Formulation and evaluation of simvastatin cubosomal nanoparticles for assessing its wound healing effect.

Wound healing is one of the most challenging medical circumstances for patients. Pathogens can infect wounds, resulting in tissue damage, inflammation, and disruption of the healing process. Simvastatin was investigated recently, as a wound healing agent that may supersede the present therapies for wounds. Our goal in this paper is to focus on formulation of simvastatin cubosomes for topical delivery, as a potential approach to improve simvastatin skin permeation. By this technique its wound healing effect could be improved. Cubosomes were prepared using the top-down method and the prepared cubosomes were characterized by several techniques. The most optimal simvastatin cubosomal formulation was then included in a cubogel dosage form using different gelling agents. The results showed that the average particle size of the prepared cubosomes was 113.90 ± 0.58 nm, the entrapment efficiency was 93.95 ± 0.49% and a sustained simvastatin release was achieved. The optimized formula of simvastatin cubogel displayed pseudoplastic rheological behavior. This same formula achieved enhancement in drug permeation through excised rat skin compared to free simvastatin hydrogel with flux values of 46.18 ± 2.12 mcg cm-2 h-1 and 25.92 ± 3.45 mcg cm-2 h-1 respectively. Based on the in-vivo rat studies results, this study proved a promising potential of simvastatin cubosomes as wound healing remedy.

Phylogenetic analysis of Salmonella species isolated from cows, buffaloes, and humans based on gyrB gene sequences.

This study aimed to investigate the role of dairy cows and buffaloes as reservoirs of nontyphoidal salmonelloses (NTS), to reveal the occurrence of NTS among dairy workers and children with acute diarrhea and to study the gyrB gene phylogenetic relations of the obtained Salmonella strains, 300 samples were chosen randomly from clinically infected animals, including 100 feces and 50 raw milk from buffaloes and cows. Five hundred samples were chosen randomly from healthy animals, including 150 feces and 100 raw milk from buffaloes and cows. A total of 160 stool samples were randomly chosen from healthy workers (60) and children with acute diarrhea (100). Salmonella species were isolated from the examined samples and identified by polymerase chain reaction. Sequencing and phylogenetic analyses of gyrB gene were also performed. S. enteritidis and S.typhimurium were isolated from 0.5% (2/400) of the cows and buffaloes, respectively. Dairy workers were found to be at greater risk of exposure to Salmonella infection (5%) than children (1%). S. enteritidis was isolated from 1.7% (1/60) of dairy workers. S. typhimurium was isolated from 3.33% (2/60) and 1% (1/100) of dairy workers and children, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of Salmonella species gyrB gene sequences from both animals and humans falls inside one clade, and all of them were closely related to each other with less significant genetic distance (99.9:100). In conclusion, cows and buffaloes act as reservoirs of Salmonella infection in dairy farms in Egypt and contribute a risk of zoonotic transmission to human.