mordants has made the process more calming and eco-friendly.

Methyl 4-hy-droxy-2-meth-oxy-carbonyl-methyl-1,1-dioxo-1,2-dihydro-1λ,2-benzothia-zine-3-carboxyl-ate.

There are two independent mol-ecules in the asymmetric unit of the title compound, C(13)H(13)NO(7)S, which have almost identical geometries. The thia-zine ring adopts a sofa conformation in both mol-ecules and the mol-ecular conformations are stabilized by intramolecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. Inter-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds stabilize the crystal packing.